Tutorial 7

1. Find parametric equations for the tangent line to the graph of r(t) at t = 0 in terms
t and also the arc length parameter s.
(a) r(t) = sin ti + cos tj + 12 t2 k; t0 = 0
r′ (t) = cos ti − sin tj + tk, r′ (0) = i, r(0) = j, T(0) = i, so the tangent line has the
parametrization x = s, y = 1, z = 0.
√
(b) r(t) = ti + tj + 9 − t2 k; t0 = 1
√
r(1) = i + j + 8k, √
r′ (t) = i + j − √9−t
t ′
2 k, r (1) = i + j −
√1 k, ∥r′ (1)∥ = √17 ,
8 8
so the tangent line has parametrizations
√ 
1
 √ √ 
s 8

r = i + j + 8k + t i + j − 8 k = i + j + 8k + 17 i + j −
√ √ √1 k .
8

2. Find T(t), N(t), and B(t) for the given value of t. Then find equations for the os-
culating, normal, and rectifying planes at the point that corresponds to that value
of t.
(a) r(t) =√cos ti +
√
sin tj + k; t = π4
r(π/4) = 22 i + 22 j + k,√ √
T = − sin ti + cos tj = 22 (−i + j), N = −(cos ti + sin tj) = − 22 (i + j), B = k;
the
√ rectifying, osculating, and normal planes are given (respectively) by x + y =
2, z = 1, −x + y = 0.

(b) r(t) = et i + et cos tj + et sin tk; t = 0

r(0) = i + j, T = √13 (i + j + k), N = √12 (−j + k), B = √16 (2i − j − k);
the rectifying, osculating, and normal planes are given (respectively) by −y + z =
−1, 2x − y − z = 1, x + y + z = 2.

3. Find B(t), curvature, torsion and the radius of curvature of r(t) = 3 cos ti + 4 sin tj +
tk at t = 0.
r(t) = 3 cos ti + 4 sin tj + tk; t = 0
Find r′ (t) and r′′ (t)
d
r′ (t) = [r(t)]
dt
d
r′ (t) = [3 cos ti + 4 sin tj + tk]
dt
d d d
r′ (t) = [3 cos t]i + [4 sin t]j + [t]k
dt dt dt
′
r (t) = −3 sin ti + 4 cos tj + k
 d
r′′ (t) = [−3 sin ti + 4 cos tj + k]
dt
d d d
r′′ (t) = [−3 sin t]i + [4 cos t]j + [1]k
dt dt dt
′′
r (t) = −3 cos ti − 4 sin tj
Evaluate r′ (t) and r′ (t) at t = 0
r′ (t) = −3 sin ti + 4 cos tj + k
| {z }
t=0
′
r (0) = −3 sin (0) i + 4 cos (0) j + k
r′ (0) = 4j + k
r′′ (t) = −3 cos ti − 4 sin tj
| {z }
t=0
′′
r (0) = −3 cos (0) i − 4 sin (0) j
r′′ (t) = −3i

Find r′ (0) × r′′ (0)

r′ (0) × r′′ (0) = (4j + k) × (−3i)
i j k
′ ′′
r (0) × r (0) = 0 4 1
−3 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 4
r′ (0) × r′′ (0) = i− j+ k
0 0 −3 0 −3 0
r′ (0) × r′′ (0) = (0 + 0)i − (0 + 3)j + (0 + 12)k
r′ (0) × r′′ (0) = −3j + 12k

Page 2
 ∥r′ (t)×r′′ (t)∥
Find the curvature at t = 0 apply the the formula κ(t) = ∥r′ (t)∥3
. So,

