Asian J. Research Chem.

13(1): January -February 2020

ISSN 0974-4169(Print) [Link]

0974-4150(Online)

REVIEW ARTICLE

A Review on Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles using Plant Extract

and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
Abderrhmane Bouafia1,2*, Salah Eddine Laouini1,2, Mohammed Redha Ouahrani1
1
Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Echahid Hamma Lakhdar,
El Oued 39000, Algeria
2
Lab. VTRS, Faculty of Technology, Univ. El-Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
*Corresponding Author E-mail: abdelrahmanebouafia@[Link]
ABSTRACT:
In this review, we examine ‘greener’ routes to nanoparticles of copper oxides, an emphasis on recent developments.
natural products or extracted from natural products. such as different plant extracts, have been used as reductants
and as capping agents during synthesis. A very easy, efficient and environment-friendly protocol was developed
to synthesize green nanoparticles with an aqueous extract of the various plant. Nanoparticles and their compounds
are known to exert a strong inhibitory and microbial activity on bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Green synthesis,
characterization, and application of nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming an important challenge in nanotechnology.
Green synthesis of nanoparticles is made in large quantities worldwide for a wide range of applications. This
technique is very safe and environmentally friendly.

KEYWORDS: CuO nanoparticles, biological method, antimicrobial activities, phenolic compounds, green
synthesis.

INTRODUCTION: And various general specialized aspects, including

As a result of the terrible environmental pollution that has ultrasound, microwave, solution combustion and other
hit the world, green technology and chemistry have methods of synthesis10,11, green analytical chemistry12,
become more common and used. green tribology13, polymers and green polymerization14,
15
, green engineering and manufacturing16,17, food18,
Nanotechnology, The field is growing strongly from textiles19, hydrogen and syngas production and their
sophisticated technologies and is associated with the uses20,21, waste water treatment22 particle technology23,
building and use of nanoscale materials in the physical biofuels, biomass and biocomposites24,25, and other fields
range from 1 to 100 nm scale. In recent years, the of green chemistry26,27.
nanomaterials, especially clusters of atom or molecules of
metal and oxide, have attracted substantial attention of Green synthesis is an advance over physical and chemical
scientific groups due to their unique nanostructures using methods because it is environmentally friendly and easy
plant extracts1-5 in the past two years, many books have to implement for large-scale synthesis. This method does
been published on the subject of "green chemistry" that not need to use high pressure, temperature, energy and a
describe the green environment processes6-9 toxic chemical28.
Nanomaterials based on metal oxides have aroused great
interest because of many unique properties related to
nanoscale particle size29-32. Oxides of transition metal
Received on 30.11.2019 Modified on 31.12.2019 elements are an imperative class of semiconductors,
Accepted on 28.01.2020 ©AJRC All right reserved which find applications in solar energy processing,
Asian J. Research Chem. 2020; 13(1): 65-70. magnetic storage media, electronics, catalysis, and so
DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2020.00014.0 on33-35. Of the metal oxides, CuO nanomaterials are of
65
 Asian J. Research Chem. 13(1): January -February 2020

