PRELIM  LEGAL DEFINITION OF R.A. NO.

8371
 Bumiputera (son of soil) An Act to Recognize, Protect and Promote the
- Are indigenous people in Indonesia and Malaysia Rights of Indigenous Cultural
 Franke Wilmer Communities/Indigenous Peoples, Creating a National
- The first social scientist to examine the condition Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Establishing
of IP’s in the world Implementing Mechanisms, Appropriating Funds
 Tausug Therefor, and for other Purposes.
- They are the Suluk people
 Indigen
- Means native or original inhabitant MIDTERM
- It is a Latin word where the word Indigenous  Weltanschauung
comes from - A German word that translates to worldview
 Lumad  good spirit
- IPs in Mindanao are commonly called - Anito is also known or called as
 Katutubo  art
- IPs in the Philippines are commonly called - an unstructured and open-ended form of work;
 Subanen that expresses emotions, feelings, and vision
- Natives of the Zamboanga Peninsula  craft
 Fred Riggs - a form of work that based on learned skills and
- He challenges this claim and emphasizes that the techniques. involving the creation of physical
IP definition should include four variables; in his objects by the use of hands and brain
2nd variable, he defined it as that historical  Kagon
sequence of who came first & who followed - a ritual that involves song and dance that can
 “siyamal” or dirty remove these evil spirits from a person’s body
- Sama people are being called  Mahal-Umako
 Badjao - Mangyans consider as their God because he is
- Are referred to as the sea gypsies of Sulu & the one who created all things that can be seen
Tawi2 and unseen
 Aeta  Pakikipagkapwa
- This group inhabits the province of Zambales - this relationship of Filipinos with anito can be
 “baluga” or black people considered as something deep and can be viewed
- Aetas in Pampanga are referred  Pagkakaisa
 R.A. no. 8371 - it is the idea of community and common good. in
- A law that protects IPs or ICC doing such it should draw people together,
 James Andaya aiming for unity and cooperation
- He highlighted the issue of ancestral roots and  Tigbalog
the continued colonial domination of IPs - Identified as the God of Aetas who is considered
homelands by the modern state as the great creator and is considered as the
source of life and action
ENUMERATION  Binangewan
 DIFFERENT NAMES associated with IPs in - he is the God who is responsible for change,
different countries sickness, and death
1. Canada – first people or nations  Lueve
2. Australia – aboriginals - god of production and the growth of goods
3. India – adivasi  Amas
4. Nepal – janajati - moves people to pity, love, unity and peace of
5. Indonesia and Malaysia – orang asli heart
-bumiputera  manganito
 3 MAIN GROUPS OF IPs IN PH - the link between the Aetas and the spirits
1. Igorot  Kamana
2. Lumad - bad spirit
3. Mangyan  Apu Namalyari
 4 INSTITUTIONS/FRAMEWORK - this is the Kapampangan term that means the
1. Asian Development Bank Framework God who makes things happen
2. International Labor Organization Framework  animistic beliefs
3. United Nations Framework - the belief that natural object, natural
4. The World Health Organization Framework phenomenon, and the universe itself have souls

 pamumuwesto
 - it is a symbolic of a prayerful journey through FINALS
this life into a future life M6
 Mt. Pinatubo 5 REASONS (David Crystal, 2000) on why we need to
- the final resting place of the souls of their study IP languages and literature
ancestors, and where their souls will find peace 1. Linguistic diversity enriches our human
as well as upon their death ecology;
 Gutugutumakkan - language loss is a cultural loss
- Carunungan (2005), discussed explicitly the - it makes it interesting to have a diverse language
religious practice of the Aetas, mentioning that 2. Languages are expressions of identity;
Aetas believe in this God - having our own language, we know our identity
 Anito or where someone lives in
- pure soul, pure spirit, and God - a way to properly express ourselves
3. Languages are repositories of history;
ENUMERATION - records of generations of experience and wisdom
 GRIPALDO (2014), Filipino Philosophy can be - losing languages means losing valuable
divided into 3 approaches ecological information
1. Traditional/Philosophical Approach 4. Languages contribute to the sum of human
2. Cultural Approach knowledge and each language provides a matrix
3. Nationality/Constitutional Approach of wisdom of a particular group of people;
 16 DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF FILIPINO - a way to know that someone is knowledgeable
PHIL. - a form for someone to know more of who they
- Bayanihan, Kapwa, Buhay, Kalikasan, Pamana, are and where they come from
Dangal, Pagkakaisa, Pakikipagkapwa, Simbang 5. Languages are interesting subjects in their own
Gabi, Balikbayan, Pagsasama, Pasasalamat, right.