∥r′ (0) × r′′ (0)∥

κ (0) =
∥r′ (0)∥3
∥ − 3j + 12k∥
κ (0) =
∥4j + k∥3
p
(−3)2 + (12)2
κ (0) = p 3
(4)2 + (1)2
√
153
κ (0) = √
( 17)3
9
κ (0) =
289
Find the radius of curvature at t = 0. Apply ρ = κ1 . So,
1 289
ρ= =
κ 9
At t = 0
r′ (t) × r′′ (t) −3j + 12k
B(t) = = √
∥r′ (t) × r′′ (t)∥ 153
4. Find the maximum and minimum values of the radius of curvature for the curve
x = cos t, y = sin t, z = cos t.
r′ (t) = − sin ti + cos tj − sin tk, r′′ (t) = − cos ti − sin tj − cos tk,
√
1/2
∥r′ (t) × r′′ (t)∥ = ∥ − i + k∥ = 2, ∥r′ (t)∥ = 1 + sin2 t ;
√ 3/2 3/2 √
κ(t) = 2/ 1 + sin2 t , ρ(t) = 1 + sin2 t



/ 2.
√
The minimum value of ρ is 1/ 2; the maximum value is 2 .
5. The position vectors r1 and r2 of two particles are given. Show that the particles
move along the same path but the speed of the first is constant and the speed of the
second is not.
(a) r1 = 2 cos 3ti + 2 sin 3tj, r2 = 2 cos (t2 ) i + 2 sin (t2 ) j (t ≥ 0)
In both cases, the equation of the path in rectangular coordinates is x2 + y 2 = 4,
the particles move counterclockwise around this circle;
v1 = −6 sin 3ti + 6 cos 3tj and v2 = −4t sin (t2 ) i + 4t cos (t2 ) j so ∥v1 ∥ = 6 and
∥v2 ∥ = 4t.

(b) r1 = (3 + 2t)i + tj + (1 − t)k, r2 = (5 − 2t3 ) i + (1 − t3 ) j + t3 k

Let u = 1 − t3 to get

Page 3
 r1 (u) = (3 + 2 (1 − t3 )) i+(1 − t3 ) j+(1 − (1 − t3 )) k = (5 − 2t3 ) i+(1 − t3 ) j+t3 k =
r2 (t),
so both particles move along the same path; √ √
v1 = 2i + j − k and v2 = −6t2 i − 3t2 j + 3t2 k so ∥v1 ∥ = 6 and ∥v2 ∥ = 3 6t2
6. The position function of a particle is given. Find (a) the scalar tangential and nor-
mal components of acceleration at the stated time t; (b) the vector tangential and
normal components of acceleration at the stated time t; (c) the curvature of the
path at the point where the particle is located at the stated time t.
(1) r = e−t i + et j; t = 0
(a) v = −e−t i + et j, a = e−t i + et j; √
when t = 0, v = √ −i + j, a = i + j, ∥v∥ = 2, v · a = 0, v × a = −2k
so aT = 0, aN = 2
(b) aT T =√0, aN N = a − aT T = i + j
(c) κ = 1/ 2.

(2) r = 3 sin ti + 2 cos tj − sin 2tk; t = π2

(a) v = 3 cos ti − 2 sin tj − 2 cos 2tk, a = −3 sin√
ti − 2 cos tj + 4 sin 2tk;
when t = π/2, v = −2j + 2k, a = −3i ∥v∥ = 2 2, v · a = 0, v × a = −6j − 6k
so aT = 0, aN = 3.
(b) aT T = 0, aN N = a = −3i
(c) κ = 83 .
7. Show that the parabola y = ax2 , a ̸= 0 has its largest curvature at its vertex and
has no minimum curvature. (Note: Since the curvature of a curve remains the same
if the curve is translated or rotated, this result is true for any parabola.)
Remember: Let r(t) = f (t)i+g(t)j be a smooth curve defined by twice-differentiable
functions x = f (t) and y = g(t). Then,
|ẋÿ − ẏẍ|
κ= 3 .
[ẋ2 + ẏ 2 ] 2
In order to apply this formula we have to parametrize given parabola, and hence,
we set
x = t, y = at2 , t ∈ R.
Consequently, appropriate parametrization is

t, at2 , t ∈ R

i.e.
r(t) = ti + at2 j

Page 4
First derivative is
r′ (t) = i + 2atj
and the second derivative is
r′′ (t) = 2aj.
Now, we can read out ẋ, ẍ, ẏ and ÿ,
ẋ = 1 and ẏ = 2at
ẍ = 0 and ÿ = 2a.
Finaly plugging it back in the formula we obtain,
|1 · 2a − 0 · 2at|
κ(t) = 3
[12 + (2at)2 ] 2
|2a|
= 3 .
[1 + 4a2 t2 ] 2
In what follow we will discuss about extreme values of the obtained curvature, that
is a function of t. First, we will find derivative of κ with respect to t,
!′
|2a|
κ′ (t) = 3
[1 + 4a2 t2 ] 2
 