particular interest because of their versatility in extracellular production of copper oxide nanoparticles.
catalysis36-38. Copper oxide NPs synthesized and stabilized with
isolated soils of Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium
Copper oxide (CuO) has attracted nanoparticles due to its citricum and Penicillium waksmanii3.
strong catalysts, electrophoresis, photonics, photonics,
textiles, nanoparticles, and antioxidant bacteria, Copper nanoparticles, because of their unique biological,
depending on size, shape and surrounding environment. chemical and physical properties and the low cost of their
We have manufactured CuO nanoparticles using Karaya installation of simple and light materials, have attracted
gum, a non-toxic natural watery colloidal, using green considerable attention. Copper nanoparticles can be
technology, and explored its potential for anti-bacterial oxidized via an easy protocol to form CuO. Copper
and anti-bacterial applications39. nanoparticles to be protected from oxidation, copper
nanoparticles are encapsulated by organic or inorganic
CuNPs her alloys have been used as excellent matter such as carbon and silica5. If the application
disinfectants in water treatment plants, food processing requires green synthesis of copper nanoparticles, it
equipment, scouring ointments and dressings, etc. includes the use of biological agents such as bacteria,
Because of effective anti-bacterial properties and actinomycetes, fungi, yeasts, and plants. In the green
resistance mutations in addition to the characteristics of synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, different
antimicrobial40,41, More recently, antibacterial activity has microorganisms produce inorganic, intracellular or
been reported with significant efficiency of AgNPs extracellular materials, with properties similar to those of
CuNPs using single representative strains of E. coli42,43. biological and chemical materials44.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE For the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using
NANOPARTICLES: biological agents (Figure 1), we have not yet imagined,
The biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using but it is suggested that different biomolecules are
antimicrobial activity and antioxidants is an important responsible for the synthesis of nanoparticles. But in the
area of research in biotechnology. (Table 1) we will put a intracellular and extracellular biosynthesis of
Comparative study on biological synthesis of CuO nanoparticles, many secreting styling and reduction
nanoparticles with their size, shape, It is an emerging agents are likely to be involved, as well as the effect of
ecological science of well-defined form, size, and these reducing agents on the size and shape of
controlled monodispersity. The recently researched nanoparticles45. (Figure 2) shows the synthesis of CuO
researcher proposed an ecological process for the nanoparticle using plant extract.

Fig. 1: Reducing ability of antioxidant phenolics of plant extract to produce nanoparticles.

66
 Asian J. Research Chem. 13(1): January -February 2020

Fig.2: Synthesis of CuO nanoparticle using plant extract.

Table 1: Comparative study on biological synthesis of CuO nanoparticles with their size, shape, and References
Natural Resource Part used Component Extr/ Comp Heating Size Shape Refs
Calotropis gigantea Leaves Cu(NO3)2 50 mL/ 5 g 60-80oC 20 nm Spherical 46
47
P. acerifolium Leaves Cu(NO3)2 10 mL/ - 45–50 °C 50 nm -
39
gum karaya Gum CuCl2 10mL /100 µL 75°C/250 rpm 2-10 nm Spherical
Gundelia tournefortii Leaves, CuCl2 50mL/ 50 mL ( 0.003 M) 60oC - Spherical 48

Stems
o 49
Thymus vulgaris L Leaves CuCl2 50mL/ 50 mL ( 0.003 M) 60 C 30 nm -
Citrus lemon juice Cu(CH3COO)2 50mL / 30 mL(0.3 M) 110oC/600rpm 5–20 nm Spherical 50

Calotropis gigantean Leaves Cu(NO3)2 100 mL/ 10g 60-80oC 30-40 nm Spherical 51
52
Gloriosa superba L Leaves Cu(NO3)2 1 mL/ 2.32 g - 5–10 nm Spherical
53
Tinospora cordifolia Leaves Cu(NO3)2 (0.2 g/1.205g) in 10 - 6–8 nm Spherical
mlH2O
54
Punica granatum Peels Cu(CH3COO)2 -/ (2.8 g in 500 mL - 10- Spherical
Dwater) 100nm
55
Carica papaya Leaves CuSO4 10 ml/ 90 ml (5 mM) room tem - -
Anthemis nobilis Flowers CuCl2 50 mL/50 mL(0.003 M) 60oC - - 56

Calotropis gigantean Leaves Cu(NO3)2 50 mL/ 5 g 60-80oC 20–30 nm Spherical 46

Tamarix gallica Leaves CuCl2 50 mL/50 mL(0.003 M) 70oC - Spherical 57

58
Coffee Powder Beans Cu(NO3)2 30 ml /2g 75°C 20-60 nm -
59
Bifurcaria bifurcata Alga CuSO4 2 mL/20 mL(1 mM) 100–120 °C 5 - 45 nm Spherical
2
Aloe barbadensis Leaves CuSO4 250 ml/- 130°C 15 -30 Spherical
nm
60
Aloe vera Leaves Cu(NO3)2 5mL/ 10 mM 100–120 °C 20–30 nm Spherical
61
Tea and Coffee Leaves Cu(NO3)2 1:3 ratio Micr540 W 50- Spherical
100nm
62
Phyllanthus Amarus Leaves CuSO4 250 ml (25%) /- 130°C 22 nm -

