Ghada El-Zakhem Naous
Chemistry Preparatory course
Acids and Bases
Topic 8
Strong acids - 100% dissociation
Strong Acids are strong electrolytes
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)
Strong bases - 100% dissociation
H 2O
NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H 2O
KOH (s) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H 2O
Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
Weak Acids are weak electrolytes
HF (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq)
HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Weak Bases are weak electrolytes
F- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HF (aq)
NO2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HNO2 (aq)
A Brønsted acid is a proton donor
A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor
base acid acid base
conjugate conjugate
base acid
acid base
Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction between
ammonia and hydrofluoric acid in aqueous solution
NH3(aq) + HF(aq) ƒ NH+4(aq) + F-(aq)
Acid-Base Properties of Water
autoionization of water
conjugate
base acid
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
conjugate
acid base
The Ion Product of Water
Kw = [H+][OH-]
We could express [H+] or [H3O+] (same)
The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar
concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature.
Solution Is
[H+] = [OH-] neutral
At 250C [H+] > [OH-] acidic
+ -
Kw = [H ][OH ] = 1.0 x 10 - 14
[H+] < [OH-] basic
pH – a Measure of Acidity
pH = -log [H+]
Solution Is At 250C
neutral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 pH = 7
acidic [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 pH < 7
basic [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 pH > 7
pH [H+]
Other important relationships
pOH = -log [OH-]
[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
-log [H+] – log [OH-] = 14.00
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH Meter
Application
The concentration of H+ ions in a bottle of table wine
was 3.2 x 10-4 M right after the cork was removed.
Only half of the wine was consumed. The other half,
after it had been standing open to the air for a month,
was found to have a hydrogen ion concentration
equal to 1.0 x 10-3 M.
Calculate the pH of the wine on these two occasions.
Solution
pH = -log [H+].
When the bottle was first opened, [H+] = 3.2 x 10-4 M
pH = -log [H+]= -log (3.2 x 10-4) = 3.49
On the second occasion, [H+] = 1.0 x 10-3 M, so that
pH = -log (1.0 x 10-3 ) = 3.00
Application
Calculate the pH of a
(a) 1.0 x 10-3 M HCl solution
The ionization of HCl is
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
The concentrations of all the species (HCl, H+, and Cl-)
before and after ionization can be represented as follows:
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Initial (M): 1.0 x 10-3 0.0 0.0
Change (M): -1.0 x 10-3 +1.0 x 10-3 +1.0 x 10-3
Final (M): 0.0 1.0 x 10-3 1.0 x 10-3
A positive (+) change represents an increase and a negative
(-) change indicates a decrease in concentration. Thus,
[H+] = 1.0 x 10-3 M
pH = -log (1.0 x 10-3)
= 3.00
Weak Acids (HA) and Acid Ionization Constants
HA (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)
[H3O+][A-]
Ka =
[HA]
Ka is the acid ionization constant
weak acid
Ka
strength
pH of a weak acid calculation
Calculate the pH of 0.036M of HNO2 given
ka = 4.5 x 10-4
HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
[H + ][NO-2 ]
Ka =
[HNO 2 ]
-4x2
4.5 × 10 =
0.036-x
x 2 + 4.5 × 10-4 x - 1.62 × 10-5 = 0
( )
2
-4 -4
-4.5 × 10 ± 4.5 × 10 - 4(1)(-1.62 × 10-5 )
x=
2(1)
= 3.8 × 10-3 M or -4.3 × 10-3 M
The second solution is physically impossible, because the
concentration of ions produced as a result of ionization cannot
be negative. Therefore, the solution is given by the positive
root, x = 3.8 x 10-3 M.
[H+] = 3.8 x 10-3 M
pH = -log (3.8 x 10-3 )= 2.42
Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
Kb is the base ionization constant
weak base
Kb
strength
Solve weak base problems like weak acids except solve
for [OH-] instead of [H+].
In a NaOH solution [OH-] is 2.9 x 10-4 M. Calculate the pH of
the solution.
pOH = -log [OH-]
= -log (2.9 x 10-4)
= 3.54
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 - pOH
= 14.00 - 3.54 = 10.46
pH of a weak base calculation
Calculate the pH of a 1 M solution of methylamine (kb = 4.38 x 10-4 )
CH3NH2 + H2 O ⇌ CH3NH3+ + OH-
Initial 1 0 0
Change -x x x
Equilibrium 1-x x x
𝑋2
kb= 4.38 x 10-4 = 1−𝑋
x = 2.1 x 10- 2
[OH- ] = x = 2.1 x 10- 2 M and pOH = 1.68
pH + pOH = 14 thus pH = 14 – 1.68 = 12.32
Thank You