PREHISTORIC PERIOD ● The Pyramids of Giza (wonder of the Ancient World)

was built during the Golden Age of Egypt.

Stone Age
Minoan Civilization
● stone was used as implements for hunting.
● Started during the 6000 BC and ended 2000 BC. ● Situated in the Island of Crete with Knossos as its
capital.
Paleolithic Age ● The Minoan's script system was called Linear A, which
has not been fully deciphered.
● consisted of hunter-gatherer civilizations that utilized
primitive stone tools . Greek Civilization
● h erectus utilized and controlled fire.
● Evidences of clothing, painting, sculptures, ● Thales of Miletus - Father of Philosophy, said that
carvings/engravings nature was composed of or convertible to water
● Anaxagoras - argued that matter was composed of
Mesolithic Age countless tiny particles
● Empedocles - stated that nature was a mixture of earth,
● transitional period that gave way to the rise of shifting- fire, air and water.
farming civilizations ● Hippocrates - Father of Greek Medicine, was first to
● Usage of microliths, small stone tools made of flint regard medicine as science apart from religion.
used as spearheads and arrowheads. ● Galen - Greek physician, made the first steps for the
● Evidences of construction such as that of Stonehenge in advancement of anatomy.
England. ● Aristotle - regarded as Father of many sciences,
pioneered and discovered information on variety,
Neolithic Age structure and behavior of animals and plants.
● Archimedes - performed experiments which led to the
● the first agricultural revolution, making way for discovery of the laws of levers and pulleys that resulted
agricultural-mining civilizations in the invention of machines thereof.
● Developed complex evidences of numeric counting
● Development of metallurgy and metalworking, the art Roman Civilization
and science of extracting mineral ores and modifying
them for practical use. ● Emperor Hadrian designed the Pantheon. The
● Invention of the wheel, primarily introduced in making Colosseum was built during the reign of Vespasian for
pottery. gladiatorial contests.
● Vespasian also implemented a public urinal system called
Metal Age vespasiano.

Bronze Age Arabic/Islamic Civilization

● characterized by the use of copper and tin as the chief ● Muhammad founded the religion Islam at the Holy City
materials for weapons and utensils. of Mecca.
● Wheel was used as implement for transportation ● In technology, the Arabs were the first to use glass lens
mechanics. for magnification.

Iron Age Chinese Civilization

● characterized by the widespread use of iron and steel ● Acupuncture was used to treat illnesses
which was used and modified for use such as in ● Royal astronomer Chang Heng invented the earthquake
religious practices, agricultural usage, artistic tools weathercock (which is now the modern-day
and weapons and armors. seismograph)
● Cai Lun invented the paper and the paper-making
process.

ANCIENT PERIOD

Sumerian Civilization MEDIEVAL ERA

● Invented the world's first writing system called Middle Ages

cuneiform; a set of word pictures depicted in symbols
made of triangular marks. ● period between the Ancient Times and the Modern Times.
● Standardized measuring following the sexagesimal (60 ● It witnessed the rise of the Christian empire of Byzantium;
as base) system of counting the Islamic empire of the Arabs; the Tang dynasty in
China; Nara culture in Japan; and the Mayans in Central
Babylonian Civilization America.
● The power of the Catholic Church served as a unifying
force in Europe.
● Babylonia was the ancient region bordering Tigris and
● The most notable invention during the Medieval Era
Euphrates river, which once served as the center of
was the Printing Press of Johannes Gutenberg in
commerce and religion in the valley.
Germany. It was the first movable metal type printing
● During the rule of Nebuchadnezzar II, the Hanging
press. The Gutenberg Bible, was recorded as the world's
Gardens of Babylon (one of the 7 wonders of the
oldest mechanically printed book.
ancient world) was built.