NANOPARTICLES AS MICROBICIDES: The nanoparticles are cytotoxic for E. coli. That

Large field of biology such as antimicrobial agent, anti- antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles was a function of
oxidant and DNA sequence. It is scientifically known that size. Silver nanoparticles mainly in the 1-10nm range
nanoparticle particles are highly toxic to a wide range of attached to the surface of the cell membrane significantly
microbial organisms. Antimicrobial properties of disrupt its proper functioning, such as respiration and
nanoparticles were studied against Staphylococcus permeability64. Fluorescent bacteria have been used to
aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli63. (Table 2) study the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles. Green
we will put a study on antimicrobial activity biosynthesis fluorescent proteins were specially adapted for these
of nanoparticles using botanical. studies. The general agreement is that nanoparticles

67
 Asian J. Research Chem. 13(1): January -February 2020

associated with sulfur-containing proteins of sulfur- impurities, suggesting that high CuO Nps purity was
containing bacterial cells are the leading cause of bacterial synthesized by this method53. The antibacterial activity of
death. The measurement of the total area of the cell-free seaweed extract and CuONPs was examined against
supernatant reflects the effect of the nanoparticles on the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using a disk
recombination of the bacteria65 The various forms of diffusion test. Note that the radial diameter of the E.
silver ions and nanoparticles their antifungal power aerogenes and S. aureus inhibition zone by using CuONPs
against two phytopathogenic fungi, Bipolarissoro kiniana is 14 and 16mm, respectively (Figure 3) The discs filled
and Magnaporthegrisea, important pathogens of grasses. with seaweed extract alone showed no inhibition zone
In vitro studies showed that silver ions and silver suggesting that at the concentration used for CuONPs
nanoparticles had a significant effect on colony formation synthesis, The algae extract alone did not show any
50% higher than those of Bipolarissoro kiniana compared antibacterial activity, but CuONPs synthesized from the
to those of Magnaporthe grisea66. algae extract showed a good antibacterial activity59.
Antimicrobial activity: The bactericidal properties of CuO NP synthesized in
In a special study, E. coli MTCC 443 and S. aureus MTCC green against three bacterial fish pathogens, A.
737 were used as reference authorities for gram-negative hydrophila, P. fluorescens and F. branchiophilum, were
bacteria and Gram-positive, respectively, as per the studied. Concentrations ranging from 10 to 100μg/mL
Institute's guidelines for clinical and laboratory criteria 67.
were used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory
Strains were grown on nutrient agar. concentration of CuO NP. The MIC was observed at 20
μg/mL, with a 13, 15 and 11mm inhibition zone for A.
The antibacterial activity was examined using a new and hydrophila, P. fluorescens and F. branchiophilum,
innovative method of agar52 against four bacterial strains, respectively.
namely Gram ve Klebsiella aerogenes (KA), Escherichia
coli (EC), Pseudomonas desmolyticum (PD) and An increase in the size of the inhibition zone was observed
Gramévre bacteria. the formation of the pure monoclinic for all the bacteria tested with an increasing concentration
structure of CuO NPs. No peaks were observed due to of CuO NPs greater than 20μg/mL60.

Fig.3: Antibacterial assay: zone of inhibition against Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.