Pagtutulungan, Katapatan, Kalayaan, Hawak - it is fascinating because of the structure,
Kamay vocabulary, and grammar
 4 GODS OF AETAS (Carunungan, 2005) - how we use similar words but have different
1. Tigbalog meanings depending on our language
2. Lueve ROLE OF INDIGENOUS LANGAUGES
3. Amas  Main, preferred, habitual, general or
4. Binangewan considered normal language
 EXAMPLES OF DANCES IN PURE IP FORM - to a language identified with and unique to a
1. War dance – Igorot particular indigenous community. This language
2. Funeral dance – Ifugao can either be used as the only language, as
3. Victory dance – Benguet mother tongue, as the habitual means of
 6 FRAGMENTS OF FIL. PHIL. (TIMBREZA) communication at home or in the family
1. Law of Reversion  National language
2. Balance of Nature - defined as the official language/s adopted by a
3. Cyclic Concept of Nature particular state or nation (Bamgbose, 1991).
4. Centripetal Morality - IP community engages in school.
5. Value of Non-Violence  Dominant regional language
6. Concept of Life and Death - refers to the language spoken by dominant ethno-
linguistic groups in a particular geographical
location. It is usually adopted by the IP
community to be able to communicate and
establish trade with non-IP
3 FEATURES
1. Ideas and beliefs
2. Worldview and Sprituality
3. Community Bonding
PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES
a. Linguistic diversity in the PH
 Linguistic Divergence
- they form their languages and are being passed
from generation to generation
 Linguistic Convergence
- languages that have influences from different
languages
b. Status of PH IP languages
 187 languages
 - The number of individual languages listed for the language of their parents and there are only a few
Philippines people left in the IP community (Cahil, 1999).
- 183 are living and 4 are extinct 1. Agta-Alabat Island
 175 are indigenous and 8 are non-indigenous 2. Agta-Isarog
 41: Institutional Language (Green) 3. Arta
- well-established and widely used 4. Ata
 73: Developing Language (Blue) 5. Ayta-Sorsogon
- only small/little are using 6. Ratagnon and Tagbanwa-Central
- not much support from government 7. The Eskayan language is dormant and is dying.
 45: Vigorous Language (Purple) Classified as extinct
- actively spoken to the younger generation 8. Agta-Dicamay
- tried to pass down 9. Agta-Villa Viciosa
 13: In Trouble (yellow) 10. Ayta-Tayabas
 11: Dying (red) 11. Katabaga
 4: Extinct (black)
- no longer spoken c. Surviving Ancient Syllabic Script among IP
langu.
Among the IP languages in the Philippines, only two Buhid-Mangyan, Hanunuo-Mangyan and the
are widely used for communication: Tagbanwa of Palawan have maintained the ancient pre-
1. Maguindanaon Hispanic syllabic script.
2. Tausug
1. The Buhid and Hanunuo Mangyans
Department of Education Order number 74 series - have been able to preserve their indigenous way
of 2009, also known as “Institutionalizing Mother of writing due to natural borders provided by the
Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MLE),” mountains against the influence of modern
living.
27 OUT OF 175 IP Languages are currently employed - The traditional poem “ambahan” is engraved on
as mother langauges: bamboo plants, boards and containers with the
use of a knife
Balangao Chavacano Ibanag Mangyan Syllabic Script
Ibatan Ifugao- Ifugao-Tuwali - A horizontal line or “kulit” above the letter
Mayoyao denotes the vowel /i/ or /e/
Inabaknon Inakeanon Isnag - if it is positioned below the letter, it denotes the
Ivatan Kagayanen Kalinga-Butbut vowel /o/ or /u/
Kalinga-Limos Kalinga- Kallahan-  The script is written from left to right and is read
Lubuagan Keley-I from bottom to top. To be able to read the text,
Kinaray-a Maguindanaoan Manobo-Obo you need to rotate the bamboo canister 90
Maranao Paranan Sambal degrees counterclockwise.