Egyptian Civilization

● Developed the first crude and early version of paper

from the plant papyrus.
● Writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as
hieroglyphics.
RENAISSANCE ERA Oersted and Ampere's works, eventually inventing the
first dynamo.
● history of western Europe which served as the period of ● Hans Oersted - Danish scientist who confirmed and
rebirth. expanded Faraday's works leading to the invention of
● Nicolaus Copernicus - Polish astronomer who published electric motor.
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres. It challenged ● Andre Ampere - French physicist who explained
the centuries-old geocentric universe of Ptolemy. magnetic effects.
Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory of the ● Samuel Morse - used electromagnets and practically
universe, which was not readily accepted and actually produced the first telegraph and developed the Morse
rejected by the Catholic Church. Code system of signals.
● Andreas Vesalius - founder of modern medicine, ● Alexander Graham Bell - invented the telephone and
surgeon and anatomist Vesalius published On the Fabric carried out the first telephone conversation.
of the Human Body Vesalius laid out in detail the first ● Thomas Edison - invented light bulb, phonograph,
scientifically accurate description of human anatomy. motion picture
● Leonardo da Vinci - Italian artist and inventor. He ● Heinrich Hertz - produced electromagnetic waves
anticipated and drew up plans of future inventions such through space and utilized them to broadcast and receive
as the helicopter, submarine, machine gun and motor radio waves.
car. ● Guglielmo Marconi - adapted Hertz's works and created
● Galileo Galilei - suported the heliocentric system. He a system of radiotelegraphy, which became basis of the
conducted scientific experiments on gravity and failing modern radio
objects, improved the telescope and discovered ● George Stephenson - developed the first
celestial bodies. steam-powered locomotive.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (17th Century) 19TH CENTURY

● Galileo's defense of the Copernican Theory launched the ● rise of modern industry.
Scientific Revolution. ● This century was considered as the age of machine
● Francis Bacon English statesman who promoted tools.
observation and experimentation as the proper way of ● John Dalton -published the atomic theory.
deductive reasoning in the conduct of scientific ● Louis Pasteur - developed pasteurization, a method of
method. food preservation by killing bacteria.
● Tycho Brahe - Danish astronomer who studied geometric ● Dmitri Mendeleev - formulated the Periodic Table of
calculations and mathematical precisions on celestial Elements
observations. ● Hermann von Helmholtz - invented the
● Johannes Kepler- German astronomer who made the ophthalmoscope.
crucial discovery that orbits of planets were not circular ● Henri Becquerel - discovered radioactivity.
but elliptical, based on the works of Brahe. ● Marie Curie & Pierre Curie - discovered the element
● John Napier - Scottish mathematician who discovered radium.
logarithms, which shortened the laborious process of ● Joseph Thomson-discovered electron.
multiplying, dividing and finding square roots. ● Karl Benz - made the first automobile.
● Rene Descartes - French mathematician who ● Rudolf Diesel - developed the first diesel engine
strengthened the power of reason against the philosophy
of Aristotle and Ptolemy. He worked out analytical
geometry.
● Isaac Newton - English physicist who arrived at theories 20TH CENTURY
on revolutionary hypotheses on astronomy and
physics. Invented calculus. Explained the properties of ● one of the most noticeable in history in terms of
light in the book The Optiks. technological advancements and scientific discoveries.
● Gottfried von Leibniz- simultaneously and ● The Space Race between USA and Soviet Union proved
independently invented calculus with Newton. that the sky is not the limit, with expeditions of men
● Christian Huygens Dutch - physicist who started the reaching as far as the moon.
use of pendulum as time-controller in clocks.
● Hans Lippershey - improved the magnification of Astronomy
telescopes.
● Jan Swammerdam - invented microscope and ● Big Bang and Steady State Theory - explained the
discovered red blood corpuscles. origin and evolution of the universe.
● Anthony van Leeuwenhoek - invented microscope and ● Space probes - closely observed the planets and
discovered animalcules. moons of the solar system.
● William Harvey - published diagrams of human ● Sputnik 1 - the first orbiting space probe launched by
circulatory system. the Soviet Union in 1957
● Evangelista Toricelli - Italian mathematician who ● Yuri Gagarin - the first man to journey in outer space
invented the barometer. ● Neil Armstrong - first human to walk at the moon,
● through the Apollo 11 mission.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18th Century) Biology
● The phenomenal process of doing work from human ● DNA Structure - the double helix was determined and
muscles to machines elucidated by the Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins,
● James Watt Scottish engineer who invented the first James Watson and Francis Crick.
satisfactory condensing steam engine. ● Vaccine - the first vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk
● Benjamin Franklin - statesman who experimented for polio.
electricity. ● Spanish Flu - killed an approximate of 20 to 100 million
● Luigi Galvani - pioneered bioelectromagnetic by people from 1918-1919.
putting two different metals in contact with frog muscle. ● HIV -a viral disease which arose in Africa and results in
● Alessandro Volta - Italian physicist who successfully AIDS
invented electric battery.
● Michael Faraday - British physicist who conducted
experiments electromagnetism and in accordance with
Engineering and Production SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1521-1898)

