S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Intellectual Revolutions
that Defined the Society
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Intellectual Revolutions
that Defined the Society
• Discuss the different progress through the age of
scientific revolutions in Europe which transforms a
society.
• Identify the criteria for occurrence of scientific
revolution.
• Illustrate the significant turning points for
Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, Age of
Enlightenment, and industrial revolutions.
• Document the views in the locale about the fourth
industrial revolution.
What is intellectual revolution?
This refers to Greek speculation
about the "nature" in the period before
Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
“Pre Socratic" or "non-theological"
or "first philosophy" – more on physics
and logic showed how society was
transformed by science and technology.
Questions:
• What created day and night?
• What heavenly bodies are like stars,
moons and planets?
• What was actually out there at the
outer space?
.
Intellectual Revolutions
That Defined the Society
The Scientific Revolution
Discoveries and advancements in science and technology during each period
were driven by human needs and desires.
As a result, society responds to needs and wants, resulting in drastic changes
in how society transforms and perceptions are shifted. Mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology, and chemistry all benefited from the scientific revolution,
emphasized systematic experimentation as the most valid study method.
Intellectual Revolutions
That Defined the Society
The Scientific Revolution
These advancements shifted society's perspective on nature.
Intellectual revolutions is not limited to the timeline of
Scientific Revolution. The revolution continuously flows carrying
the ideas and characteristics from the great science thinkers.
Scientific Revolution
a drastic change in
scientific thought that held
place during the 16th and 17th
centuries. A new view of nature
arose during The Scientific
Revolution, replacing the Greek
view that had dominated
science for almost 2,000 years.
Science became an independent
discipline, distinct from both
philosophy and technology, and
it came to be regarded as
having utilitarian goals.
Scientific Revolution
By the end of this time, it
will not be extreme to claim
that science had replaced
Christianity as the focal point
of European civilization.
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Intellectual Revolutions
That Defined the Society
Out of the unrest of the Renaissance and Reformation, there arose a new
picture of science, bringing about the following transformations: the reeducation of
common sense in inclination of abstract reasoning; the replacement of a
quantitative to a qualitative view of nature; the view of nature as a machine rather
than as an organism; the development of an experimental, scientific method that
queried specific responses to certain limited questions couched in the framework of
specific theories; and the acceptance of new criteria for the explanation, stressing
the “how” rather than the “why” that had marked the Aristotelian search for final
causes.
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The Renaissance
(14th to 17th century)
Looking back to the 1500s the
Renaissance has been going on for
almost 200 years. This period was
characterized by rediscovering the
knowledge from the Greeks and
from the Romans.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION The Renaissance
It sought to revitalize their culture through
re-emphasizing classical texts and philosophies.
They expanded and interpreted them, creating
their own style of art, philosophy and scientific
inquiry.
The Renaissance was a rebirth of ancient
Greek and Roman thinking and styles, and both
the Roman and Greek civilizations were
Mediterranean cultures, as is Italy. The best
single reason for Italy as the birthplace of the
Renaissance was the concentration of wealth,
power, and intellect in the Church.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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It has a reputation for its achievements in
painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music,
philosophy, science, technology, and exploration.
The Black Death marked an end of an era in
Italy. Its impact was profound, resulting in wide-
ranging social, economic, cultural, and religious
changes. These changes, directly and indirectly,
led to the emergence of the Renaissance, one of
the greatest epochs for art, architecture, and
literature in human history.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION The Renaissance
It brought about a transition from the
medieval to the modern age. This period
witnessed the end of the old and reactionary
medieval spirit, and the beginning of the new
spirit of science, reason and experimentation. The
hands of the monarchy were strengthened.
It was an incredible time of beauty,
blossoming with creativity and curiosity. The
Renaissance era also witnessed the discovery and
exploration of new continents, the growth of
commerce, and the inventions of innovations
such as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass
and gunpowder.
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Two Main Features of
Renaissance
• Renewed interest in classical antiquity;
a rise in humanist philosophy (a belief
in self, human worth, and individual
dignity);
• Radical changes in ideas about religion,
politics, and science.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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The Three Intellectual
Hallmarks of the
Renaissance
• Individualism
• Humanism
• Secularism
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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The Three Intellectual Hallmarks
of the Renaissance
Individualism
Individualism stressed personality,
uniqueness, genius, and full
development of one's capabilities and
talents.
