EMF Equation of Transformer

For electrical transformer, the EMF equation is a mathematical expression used to find the magnitude of induced EMF in the windings of the transformer.
Consider a transformer as shown in the figure. If N1 and N2 are the number of turns in primary and secondary windings. When we apply an alternating
voltage V1 of frequency f to the primary winding, an alternating magnetic flux ϕϕ is produced by the primary winding in the core.

If we assume sinusoidal AC voltage, then the magnetic flux can be given by,
ϕ=ϕmsinωt⋅⋅⋅(1)
Now, according to principle of electromagnetic induction, the instantaneous value of
EMF e1 induced in the primary winding is given by,
=−N1dϕdt
⇒e1=−N1ddt(ϕmsinωt)
⇒e1=−N1ωϕcosωt
⇒e1=−2πfN1ϕmcosωt
Where,
ω=2πfω=2πf Equation (6) is known as EMF equation of a
∵−cosωt=sin(ωt−90∘) transformer.
Therefore, For a given transformer, if we divide the EMF
e1=2ϕfN1ϕmsin(ωt−90∘)⋅⋅⋅(2)
equation by the supply frequency, we get,
Equation (2) may be written as,
e1=Em1sin(ωt−90∘)⋅⋅⋅(3) Ef=4.44ϕmN=ConstantEf=4.44ϕmN=Constant
Where, Em1 is the maximum value of induced EMF e1. Which means the induced EMF per unit frequency is
Em1=2πfN1ϕm constant but it is not same on both primary and
Now, for sinusoidal supply, the RMS value E1 of the primary winding EMF is given by, secondary side of the given transformer.
E1=Em12=2πfN1ϕm2
Also, from equations (4) and (5), we have,
∴E1=4.44fϕmN1⋅⋅⋅(4)
Similarly, the RMS value E2 of the secondary winding EMF is, E1E2=N1N2orE1N1=E2N2
E2=4.44fϕmN2⋅⋅⋅(5) Hence, in a transformer, the induced EMF per turn
In general, in the primary winding is equal to the induced EMF
E=4.44fϕmN⋅⋅⋅(6) per turn in the secondary winding.
 Numericals on EMF equation of Transformer
Que. 1- A single phase 3300/240 V, 50 Hz transformer has a maximum magnetic flux of 0.0315
Wb in the core. Calculate the number of turns in primary and secondary windings.
Que. 2-

Que. 3

Que. 4
Problem 5: Comparing Primary and Secondary Voltage
A transformer has the following specifications:
Number of primary turns: 600
Number of secondary turns: 1500
Maximum flux in the core: 0.03 Wb
Frequency: 50 Hz

Problem 6: Transformer Voltage Ratio

A transformer is designed to step up the voltage from 220 V to 1100 V. The transformer operates at 60 Hz, and the maximum
flux is 0.015 Wb. Calculate the required number of turns for the primary and secondary windings.
Que 1
Que. 2
Que. 3-
Que. 4
Que 5
Que 6. Solution
 What is a DC Machine?

A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current
flows through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque that rotates the dc motor. The DC
machines are classified into two types such as DC generator as well as DC motor.

The main function of the DC generator is to convert mechanical power to DC electrical power, whereas a DC motor converts DC
power to mechanical power. The AC motor is frequently used in industrial applications for altering electrical energy to
mechanical energy. However, a DC motor is applicable where good speed regulation & an ample range of speeds are necessary
like in electric-transaction systems.
 Construction of DC Machine

The construction of the DC machine can be done using some of the essential parts like Yoke, Pole core & pole shoes, Pole coil &
field coil, Armature core, Armature winding otherwise conductor, commutator, brushes & bearings. Some of the parts of the DC
machine is discussed below.

Yoke of DC Machine:

Yoke is also called as frame of the machine. It provides protection to the rotating and other parts of the machine from moisture,
dust and mechanical damage etc. Also it provides the mechanical support for the poles.
It is an iron body which provides the low reluctance path for the flux. This is essential to complete the magnetic circuit.
Materials used for the yoke are basically the low reluctance materials such as cast iron, silicon steel, rolled steel, cast steel.
It’s provides the mechanical support for the poles.
For small dc machines the Yoke are made of cast iron. But for larger machines, cast steel or rolled steel is used.

Poles, Pole Shoe and Pole Core:

A pole of a dc machine is a supporting structure to electromagnet. The field winding is

wound over the poles.
Poles produce the magnetic flux when the field winding is excited by DC supply voltage.
Pole shoe is an extended part or shower like structure of a pole. Due to its typical shape,
it enlarges the area of the pole. Due to this enlarged area, more flux can spread and pass
through the air gap to armature core and armature winding.
For the construction of a pole or pole shoe low reluctance magnetic material such as cast steel or cast iron is used .
Field Winding of DC machine:

The coils wound around the pole cores are called as field coils.
Series combination of field coils with each other to form the field winding of dc machine.
Field winding is also called as Exciting winding, Because it produces the flux.
Materials used for the field conductor is enameled copper.

Armature Core of Dc Machine:

Armature core is a cylindrical drum like structure which is mounted on the shaft.

It is provided with a large number of slots all over its periphery, all these slots are parallel to the shaft axis, Armature conductors
are placed in these slots.
Armature core provides a low reluctance path to the flux produced by the field
winding and this flux is cut by the armature conductor.

The air holes are also provided in the armature core for the air circulation, which
helps in cooling the armature core.

Core constructed using laminations so as to minimize the eddy current loss.

Que. State functions of the armature core in DC machine and name material used for armature core.
Functions of armature core:

Rotate as a rotor with armature winding.

Increase the permeance (ease of magnetization) of the magnetic path to increase the magnitude of induced EMF for a certain
MMF created by the field

Material used for armature core:

High permeability, low reluctance materials such as cast steel or cast iron are used for the armature core.

Armature Winding of dc machine

Que. State the function of armature winding and name the material used for its construction.

The armature conductor is placed on the armature core slot to form an armature winding. And its conductors made of copper or
aluminum wire.

Armature winding is connected to the external circuit (to load in case of generator) through the commutator and brushes.
Commutator of DC Machine:

A commutator is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft along with the armature core.
It is made of a large number of wedge-shaped segments of hard-drawn copper.
The segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of mica.
Armature winding is tapped at various points and these tapping’s are successively
connected to various segments of the commutator.
For a dc generator it converts the alternating EMF generated internally into a DC
voltage. So it basically works like a rectifier.
It collects the current from the armature conductors and passes it to the external load via brushes.

Que. State the function of commutator in DC generator and name the material used for commutator.

Function of Commutator:
Commutator converts AC induced current in the armature winding into DC for external load.

Material:
Commutator segments are made up of Copper.
Commutator segments are insulated from each other by Mica.
Brushes:

Current is collected from the armature to the external load by the carbon brushes which
are placed against the surface of commutator by small pressure using springs.

It wear with time, hence they should be inspected regularly and replaced periodically.
Brushes are made of carbon or graphite and shape like rectangular.

Shaft:

Shaft is a solid long rod like structure, which place by support of bearing in alignment for proper rotation. And it help to support
and rotate rotor .