● Home appliances increased dramatically due to the ● 1521, Ferdinand Magellan - discovered the Philippines
availability of electricity. Washing machines, dryers, for Spain.
refrigerators, electric stoves and vacuum cleaners ● The Spaniards - established schools, hospitals and
became popular. started scientific research and these had important
● Cassette tapes, transistor radio, CDs, VCRs and VHS consequences for the rise of the country's professions.
were made. ● 1571, Manila - was established as the capital of the
● New materials such as stainless steel, Velcro, silicone, central government of the Governor-general.
Teflon, polyethylene, nylon, PVC became widespread ● There was very little development in Philippine agriculture
in application. and industry during the first two centuries of Spanish rule.
● Thousands of chemicals were developed for industry This was largely due to the dependence of the Spanish
and home application. colonizers on the profits from the Galleon or
Manila-Acapulco trade, which lasted from 1565 to
Physics and Chemistry 1813.
● Roads - for horses and coaches were built to connect
● Albert Einstein - explained physical phenomena and provinces and towns.
published his Theory of Relativity. ● Stone churches - built as religious centers. Stone walls
● Wolfgang Pauli - developed the Pauli Exclusion and fortifications were also built.
principle, explaining the state of electrons in an atom in ● San Lazaro Hospital in Manila - is considered the
quantum state. oldest in the Far East, established in 1578 and still
● Werner Heisenberg - key creator of quantum exists today.
mechanics and published Uncertainty Principle ● 1602 - Roman alphabet was introduced and Spanish and
● Gilbert Lewis - chemical bond is a pair of electrons Tagalog texts were published. Academic institutions were
shared by two atoms. Lewis Structures. mandated to be built, and this sparked the progress of
● Niels Bohr-proposed the Bohr model of the atom. science in the country. The first educational institutions
offering courses above primary levels were:
Social Sciences ○ Colegio de San Ildefonso (University of San
Carlos) 1595,
● Ivan Pavlov - Proposed the theory of Classical ○ Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario
Conditioning (University of Santo Tomas) 1611,
○ Colegio de San Juan de Letran 1706,
○ Ateneo Municipal de Manila 1859
Technology
● 1802, Escuela de Nautica - organized and offered
courses in navigation, meteorology and cosmology.
● Computers were developed and improved from abacus.
● University of Santo Tomas remained as the highest
● Intel - developed a microprocessor that made computers
institution of learning. Run by the Dominicans, it was
smaller, cheaper, and more user-friendly.
established as a college in 1611 by Fray Miguel de
● Bill Gates founded Microsoft, which would eventually
Benavides. It initially granted degrees in theology,
turn out to be one of the biggest corporations in
philosophy and humanities.
techno-science.
● In 1876, the UST granted the bachelor's degree in
● Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak introduced Apple in 1976.
pharmacy to its first six graduates in the school of
● Internet was created for defense-related research known
pharmacy.
as ARPANet or Advanced Research Projects Agency
● Leon Ma Guerrero, who is usually referred to as the
Network.
"Father of Philippine Pharmacy" because of his
● Tim Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web.
extensive work on the medicinal plants of the Philippines
● Henry Ford devised a system of mass production for
and their uses.
Model T in 1908 which made cars available and
● The prosperity that resulted from increased commerce
affordable to the masses.
between the Philippines and the rest of the world through
● Artificial Intelligence was invented that gave computers
the Suez Canal enabled Filipino students to go to Europe
the capacity to perform human-like intellectual processes.
for professional advanced studies.
○ Jose Rizal - Medicine and ophthalmology in
—----- Spain and Germany;
○ Graciano Apacible - medicine in Madrid;
PRECOLONIAL ○ Antonio Luna - obtained his Ph.D. in
pharmacy in Madrid and later worked with
● 1521 - arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippines renowned scientists in Ghent and Paris;
● around 50,000 years ago. - modern men from the Asian ○ Jose Alejandrino - engineering in Belgium,
mainland first came over-land and across narrow ● Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who
channels to live in Palawan and Batangas founded the Manila Observatory in 1865 which collected
● For about 40,000 years - they made simple tools or and made available typhoon and climatological
weapons of stone flakes but eventually developed observations.
techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones. ● 1879, Fr. Federico Faura - was able to issue the first
● Filipinos had also learned to build boats for the coastal public typhoon warning.
trade. ● 1901, the Observatory was made a central station of
● Caracoa - refined plank- built warship well suited for the Philippine Weather Bureau which was set up by the
inter-island trade raids. American colonial authorities.
● inhabitants of Butuan - were trading with Champa
(Vietnam); those of Ma-i (Mindoro) with China during the
tenth to the fifteenth centuries. barter
● Barangays - autonomous village found by Spaniards by AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
the time they came came to colonize the Philippines in
1565. These were kinship groups or social units rather
● government encouragement and support for an extensive
than political units.
public education system.
● Baybayin - mainly used for messages and letters
● The Americans introduced a system of secularized
public school education as soon as civil government
was set up in the islands.
● 21 January 1901, the Philippine Commission, which
acted as the executive and legislative body for the
Philippines until 1907, promulgated Act No. 74 creating a
Department of Public Instruction in the Philippines. It
 provided for the establishment of schools that would give of the inadequate national resources and budget devoted
free primary education, with English as the medium to R&D.
of instruction. ● All these factors translate to the minimal patents granted
● University of the Philippines - first state university in the in the Philippines, which likewise indicates little or no
country, economic significance. With regards to the type of basic
● Act in 1933 creating the National Research Council of technologies-- Materials Technology, Equipment
the Philippine Islands (NRCP) - Aside from working for Technology, Energy Technologies, Information
the promotion of scientific research, the NRCP actively Technologies, Life Technologies and Management
participated in the deliberations and drafting of provisions Technologies, the Philippines has only a pre-operative
affecting science and industry in the 1934 Constitutional capability in the third- wave of development in these
Convention. technologies.