Table 2: Comparative study on antimicrobial activities biosynthesis of CuO NPs using with botanical and reference
Biological Test microorganism Impact Material Concentration Refs
entity
Gum Karaya E. coli , S. aureus Highly effective against test CuCl2 50 µg/ml, 39
bacterial 100µg/ml
Gloriosa K. aerogenes, P. desmolyticum, E. coli, S. significant antibacterial activity Cu(NO3)2 500 and 1000 52
superba L aureus on all the four bacterial. µg/ml
Tinospora K. aerogenes, P. desmolyticum, E. coli, S. significant antibacterial activity Cu(NO3)2 400 and 800 53
cordifolia aureus on all the four bacterial. µg/ml.
Bifurcaria E. aerogenes , S. aureus Exhibited good antibacterial CuSO4 20 µL 59
bifurcata activity.
Aloe vera A. hydrophila, P. fluorescens , F. Antimicrobial agents against fish Cu(NO3)2 20 μg/Ml 60
branchiophilum bacterial pathogens.
Coffee Shigella Dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae Antibacterial activity against two Cu(NO3)2 200, 100, 50 58
powder non.0139 (L4), Vibrio cholerae non.0139 pathogenic bacteria. (Shigella and 1 μg /disc
(CSK6669), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli non.0139)
Phyllanthus Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. Significant inhibitory CuSO4 50 μL (100 μg) 62
Amarus aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (B. effectagainst both Gram-positive
subtilis and S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria.
Greater antimicrobial activity
against B. subtilis and S. aureus.
68
 Asian J. Research Chem. 13(1): January -February 2020