Sama-Central Surigaonon Tagabawa 2. three IP groups associated with the Tagbanwa: the
Tagakaulo Tausug Tboli and Aborlan Tagbanwa, Calamian Tagbanwa and the
Yakan Central Tagbanwa
- closely related to baybayin, another ancient
There are 13 IP languages in the Philippines that are syllabic script known to be utilized by the
considered to be in trouble. Tagalogs before the Spanish colonization
1. Agta-Dupaninan Tagbanua Syllabic Alphabet
2. Atta-Faire - All consonants carry the vowel /a/.
3. Ayta-Magbukun - An accent mark on top of the letter denotes the
4. Bolinao vowel /i/ or /e/,
5. Isinai - at the bottom the vowels /o/ or /u/
6. Itneg Inlaod  The script is traditionally written on bamboo
7. Manobo-Kinamiging cylinders from bottom to top, and left to right. It
8. Subanen-Eastern is also read in the same manner.
9. Agta-Mt. Iraya
10. Alta-Northern
11. Batak
12. Butuanon
13. Giangan
There are 11 dying IP languages in the Philippines.
Dying or endangered languages are evident when the
children in the community are not speaking the
M8
PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS CUSTOMARY LAWS 3. Integration into Modern System
Customary Laws - the integration push into the legal system that can
- These traditional laws also guide their relation undermine the IPs community
with other groups, mainly in the maintenance of - those people part of IPs are somehow afraid
peace, engagement in warfare, and establishment - the datu and elderly counsel are afraid because
of peace pacts the members want to adapt change because they
- customary laws guide all aspects of an are having a hard time in preserving or
indigenous way of living in which their life, maintaining cultural traditions
territory, pride and identity as a group are - somehow makuhaan ug autonomy or power ang
protected and conserved. IPs community
THESE CHALLENGES PLAY A ROLE, because the
 IPs are constantly challenged by external and non- IPs community must be understood and respected
indigenous influences
 The most significant challenge is the attempt of the A study by Tomaquin (2015) describes the
local and national government to integrate their  Mamanwa community as being headed by a
groups into a modern and democratic system of “Dakula” or “Hawodon,” the local terms for a
governance. Datu.

6 KEY POINTS EXAMPLES OF CUSTOMARY LAWS from diff

1. Cultural Foundation filipino Indigenous Group
- deeply tied with rituals and beliefs
- this reflects who they are as a community 1. Cordilleran Custom
2. Government Structure/Community Structure o bodong
- led by Datu or elder - a peacepack between tribes that outline
3. Conflict Resolution - agreement between two tribes
- elders meditate the conflict - outline territory, resource sharing, conflicy
- relying on traditional practices to restore resolution between community and IPs people
harmony - violating bodong agreement has communal
4. Kinship of social relation repercussions
- law defined for marriage practices which is a o dap-ay
social obligation - traditional council of elders
5. Resource Management - for what? form of council, they decide regarding
- managing natural resources governance of community matters. decides on
- fishing rights and agricultural practices what to make, whats lacking, what they will do.
- they don’t practice a way of living if it has not - collective agreement and wisdom, the decisions
been proven to be sustainable or for long term should be consensus
that can have benefits WORDS:
6. Cultural Identity  ili – territory
- customary laws are crucial in preserving  lallakay or amam-a – traditional council of elders
Indigenous identity that governs the communities. The membership
is not only based on age but also on wisdom from
3 CHALLENGES TO CUSTOMARY LAWS accumulated experiences.
1. Legal Recognition  abong - physical location of the center of
- often a lack of formal legal system leading to governance
conflict between state and conflict law
- not giving enough recognition therefore state law 2. Igorot Practices
and customary law should not coincide, cause o Kinship Law
there is no proper recognition because - marrying into a diff tribe. if not from same tribe
- in leaving the community they do not know the they must be part of the INDIGENOUS
state laws or not aware COMMUNITY
2. External Influences - to preserve the cultural tradition, rituals, heritage
- modernization and globalization cause significant - bawal if not included in indigenous community
threat to the practices of IPs and IP laws. because o muyung
their traditional practices and governance are - is related to pantawid
overshadowed - provide the community needs and ensuring
- some IPs willingly adapt because they cannot sustainability within the community
maintain their cultural tradition - teaches basic skills
3. Badjao
o Badjao Fishing Rights
- By group naay certain area nga dra ra mag  lapat
fishing, so wlay iloganay mahitabo - section of a forest closed for a specific period of
- Badjaos are primarily dependent on the sea for time due to certain cultural and spiritual beliefs.