COMMONWEALTH ERA

● 1935, Philippine Commonwealth - was inaugurated and SCIENTIFIC METHOD

ushered in a period of transition to political State the Problem (Purpose):
independence. ● This step involves identifying a specific question or
● (Article XIII, Section 4) "The State shall promote
problem that you want to investigate. It's crucial to clearly
scientific research and invention, Arts and Letters shall be
under its patronage..." The government, which was by define the problem to ensure that your research remains
this time completely under Filipino management, focused and relevant.
continued to expand its public school system to ● For example, if you're studying the effect of temperature
accommodate the increasing number of schoolchildren. on plant growth, your problem statement might be: "How
● By 1936, there were 425 private schools recognized does varying temperatures affect the growth rate of a
by the government, 64 of which were institutions at the specific plant species?"
College level and 7 were universities. Together with the
Research the Topic:
University of the Philippines these had a total of 19,575
college students in all universities in the country. ● Before formulating a hypothesis or designing
● The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during experiments, it's essential to conduct thorough research
the War (1941) brought educational and scientific on the topic. This involves reviewing existing literature,
activities practically to a halt as able bodied citizens studies, and theories related to the problem.
joined the resistance movement. ● By understanding what is already known about the topic,
you can build upon existing knowledge and identify gaps
in understanding that your research can address.
State your Hypothesis:
SINCE INDEPENDENCE
● A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a
● Science Act created the National Science phenomenon or a prediction about the outcome of an
Development Board (NSDB) to formulate policies for the experiment. It should be clear, specific, and testable.
development of science and coordinate the work of ● In the example of plant growth and temperature, a
science agencies. hypothesis might be: "Increasing temperatures will result
● 1982, NSDB was further reorganized into a National in faster growth rates for the plant species under study."
Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) composed
Experiment – Test your Hypothesis:
of four research and Development Councils;
● 1987, under Aquino's administration, the NSTA was ● This step involves designing and conducting experiments
reorganized into the Department of Science and or observations to test the hypothesis. It's essential to
Technology (DOST) a central agency mandated to carefully plan the experimental procedures, control
provide direction, leadership and coordination of all variables, and ensure reproducibility.
scientific and technological activities in the country. ● In our example, you would set up controlled experiments
● Science Education Institutions (SEI) was created to where you expose groups of plants to different
accomplish the task of administering scholarships,
temperature conditions and measure their growth over
awards and grants in S&T and formulating plans for the
promotion and development of S&T. time.
● Science and Technology Information Institute was ● Independent Variable (IV): The variable that is controlled
created to establish and develop a S&T databank and or manipulated by the experimenter.
library. ● Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured
● Philippine Council for Advanced Science and by the experimenter.
Technology Research and Development was a sectoral
● Control Group (CG): The group that is not exposed to the
council of the DOST tasked for the coordination of a
national system of advance S&T. independent variable.
● Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Analyze your Data:
Astronaumical Services Administration was ● Once you've collected data from your experiments, you
established to give environmental protection and utilize need to analyze it to identify patterns, trends, and
scientific information to ensure safety of the nation. relationships. This often involves statistical analysis and
visualization techniques.
● Analyzing the data allows you to draw conclusions based
on evidence rather than intuition or anecdotal
CURRENT STATE OF S&T IN THE PHILIPPINES
observations.
● According to the Technology Index of 1982, the S&T in Come to a Conclusion:
the Philippines is defined to be -0.1 compared to the ● Based on the analysis of the data, you can evaluate
U.S., the world's technology leader, which is 100. whether your hypothesis was supported or refuted. Your
● technology index is defined as the average of the sum conclusion should be based on the evidence obtained
of the number of patents and registration of new designs, from the experiments.
technology trade, value added in manufacturing and the ● Additionally, you can discuss the implications of your
export of technology- intensive goods.
● The Philippines also ranks low in terms of technological findings, any limitations of the study, and suggestions for
capacity. This is seen in the shortage of scientists and further research.
engineers doing R&D (research and development), and
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINE SOCIETY ● COMPETITION AND SELECTION – competition may or
may not be direct but the idea is always on the survival
● 1300- 1600 – a time of great change in Europe as of the organism. The organisms that survived more
scholars began to question ideas that had been accepted likely reproduce which transfer their characteristics to
for hundreds of years. their offspring.
● BEFORE 1500 – scholars generally decided what was ● ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE – the environment will not
true or false by referring to an ancient Greek or Roman adjust for the organism but rather it is always the
author or to the Bible. organism that will change to adapt to the
● REFORMATION – religious movement that prompted environment.
followers to challenge accepted ways of thinking about
God and salvation Early Steam Engines