The Antibacterial activity was tested antibacterial of copper oxide nanoparticles using Penicillium aurantiogriseum,
Penicillium citrinum and Penicillium waksmanii. Dig J Nanomater Bios.
nanoparticles CuONPs created against six causes of 2012; 7(3):999-1005.
human diseases, namely Shigella dysenteriae 1, Vibrio 4. Hutchison JE. Greener nanoscience: a proactive approach to advancing
cholerae non. 0139 (L4), Vibrio cholerae non.0139 applications and reducing implications of nanotechnology. ACS
Publications; 2008.
(CSK6669), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus 5. Rahman A, Ismail A, Jumbianti D, Magdalena S, Sudrajat H. Synthesis of
aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli )61. copper oxide nano particles by using Phormidium cyanobacterium.
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry. 2010; 9(3):355-60.
6. Li C-J, Anastas PT. Green Chemistry: present and future. Chemical
CONCLUSIONS: Society Reviews. 2012; 41(4):1413-4.
Rapid biological agents in the form of microbes, plants, 7. Anastas PT, Boethling R, Voutchkova-Kostal A. Green Processes:
and algae have proven to be effective candidates for Designing Safer Chemicals: John Wiley & Sons. 2014.
8. Ahluwalia V. Green chemistry: environmentally benign reaction: Ane
nanoparticle synthesis. This biosynthesis of nanoparticles Books Pvt Ltd. 2009.
is profitable and simpler to synthesize. In these greener 9. Patel J, Patel O, Raval B. Green Chemistry: New Avenues in Chemical
ways, natural products or derived from plant materials, Research: Focus in Healthcare. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
2012.
such as various plant extracts, tea, coffee, banana, simple 10. Ahluwalia V. Strategies for Green Organic Synthesis: Ane Books. 2012.
amino acids, as well as wine, table sugar, and glucose 11. Sharma SK, Chen D, Mudhoo A. Handbook on applications of
have been used as reducing agents and styling agents. ultrasound: sonochemistry for sustainability: CRC press. 2011.
12. de la Guardia M, Garrigues S. Handbook of green analytical chemistry:
Considerable effort is devoted to tea extracts which, Wiley Online Library. 2012.
because of the presence of many polyphenols, can serve 13. Nosonovsky M, Bhushan B. Green tribology: biomimetics, energy
as both chelating/reducing agents and styling agents for conservation and sustainability: Springer. 2012.
14. Mathers RT, Meier MA. Green Polymerization Methods: Renewable
nanoparticles. As a result, the resulting particles are Starting Materials, Catalysis and Waste Reduction: John Wiley & Sons.
protected against further reactions and aggregations, 2011.
which increases their stability and longevity. The more 15. Cheng H, Gross RA. Green polymer chemistry: biocatalysis and
biomaterials: ACS Publications. 2010.
ecological methods involving plant materials used in the 16. Allen DT, Shonnard DR. Green engineering: environmentally conscious
synthesis of nanoparticles are generally single pot design of chemical processes and products. AIChE Journal. 2001;
reactions, without the use of additional surfactants, styling 47(9):1906-10.
17. Mulvaney D. Green technology: an A-to-Z guide: Sage. 2011.
agents and/or matrices. Frequently, the technique 18. Boye J, Arcand Y. Green technologies in food production and
developed for a given metal and metal oxide nanoparticle processing: Springer Science & Business Media. 2012.
could also be applied to other metals. However, it remains 19. Kan C. A Novel Green Treatment for Textiles: Plasma Treatment as a
Sustainable Technology (Sustainability). CRC Press; 2012.
to be determined whether the toxicity of CuO both in 20. Rigas F, Amyotte P. Hydrogen safety: CRC Press. 2012.
facilities and artificial engineering is due to the 21. Puigjaner L. Syngas from waste: emerging technologies: Springer. 2011.
dissolution of the ions or whether it originates from the 22. Lofrano G. Green technologies for wastewater treatment: energy
recovery and emerging compounds removal: Springer Science &
NPs of CuO themselves and their reaction on the Business Media. 2012.
environment. More research is urgently needed to 23. Lee S, Henthorn KH. Particle technology and applications: CRC Press.
determine the main causes of the toxicity of copper oxide 2012.
24. Lee S, Shah YT. Biofuels and bioenergy: processes and technologies:
nanoparticles to meet the risks facing the environment. In CRC Press. 2012.
general, the use of natural materials to synthesize 25. Debalina S, Pike R. Chemicals from biomass: integrating bioprocesses into
nanoparticles is greener, an emerging and exciting field chemical production complexes for sustainable development. Chemicals
from biomass: integrating bioprocesses into chemical production
and a technology challenge in nanotechnology, which can complexes for sustainable development. 2017.
have a major direct impact on the advancement of green 26. Siyamak S. Preparation and Characterization of Green Composites:
and biotechnology. Chemicals’ Effects on Fundamental Properties of Poly (Butylene
Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)/Oil Palm EFB Fibre Biocomposites. Oil
Palm EF B Fibre Biocomposites: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishin
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: g. 2012.
The authors thank Dr L. Salah Eddine and Pr O. 27. Tan R. Dominic C. Y. Foo: Process integration for resource
Mohammed Redha To accompany me in this valuable conservation2013.
28. Malabadi RB, Naik SL, Meti NT, Mulgund GS, Nataraja K, Kumar SV.
work. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by in vitro derived plants and callus
cultures of Clitoria ternatea; Evaluation of antimicrobial activity.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Research in Biotechnology. 2012; 3(5).
29. Schiebl M. Green Chemical Space Propulsion: Auto Ignition Conditions
The authors declare no conflict of interest. in a Micro Rocket Combustion Chamber for a Hydrogen Peroxide based
Micro Propulsion System: AV Akademikerverlag. 2012.
REFERENCES: 30. Patzke GR, Krumeich F, Nesper R. Oxidic nanotubes and nanorods—
1. Bar H, Bhui DK, Sahoo GP, Sarkar P, De SP, Misra A. Green synthesis anisotropic modules for a future nanotechnology. Angewandte Chemie
of silver nanoparticles using latex of Jatropha curcas. Colloids and International Edition. 2002; 41(14):2446-61.
surfaces A: Physicochemical and engineering aspects. 2009; 339(1- 31. Wu Y, Yan H, Huang M, Messer B, Song JH, Yang P. Inorganic
3):134-9. semiconductor nanowires: rational growth, assembly, and novel
2. Gunalan S, Sivaraj R, Venckatesh R. Aloe barbadensis Miller mediated properties. Chemistry–A European Journal. 2002; 8(6):1260-8.
green synthesis of mono-disperse copper oxide nanoparticles: optical 32. Rao CNR, Deepak F, Gundiah G, Govindaraj A. Inorganic nanowires.
properties. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Progress in Solid State Chemistry. 2003; 31(1-2):5-147.
Spectroscopy. 2012; 97:1140-4. 33. Frietsch M, Zudock F, Goschnick J, Bruns M. CuO catalytic membrane
3. Honary S, Barabadi H, Gharaei-Fathabad E, Naghibi F. Green synthesis as selectivity trimmer for metal oxide gas sensors. Sensors and Actuators

