Basic Chemistry : SKT

Chapter II : Water

Chemical bond is a force that holding particles together.

There are 3 main types of forming chemical bonds between atom.
1. Ionic bonding : …………………………………………………
2. Covalent bonding : …………………………………………………
3. Metallic bonding : …………………………………………………

Chemical Bonding

Atoms …………………… Atoms …………… electrons

electrons to attain noble to attain noble gas
gas configuration configuration

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2.1 Covalent Bond

 Covalent bond is a bond formed by …………………………………………………..

 Each atom acquires the same electronic structure as ………………….
 Formed between atom of non-metals, include …………………..

Type of covalent bond

Consider from the number of the bond pair of electron, consist of 3

types
 Single bond : ……………………………………….
 Double bond : ……………………………………….
 Triple bond : ……………………………………….

Properties of Covalent molecule

 Have ………….. melting and boiling point.

 Normally ………………………………………. but can conduct electricity if they are
…………………………………..
 The smallest unit called ……………………….

Polar – Nonpolar Covalent bond

Non polar Covalent bond
• Occur between the ……………………………...
• For example : …………………………
• …………………………………...
Polar Covalent bond
• Occur between ……………………………….
• For example : …………………………………

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Intermolecular force : The forces holding molecules together.

Intermolecular force

London forces

• The …………………………. of the intermolecular forces.

• The attractive force between all molecules including ………………………………………

Dipole-dipole forces

Forces of attraction between …………………

…………………………………………………………………………

Hydrogen bond

A strong dipole-dipole force between

the positive H atom and the lone pair of
electrons on ……………………….. of another
molecule.

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How to name covalent compound

 Always read the …………………………………….. with the Greek language

 Write name of first element …………………, second element ending

…………………..
 The prefix “……………….." is never used for naming the first element.
CO called ……………………………………………………………………………

• PCl3

• SiH4

• TeF6

• Cl2O7

• NO

• N2O3

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How to write a covalent compound

1. Cross the oxidation number.
2. Write the crossed number behind the element.
C +4 Cl −1 N -3
Br −1

CCl4 CCl4 NBr3 NBr3

P -3 O −2

PO
2 3 P2O3

Write the formula and name the following compound

• Hydrogen and Sulfur

• Nitrogen and chlorine

• Carbon and sulfur

• Silicon and selenium

• Phosphorus and fluorine

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Lewis Structure

Lewis diagrams, also called ………………………...

Used to represent paired and unpaired valence

……………………………………………………………………

The symbol represents ………………………………..

The dots represent
………………………………………………………...

Types of Lewis Structure

Lewis structure can be divided into 2 types

1. ………………..

2. …………………

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How to write Lewis Structure

Element that have lower EN should be ………………..

The surrounding atom must be satisfied to ……………...

Write the Lewis structure by count the amount of

……………………..

Group 7A : 1 arm
Group 6A : 2 arms
Group 5A : 3 arms
Group 4A : 4 arms

Compound Lewis line Lewis dot structure

HF

CS2

PCl3

BF3

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Compound Lewis line Lewis dot structure

F2

CO2

SF4

CCl4

Lewis Structure of Hydrocarbon compound

Hydrocarbon : the compounds that consist of

…………………………………..

Can be classify into 3 main types.

1. Alkane : ……………………………………………..

2. Alkene : ……………………………………………..

3. Alkyne : ……………………………………………..

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Alkane Alkene Alkyne

Formula CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n

Example C 2H6 C2 H 4 C2 H 2
(n = 2)

Example
(n = 3)

Example
(n = 5)

Compound Lewis line Lewis dot structure

C2H6

C2H4

C3H4

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Compound Lewis line Lewis dot structure

C4H6

C3H6

C5H12

C6H12

Co-ordinate bond (dative covalent bond)

A covalent bond in which ………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..

Atom …………………………………………………….. to the

atom accepting it.

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2.2 Ionic Bond

……………………………
…………………………….
………………………………

 Atom can lose or gain electron to form ions.

 Positive ions : …………………………………………………….
 Negative ions : …………………………………………………….