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The Three Intellectual Hallmarks
of the Renaissance
Humanism
"New learning" studied the Latin classics to
learn what they reveal about human nature.
Humanism also emphasized human beings, their
achievements, interests, and capabilities. By the
late 15th century, Italian humanism was
increasingly a lay phenomenon.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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The Three Intellectual Hallmarks
of the Renaissance
Secularism
A basic concern with the material world
instead of with the internal word of Spirit.
Simply the concern with materialism rather than
religion. This also emphasize the principle of
separation of the state from religious
institutions.
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COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• As articulated by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus
Copernicus in the 16th century, this revolution
shifted the science of astronomy from a geocentric
understanding of the world centered on Earth to a
heliocentric view focused around the Sun. This
shift marked the beginnings of the Scientific
Revolution that laid the groundwork for
contemporary science and allowed it to flourish as
a separate field.
• Copernicus turned the world inside out, placing
the Sun at the center of the universe and causing
the Earth to revolve around it. His theory,
published in 1543, appeared to have a qualitative
simplicity that Ptolemaic astronomy lacked.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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• To attain comparable levels of quantitative
precision, however, the new system became
just as complex as the old.
• Conceivably the most revolutionary aspect of
Copernican astronomy lay in Copernicus’s
attitude toward the reality of his theory.
• Contradict to Platonic instrumentalism,
Copernicus asserted that to be satisfactory,
astronomy must describe the real, physical
system of the world.
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Claudius Ptolemy
• Famous Greek philosopher
and astronomer.
• Stated that the planets, the sun
and the moon moved in a
circular motion around the
earth – existence of days and
nights
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Geocentrism
• a superseded description
of the Universe with Earth
at the center.
• Under the geocentric
model, the Sun, Moon,
stars, and planets all
orbited Earth.
• Geocentric Model
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Nicholas Copernicus
• Revolutionary astronomer
• A Polish mathematician
and astronomer.
• developed his model of a
Sun-centered universe.
• explained the daily and
yearly motion of the sun
and stars in the universe
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Newton’s Publication of
Principia (1687)
• The capstone of the scientific revolution was
believed to happened when Newton
published the Principia in 1687. The book
describes the laws of the universe where
almost everything can be explained with
mathematical calculations.
• This was not challenged for almost 200 years
until Albert Einstein published his discoveries
in Theories of Relativity. Yet until today
Newton’s discoveries are influential in Physics
and Engineering classes.
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Age of Enlightenment:
Age of Reason
In the 1600s and early 1700s same deductive
reasoning from the Scientific Revolution was used.
This leads to questioning on the right to rule, duties
and obligations, rights of each other and other
questions with challenging notions.
This philosophical movement is known to be the
characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment. Below is a
passage from John Locke who is considered as one of
the pillars of enlightenment. He published in 1689 the
Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government. Locke
himself makes the connection between slavery, suicide
and murder.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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Industrial Revolution
The power given from humanity from the
scientific revolution had become more significant
when applied during the Industrial Revolution. This
intellectual revolution can be divided into four stages .
• The first level (late 1700s to late 1800s) is
characterized by mechanization and steam
powered machines.
• The second level (19th century) is characterized by
mass production, assembly line and use of electrical
energy.
• The third level (20th century) is characterized by
automation, computers and electronics.
• The fourth level (21st century) is characterized by
cyber physical systems, internet of things (IoT) and
networks.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
One of the most controversial intellectual
revolutions of its time
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Charles Darwin
• An English naturalist, biologist and
geologist.
• All life is related and has descended from
a common ancestor: the birds and the
bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all
are related.
• Published his book, On the Origin of
Species.
• complex creatures evolve from more
simplistic ancestors naturally over time
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Theory of Evolution
• Populations pass through a process of
natural selection in which only the fittest
would survive.
• Organisms have the ability to adapt to
their environment and would gradually
change into something that would be
more competitive to survive - evolution
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The Four Factors of
Natural Selection
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY The Four Factors of
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Natural Selection
English Naturalist Charles Darwin used his
keen observation skills and logic to develop a
comprehensive theory that describes the process of
evolution. While some controversy surrounds
evolution as it applies to human populations,
Darwin's theory applies to all organic species. The
basic principles of evolution are simple and seem
obvious to the modern reader. However, prior to
Darwin, no scientist had put all the pieces together.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY The Four Factors of
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Natural Selection
Variation in Populations
In every species there is variation. This variability
occurs even between related individuals. Siblings vary in
color, height, weight and other characteristics. Other
characteristics rarely vary, such as number of limbs or
eyes. The observer must be careful when making
generalizations about a population. Some populations
show more variation than others, particularly in
geographically isolated areas such as Australia, the
Galapagos, Madagascar and so forth. Organisms in these
areas may be related to those in other parts of the world.