69
 Asian J. Research Chem. 13(1): January -February 2020

B: Chemical. 2000; 65(1-3):379-81. peach Aphid. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring &

34. Dai P, Mook HA, Aeppli G, Hayden SM, Doğan F. Resonance as a Management. 2016; 6:95-8.
measure of pairing correlations in the high-T c superconductor YBa 2 55. Sankar R, Manikandan P, Malarvizhi V, Fathima T, Shivashangari KS,
Cu 3 O 6.6. Nature. 2000; 406(6799):965. Ravikumar V. Green synthesis of colloidal copper oxide nanoparticles
35. Sun Q, Zhang Y-L, Chen H-Y, Deng J-F, Wu D, Chen S-Y. A Novel using Carica papaya and its application in photocatalytic dye
Process for the Preparation of Cu/ZnO and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3Ultrafine degradation. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular
Catalyst: Structure, Surface Properties, and Activity for Methanol Spectroscopy. 2014; 121:746-50.
Synthesis from CO2+ H2. Journal of Catalysis. 1997; 167(1):92-105. 56. Nasrollahzadeh M, Mohammad Sajadi S, Rostami-Vartooni A. Green
36. Gopiraman M, Babu SG, Khatri Z, Kai W, Kim YA, Endo M, et al. An synthesis of CuO nanoparticles by aqueous extract of Anthemis nobilis
efficient, reusable copper-oxide/carbon-nanotube catalyst for N- flowers and their catalytic activity for the A3 coupling reaction. Journal
arylation of imidazole. Carbon. 2013; 62:135-48. of Colloid and Interface Science. 2015; 459:183-8.
37. Babu SG, Karvembu R. Copper based nanoparticles-catalyzed organic 57. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Maham M. Tamarix gallica leaf extract
transformations. Catalysis Surveys from Asia. 2013; 17(3-4):156-76. mediated novel route for green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their
38. Brückner A. Looking on heterogeneous catalytic systems from different application for N-arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles under
perspectives: multitechnique approaches as a new challenge for in situ ligand-free conditions. RSC Advances. 2015; 5(51):40628-35.
studies. Catalysis Reviews. 2003; 45(1):97-150. 58. Taghavi Fardood S, Ramazani A. Green synthesis and characterization
39. Padil VVT, Černík M. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles of copper oxide nanoparticles using coffee powder extract. Journal of
using gum karaya as a biotemplate and their antibacterial application. Nanostructures. 2016; 6(2):167-71.
International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2013; 8:889. 59. Abboud Y, Saffaj T, Chagraoui A, El Bouari A, Brouzi K, Tanane O, et
40. Varshney R, Bhadauria S, Gaur MS. A review: biological synthesis of al. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of copper
silver and copper nanoparticles. Nano Biomedicine & Engineering. oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) produced using brown alga extract
2012; 4(2). (Bifurcaria bifurcata). Applied Nanoscience. 2014; 4(5):571-6.
41. Borkow G, Gabbay J. Putting copper into action: copper-impregnated 60. Kumar PV, Shameem U, Kollu P, Kalyani R, Pammi S. Green synthesis
products with potent biocidal activities. The FASEB journal. 2004; of copper oxide nanoparticles using Aloe vera leaf extract and its
18(14):1728-30. antibacterial activity against fish bacterial pathogens. BioNanoScience.
42. Cioffi N, Torsi L, Ditaranto N, Tantillo G, Ghibelli L, Sabbatini L, et al. 2015; 5(3):135-9.
Copper nanoparticle/polymer composites with antifungal and 61. Sutradhar P, Saha M, Maiti D. Microwave synthesis of copper oxide
bacteriostatic properties. Chemistry of Materials. 2005; 17(21):5255-62. nanoparticles using tea leaf and coffee powder extracts and its
43. Yoon K-Y, Byeon JH, Park J-H, Hwang J. Susceptibility constants of antibacterial activity. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. 2014;
Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to silver and copper nanoparticles. 4(1):86.