subsistence fishing - All human activities are forbidden in these areas;
4. Mamanwa thus, it allows a certain period of time for the
o dakula rejuvenation of biodiversity
- community leader who is implementing  uma
o resource sharing - swidden farms where IPs plant one of their staple
- sharing resources (land) to everyone in the foods, camote
community
5. T’Boli customary laws/practices FARMING
o rituals of T’Boli practices 1. Subsistence farming
- certain rituals and ceremonies are governed by - farmers grow crops and raise livestock to meet
customary laws that dictate the practices the needs of their families or small group
preserving 2. Shifting cultivation or kaingin method
- there are IPs people that some rituals is wala na - it provides minimal disturbance of the soil and
nasunod, or not practiced. however, the rituals of allows a long break before the soil is used again
tboli are maintained and practiced 3. Other organic farming technologies
- so that there will be an appropriate practice to - they employ include multiple cropping,
rule the community thus preserving the heritage composting, and integrated pest management
o Inheritance Law 4. Cash crop
- mixed community ownership and dapat ma - introduction of cash economy to the community
ensure or maintain that the property and the land
should remain within the clan or family The Lubcon Mamanwas are another IP group engaged
- if maminyo ang girl, the land will be inherited by in coastal fishing, while the Lake Mainit Mamanwas
the child not the husband are engaged in lake fishing.
- land will be passed down from generation to
generation
6. Lumad Tribes M9
o Traditional dispute resolution Filipino Indigenous Psychology
- elders meditate conflict into trad mean. Kapwa refers to a shared identity of self and others
- Dli ra ang elderly ang mg decide, the whole (Enriquez, 1994). He considers kapwa as a core value
community will decide. of Filipino Psychology where other important Filipino
- Mas pilion nila nga dapat ma settle ang conflict values are connected. Pakikipagkapwa refers to the
bisag walay punishment. Dapat the whole social manifestations of kapwa.
community should agree kung unsay buhaton
o Land use agreement  Accommodative surface values
1. hiya
- many lumad have customary laws
- shame
- dapat naay katungod sa land so naay community
- The meaning of the word can change depending
ownership sa ilang mga lands
on affixations like nakakahiya.
- it is not allowed for only one family/person to
- focused on the internal and external dimensions
own a land
of the term hiya, which he translated as a “sense
of propriety”
 bodong or pechen
2. utang na loob
-
integral component of the legal system, wherein
- “debt of gratitude” or “principle of reciprocity”
they establish peace among neighboring tribes
- Filipino Psychologist Enriquez defined utang na
 dapat or dumapat or mananum
loob as “gratitude/solidarity”
- traditional irrigation associations that manage
3. pakikisama
and settle disputes on the use of the water
- maintaining “smooth interpersonal relations” by
resources of the community
conforming to a group.
 muyung
- But later, Enriquez defined it as “being along
- privately owned woodlot that provides firewood,
with,” and “companionship”.
timber and farm lots, is managed by a single
4. bahala na
family
- fatalism
 tayan
- Filipino psychologists like Lagmay defined it as
- refers to a more corporate type of management of
“determination and risk-taking”
land. This forested land is usually managed by a
5. pakikiramdam
clan for timber, firewood and for hunting game
 -shared inner perception and heightened
awareness that the person should possess prior to
experiencing good interpersonal relations
6. filial piety
- The usual set-up for Filipino families is the
“extended family,” which makes the family
bigger compared to a nuclear family

 Understanding the Values of the Mangyans in

Mindoro
1. mano
- show of respect for their elders through kissing
of the hand
2. pakikiramay
- express sympathy for an offended or bereaved
family
3. bayanihan
- doing any group work or task
- This is evident during planting season, when
people help each other without any compensation
except for a free meal.
4. kasipagan
- manifested in their planting practices
- being hardworking
5. barkadahan
- Mangyans value their peers
- people of Mindoro come from different regions
and as a result, they form strong ties
6. takot sa Diyos, pagmamagandang loob, and
pakikipagkapwatao
7. sandugo
- done by male Mangyans
8. filial piety
- one observable feature of family values among
the Mangyans
- parents are well respected and they have full
authority to decide even on the future spouse/s of
their children
9. peaceable attitude and gentle behavior
- They promote mutual respect among the other
members of the village and show amiable
affection even to strangers
10. ideals of reciprocity and non-violence
- the guiding principle among the Mangyans in
relation to neighboring groups (Lauser, 1999).
- Thus, they show a friendly, good-natured and
cordial attitude with the other groups they
interact with in their community.