However, due to very specific conditions in their
surroundings, these species evolve very distinct
characteristics.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY The Four Factors of
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Natural Selection
Inherited Traits
Each species has traits determined by inheritance.
Inherited traits passed from parents to offspring determine the
characteristics of the offspring. Inherited traits that improve the
odds of survival are more likely to be passed on to subsequent
generations. Of course, some characteristics, like weight and
muscle mass, may also be affected by environmental factors
such as food availability. But characteristics developed through
environmental influences will not be passed on to future
generations. Only traits passed by genes will be inherited. For
example, if an organism inherits the genes for a larger skeletal
mass but lack of nutrition prevents the individual from growing
to that size, and if the individual survives and reproduces, the
genes for the larger skeleton will be passed on.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud was the founding Father of
Psychoanalysis, a method for treating
mental illness and also a theory which
explains human behavior.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
• Sigmund Freud ‘s psychoanalytic theory of
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personality argues that human behavior is the
result of the interactions among three
component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and
superego.
• This “structural theory” of personality places
great importance on how conflicts among the
parts of the mind shape behavior and
personality. These conflicts are mostly
unconscious.
• According to Freud, personality develops during
childhood and is critically shaped through a
series of five psychosexual stages, which he
called his psychosexual theory of development.
S CIE NCE TE CHNOL OG Y A ND S OCIE TY
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• During each stage, a child is presented with a
conflict between biological drives and social
expectations; successful navigation of these
internal conflicts will lead to mastery of each
developmental stage, and ultimately to a fully
mature personality.
• Freud’s ideas have since been met with
criticism, in part because of his singular focus on
sexuality as the main driver of human
personality development.
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• Freud’s Theory emphasized the
influence of the unconscious mind
on behavior.
• Freud believed that the human
mind was composed of three
conflicting elements: the id, the
ego, and the superego.
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• neurosis: A mental disorder
marked by anxiety or fear; less
severe than psychosis because it
does not involve detachment from
reality (e.g., hallucination).
• psychosexual: of or relating to
both psychological and sexual
aspects.
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Id
The id, the most primitive of the three
structures, is concerned with instant
gratification of basic physical needs and urges.
It operates entirely unconsciously
(outside of conscious thought). For example,
if your id walked past a stranger eating ice
cream, it would most likely take the ice cream
for itself. It doesn’t know, or care, that it is
rude to take something belonging to someone
else; it would care only that you wanted the
ice cream.
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Superego
The superego is concerned with social rules
and morals—similar to what many people call their
” conscience ” or their “moral compass.” It develops
as a child learns what their culture considers right
and wrong. If your superego walked past the same
stranger, it would not take their ice cream because
it would know that that would be rude. However, if
both your id and your superego were involved,
and your id was strong enough to override your
superego’s concern, you would still take the ice
cream, but afterward you would most likely feel
guilt and shame over your actions.
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Ego
In contrast to the instinctual id and the moral
superego, the ego is the rational, pragmatic part of our
personality. It is less primitive than the id and is partly
conscious and partly unconscious. It’s what Freud
considered to be the “self,” and its job is to balance the
demands of the id and superego in the practical context
of reality. So, if you walked past the stranger with ice
cream one more time, your ego would mediate the
conflict between your id (“I want that ice cream right
now”) and superego (“It’s wrong to take someone else’s
ice cream”) and decide to go buy your own ice cream.
While this may mean you have to wait 10 more minutes,
which would frustrate your id, your ego decides to make
that sacrifice as part of the compromise– satisfying your
desire for ice cream while also avoiding an unpleasant
social situation and potential feelings of shame.
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Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego are in constant conflict and that adult
personality and behavior are rooted in the results of these internal struggles throughout
childhood. He believed that a person who has a strong ego has a healthy personality and
that imbalances in this system can lead to neurosis (what we now think of as anxiety and
depression) and unhealthy behaviors.