Science of the Total Environment. 2007; 373(2-3):572-5. 62. Acharyulu N, Dubey R, Swaminadham V, Kollu P, Kalyani R, Pammi
44. Lanje AS, Sharma SJ, Pode RB, Ningthoujam RS. Synthesis and optical S. Green synthesis of Cuo nanoparticles using Phyllanthus amarus leaf
characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles. Adv Appl Sci Res. 2010; extract and their antibacterial activity against multidrug resistance
1(2):36-40. bacteria. International Journal of Engineering. 2014; 3(4):639-41.
45. Magdassi S, Grouchko M, Kamyshny A. Copper nanoparticles for 63. Dhrutika P, Miral P, Krishnamurthy R. Silver nanoparticles biosynthesis
printed electronics: routes towards achieving oxidation stability. and its antimicrobial activity. Cibtech J Bio-Protocol. 2013; 2(1):50-7.
Materials. 2010; 3(9):4626-38. 64. Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB, Ramírez
46. Sharma JK, Akhtar MS, Ameen S, Srivastava P, Singh G. Green JT, et al. The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology.
synthesis of CuO nanoparticles with leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea 2005; 16(10):2346.
and its dye-sensitized solar cells applications. Journal of Alloys and 65. Gogoi SK, Gopinath P, Paul A, Ramesh A, Ghosh SS, Chattopadhyay
Compounds. 2015; 632:321-5. A. Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Escherichia c oli as a Model
47. Saif S, Tahir A, Asim T, Chen Y. Plant mediated green synthesis of CuO System for Investigating the Antimicrobial Activities of Silver
nanoparticles: comparison of toxicity of engineered and plant mediated Nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2006; 22(22):9322-8.
CuO nanoparticles towards Daphnia magna. Nanomaterials. 2016; 66. Govindaraju K, Tamilselvan S, Kiruthiga V, Singaravelu G. Biogenic
6(11):205. silver nanoparticles by Solanum torvum and their promising
48. Nasrollahzadeh M, Maham M, Sajadi SM. Green synthesis of CuO antimicrobial activity. Journal of Biopesticides. 2010; 3(1):394.
nanoparticles by aqueous extract of Gundelia tournefortii and evaluation 67. Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock RE. Agar and broth dilution methods to
of their catalytic activity for the synthesis of N-monosubstituted ureas determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial
and reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Journal of colloid and interface science. substances. Nature protocols. 2008; 3(2):163.
2015; 455:245-53.
49. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Rostami-Vartooni A, Hussin SM. Green
synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thymus
vulgaris L. leaves and their catalytic performance for N-arylation of
indoles and amines. Journal of colloid and interface science. 2016;
466:113-9.
50. Mohan S, Singh Y, Verma DK, Hasan SH. Synthesis of CuO
nanoparticles through green route using Citrus limon juice and its
application as nanosorbent for Cr (VI) remediation: Process
optimization with RSM and ANN-GA based model. Process Safety and
Environmental Protection. 2015; 96:156-66.
51. Sharma J, Srivastava P, Singh G, Akhtar MS, Ameen S. Catalytic
thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate and combustion of
composite solid propellants over green synthesized CuO nanoparticles.
Thermochimica Acta. 2015; 614:110-5.
52. Naika HR, Lingaraju K, Manjunath K, Kumar D, Nagaraju G, Suresh D,
et al. Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Gloriosa superba L.
extract and their antibacterial activity. Journal of Taibah University for
Science. 2015; 9(1):7-12.
53. Nethravathi P, Kumar MP, Suresh D, Lingaraju K, Rajanaika H,
Nagabhushana H, et al. Tinospora cordifolia mediated facile green
synthesis of cupric oxide nanoparticles and their photocatalytic,
antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Materials Science in
Semiconductor Processing. 2015; 33:81-8.
54. Ghidan AY, Al-Antary TM, Awwad AM. Green synthesis of copper
oxide nanoparticles using Punica granatum peels extract: Effect on green

70