Ionic bond formed between oppositely

charges ions holds them together.

Na + Cl Na+ + Cl-

lose e-
11Na 2 8 1

17Cl 2 8 7
gain e-

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lose 2e-
20Ca 2 8 8 2

17Cl 2 8 7
gain 2e-

Properties of Ionic compound

 Have ………….. melting and boiling point.
 Normally, ionic compound ……………………………………………….but can conduct
electricity when ……………………………………………………………
 The smallest unit called ………………………
 Exist as ………………………… at room temperature.

How to name the ionic compound

 Write the name of the metal first and then the nonmetal.
 Write the name of the metal normally.
 Write the name of the nonmetal, adding ……………ending, so sulfur becomes ……………
Hydrogen ……………………. Oxygen ……………….

Nitrogen …………………….

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Name the following compound

CaCl2

K2 O

MgS

NaF

AlBr3

Al2O3

How to write ionic compound

 Write the chemical formula by ……………………………………………..

 Always put positive charge ……………………. negative charge.
 Write the crossed number ………………………………………………………………

Aluminium ion Oxide ion Lithium ion Oxide ion

Al+3 O-2 Li +1
O-2
Charge: +3 Charge: −2 Charge: +1 Charge: −2

Al2O3 Li O Li2O
2 1

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Write the chemical formula and name the following compound

• Lithium and sulfur

• Magnesium and chlorine

• Aluminium and oxygen

• Calcium and oxygen

• Potassium and Iodine

Common polyatomic ions

Ion Name Ion Name

OH- SO42-
CN- CO32-
MnO4- Cr2O72-
ClO3- H2PO4-
CH3COO- PO43-

Na+1 SO42−

NaSO4 Na2SO4
2

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Write the chemical formula and name the following compound

1. Lithium + sulfate

2. Magnesium + carbonate

3. Aluminium + cyanide

4. Sodium + acetate

5. Potassium + permanganate

6. Calcium + phosphate

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Solubility of ionic compound

 Ionic solids (or salts) contain positive and negative ions.

 When solids dissolve in water, the ions that form the solid are
released into solution and ………………………………………………………
NaCl(s) ……………………………………

Electrolyte
 Substances that ……………………………………………………….. are called electrolytes.
 Can conduct electricity due to the ……………………………………………………………….,
which are called …………………………………………………

Non-electrolyte : Compounds that …………………………………………...

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 substances with similar chemical
characteristics will dissolve in
each other.
Polar substances will only dissolve in

Rubbing alcohol and water

Nonpolar substances will only dissolve
in
Oil, butter, and hexane (C6H14)
Substances that

Oil and water immiscible liquids

Electrolyte An electrolyte is a substance that

Many sports drinks contain
which are The solution can
salts dissolved in water
- + - + - +

salt acetic acid sugar

Strong Weak Non-
Electrolyte Electrolyte Electrolyte

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 when an ionic
compound dissolves in water

Ionization

when dissolving in water

What is an acid?
An acid is a solution that has an
It comes from the Latin word acidus that
means "sharp" or "sour".
The , the more

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 What is a base ?
A base is a solution that has an excess
and another word for base is
can be removed OH- ions when it is
dissolved in water.

Bases are substances that can accept hydrogen

ions

Properties of a Base

Can conduct electricity.

(alkaline solution)

Alkaline react strongly with compound to

produce that is a colorless gas with a
characteristically pungent smell and base substance.
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pH is

The pH scale ranges from

Acidic solutions have pH values

Pure water has a pH of 7.

Basic solutions have pH values
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 Each salt listed
in this table can
be formed by
the reaction
between an
acid and a
base.

Measuring pH
There are several ways to measure pH in
the sample
Litmus paper (red = acid, (blue = base)
pH paper (multi-colored)
pH meter (7 is neutral, <7 acid, >7 base)
Universal indicator (multi-colored)
Indicators like phenolphthalein
Natural indicators like red cabbage,
radishes
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pH 1 is the most acidic

pH 14 is the most basic

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