Unit Three: Human Body

Learning objectives
By the end of this unit, students will

- identify the main parts of the body, discuss their functions using English correctly.
- be able to develop ability to observe and describe the parts of the human body
- learn the English pronunciation of medical terms properly
- be more confident in writing in medical English

Lesson 1: Body Organs

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[Link]
vocabulary#external_body_parts

External human body names parts are fundamental in describing ourselves and
others. Understanding these terms will enhance your ability to communicate about
appearances, physical activities, and even emotions.

Warming up
 Before you read the text answer the folowing questions

1. What does phenotype mean?

2. How many external sections is the human body divided into? Name them.

I. LISTENING

Task 1: listen and watch the video from the link below, then answer the following
questions

[Link]

Task 2: Give full answers to the following questions

➢ What does the video expose?

➢ Name the main head parts shown in the video

Task 3: Mention if these statements are true or false:

- Palm, thumb and finger belong to leg part

- Mouth and teeth are the same organ
- Human body contains five fingers

Lesson 2: The Eye

II. READING

Task 1: Read carefuly the text, then answer the questions below

The Eye

The entire eye, often called the eyeball, is a spherical structure, approximately
2.5 cm (about 1 in) in diameter with a pronounced bulge on its forward surface. The
outer part of the eye is composed of three layers of tissues. The outside layer is the
sclera, a protective coating. It covers about five-sixths of the surface of the eye. At the
front of the eyeball, it is continuous with the bulging, transparent cornea. The middle 8
layer of the coating of the eye is the choroid, a vascular layer lining the posterior three-
fifths of the eyeball. The choroid is continuous with the ciliary body and with the iris,
which lies at the front of the eye. The innermost layer is the light-sensitive retina.
The cornea is a tough, five-layered membrane through which light is admitted
to the interior of the eye. Behind the cornea is a chamber filled with clear, watery fluid,
the aqueous humor which separates the cornea from the crystalline lens. The lens itself
is a flattened sphere constructed of a large number of transparent fibers arranged in
layers. It is connected by ligaments to a ring like muscle, called the ciliary muscle,
which surrounds it. The ciliary muscle and its surrounding tissues form the ciliary body.
This muscle, by flattening the lens or making it more nearly spherical, changes its focal
length. The pigmented iris hangs behind the cornea in front of the lens, and has a
circular opening in its center. The size of its opening, the pupil, is controlled by a muscle
around its edge. This muscle contracts or relaxes, making the pupil larger or 28 smaller,
to control the amount of light admitted to the eye.
Behind the lens, the main body of the eye is filled with a transparent, jellylike
substance, the vitreous humor that is enclosed in a thin sac which is called the hyaloid
membrane. The pressure of the vitreous humor keeps the eyeball [Link] retina
is a complex layer that is largely composed of the nerve cells. The light-sensitive
receptor cells lie on the outer surface of the retina in front of a pigmented tissue layer.
These cells take the form of rods or cones packed closely together like matches in a
box. Directly behind the pupil is a small yellow-pigmented spot, the macula lutea, in
the center of which is the fovea centralis that is the area of greatest visual acuity of the
eye. At the center of the fovea, the sensory layer is composed entirely of cone-shaped
cells. Around the fovea both rod-shaped and cone-shaped cells are present, with the
cone-shaped cells becoming fewer toward the periphery of the sensitive area. At the
outer edges are only rod-shaped cells.

Task 2. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” for false
statements. Correct the false statements.

1. Human eye comprises of three layers of tissues.

2. The choroid constitutes three quarters of the eyeball.
3. The cornea is a multi-layered membrane.
4. The crystalline lens is filled with clear, watery fluid.
5. Transparent fibers form the lens.
6. The ligaments are ring like muscles.
7. Eyeball distance is maintained by the pressure of the vitreous humor.
8. The pupil is a small yellow-pigmented spot.
9. Cone-shaped cells form the sensory layer.

Task 3. Read the text to find synonyms to the given words

Words Synonyms
a. circular (§ 1)
b. external (§2)
c. hard (§ 2)
[Link] (§ 2)
f. . encircle (§ 2)
g. nearly (§ 1)
h. alter (§ 2)
[Link] (§3)
Entered (§ 3)

Task 4. These are medical terms used in the passages. Say these words aloud and
memorize their meaning.

Term Pronunciation Definition

scler-a /sklēr ́ə/
 cor-ne-a /kor ́ne-ə/
chor-oids /kor ́oid/
a-que-ous hu-mor /a ́kwe-əs hu ́mər/

crys-ta-lline lens /kris ́tə ́lin -lēnz/

vit-re-ous hu-mor /vit ́re-əs hu ́mər/

hy-a-loid mem-brane /hi ́ə-loid mem-brān/

mac-u-la lu-te-a /mak ́u-lə loo ́te-ə/

fo-ve-o cen-tra-lis /fo ́ve-ə cen ́tra ́lis/

Task 5. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, b, c, or d.
(group work)

1. The sclera serves the purpose of ___________________.

a. watching b. cleaning c. seeing d.

protection

2. The outer layer covers (a) __________________ of the surface of the eye.

a. major part b. minor part c. half d. quarter

3. The choroids is situated ________________ of the eye.

a. in the middle b. at the front c. at the upper side d. at

the back

4. The cornea _______________ light to the interior of the eye.

a. prohibits b. permits c. transfers d. stops

5. The aqueous humor is a ____________________.

a. clear fluid b. a chamber c. watery fluid d. lens

6. The cornea is situated ___________________ the lens.

a. above b. behind c. in front of d.

below
7. The hyaloid membrane is a ___________________.

a. chamber b. lens c. transparent substance d. jelly-like

substance

8. The light-sensitive receptor cells are ______________ in shape.

a. circular b. cubical c. longitudinal d.

round

9. The central part of the fovea is comprised of _____________ cells.

a. circular b. cubical c. conical d. round

10. The number of rod-shaped cells _____________________ toward the periphery

of the sensitive area.

a. increases b. decreases c. becomes equal d. finishes

Lesson 3: Let’s Chat

III. SPEAKING
❖ The lower body vocabulary is essential for describing movement and
physical activities. Knowing these words will help you communicate about
sports, dancing, or simply how you move.

With a partner discuss the topic in a communicative way.

IV. WRITING
❖ The brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver are the five vital organs in the
human body . Give a description to these organs, the function and
importance of each one.