THE ENLIGHTENMENT The story of the Industrial Revolution begins on the small island of
Great Britain. By the early 18th century, people there had used up
● also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking
and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that and heating. In their search for something else to burn, they turned
emphasized reason over superstition and science to the hunks of black stone (coal) that they found near the surface
over blind faith. of the earth. Soon they were digging deeper to mine it. Their coal
● a major turning point in Western civilization, an age of mines filled with water that needed to be removed; horses pulling
light replacing an age of darkness. up bucketful proved slow going.
● Rationalism is the idea that humans are capable of using
their faculty of reason to gain knowledge. ● JAMES WATT (1736–1819)- a Scottish instrument-maker
● Empiricism promotes the idea that knowledge comes who in 1776 designed an engine in which burning coal
from experience and observation of the world. produced steam, which drove a piston assisted by a
● Progressivism is the belief that through their powers of partial vacuum
reason and observation, humans can make unlimited, ● STEAM ENGINE- its first applications was to more
linear progress over time. quickly and efficiently pump water out of coal mines, to
● Cosmopolitanism reflected Enlightenment thinkers’ view better allow for extraction of the natural resource, but
of themselves as actively engaged citizens of the world Watt’s engine worked well enough to be put to other
as opposed to provincial and close-minded individuals. uses; he became a wealthy man.
● attached to machines that spin cotton thread on
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION spindles and to weave it into cloth on looms for faster
production of cotton cloth.
SIGMUND FREUD – the founder of Psychoanalysis (type of ● British also invented steam locomotives and
therapy that aims to release pent-up or repressed emotions and steamships, which revolutionized travel.
memories in or to lead the client to catharsis, or healing. In other
words, the goal of psychoanalysis is to bring what exists at the
unconscious or subconscious level up to consciousness)

MODELS OF THE MIND

● Conscious- this is where our current thoughts,

feelings, and focus live.
● Preconscious (sometimes called the subconscious) -
this is the home of everything we can recall or retrieve
from our memory.
● Unconscious- at the deepest level of our minds
resides a repository of the processes that drive our
behavior, including primitive and instinctual desires.

THREE METAPHORICAL PARTS TO THE MIND

● Id: The id operates at an unconscious level and

focuses solely on instinctual drives and desires. Two
biological instincts make up the id, according to Freud:
eros, or the instinct to survive that drives us to engage
in life-sustaining activities, and thanatos, or the death
instinct that drives destructive, aggressive, and violent
behavior.
● Ego: The ego acts as both a conduit for and a check on
the id, working to meet the id’s needs in a socially
appropriate way. It is the most tied to reality (conscious
level) and begins to develop in infancy;
● Superego: The superego is the portion of the mind in
which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging
us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways.
(subconscious level)

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

CHARLES DARWIN- an English naturalist and geologist who

explained the diversity of life on Earth with a theory of evolution in
his book “On the origin of species” that was published in 1859
Evolution, as explained by Darwin, occurs by means of natural
selection.

● OVERPRODUCTION AND VARIATION – some species

produce many offspring but not all of these young will
survive. It means that not all of the offspring have the
characteristics to survive in the environment.