3
− 5
· 1 + 4a2 t2 2 · 8a2 t


= |2a| · −
2

− 5
= −24|a|a2 t 1 + 4a2 t2 2
Now we set that obtained derivative is equal to 0 and we will solve appropriate
equation for t

− 5
−24|a|a2 t 1 + 4a2 t2 2 = 0.
It is clear that t = 0 is unique solution of the equation above and we say that
curvature κ has a unique critical point at t = 0. Notice that
κ′ (t) > 0 for t < 0
and
κ′ (t) < 0 for t > 0
and according to this curvature κ has a maximum at t = 0. The maximum value is
κmax = κ(0) = 2|a|
and there is no minimum. Finally, by having in mind that point (0, 0) represents
vertex of the given parabola, we conclude that the largest value of parabola is at its
vertex.

Page 5
 8. Show that the torsion of the helix r(t) = (a cos t)i + (a sin t)j + btk, a, b ≥ 0 is
b
τ = a2 +b 2 . What is the largest value τ can have for a given value of a ? Give reasons

for your answer.

Remember: In general for the helix
r(t) = a cos ti + b sin tj + btk
the torsion is
b
τ (b) = .
a2 + b 2
In order to find the largest value for τ for a given value of a first of all we are going
to find the derivative of τ with respect to b,
 ′
′ b
τ (b) =
a2 + b2
 2
a + b2 − b · 2b

=
(a2 + b2 )2
a2 − b 2
= .
(a2 + b2 )2
In addition, we set that derivative is equal to 0 and we solve obtained equation for
a
a2 − b2
τ ′ (b) = =0
(a2 + b2 )2
from what follows that the solution is b = ±a. The maximum value of τ is at a
solution of the equation above, i.e.
a a a
τ (a) = 2 2
= 2 = .
a +a 2a 2
The largest value of τ for a given value of a is
a
.
2
y
9. Let f (x, y) = (x+y) . Find a unit vector u for which Du f (2, 3) = 0
∇f (x, y) = −y(x + y)−2 i + x(x + y)−2 j, ∇f (2, 3) = (−3i + 2j)/25,
if Du f = 0 then u and ∇f √are orthogonal, by inspection 2i + 3j is orthogonal to
∇f (2, 3) so u = ±(2i + 3j)/ 13.
y
10. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = (x+z) at P (2, 1, −1) in the direction
from P to Q(−1, 2, 0).
−→ √ √
∇f (2, 1, −1) = −i + j − k · P Q = −3i + j + k, u = (−3i + j + k)/ 11, Du f = 3/ 11

Page 6
11. Sketch the level curve of f (x, y) that passes through P and draw the gradient vector
at P .
(a) f (x, y) = 4x − 2y + 3; P (1, 2)

y
(b) f (x, y) = x2
; P (−2, 2)

12. Find a unit vector in the direction in which f (x, y) increases most rapidly at P , and
find the rate of change of f at P in that direction.
x
(a) f (x, y) = (x+y) ; P (0, 2)
(b) f (x, y, z) = x z + y 3 z + z − 1; P (1, 1, −1)
3 2

a). ∇f (x, y) = y(x + y)−2 i − x(x + y)−2 j, ∇f (0, 2) = (1/2)i, u = i, ∥∇f (0, 2)∥ = 1/2
√ √
b). ∇f (1, 1, −1) = 3i − 3j, u = (i − j)/ 2, ∥∇f (1, 1, −1)∥ = 3 2

13. Prove or disprove: If u is a fixed unit vector and Du f (x, y) = 0 for all points (x, y),
then f is a constant function.

Page 7
 False; f (x, y) = x and u = j.
14. Given that ∇f (x0 , y0 ) = i − 2j and Du f (x0 , y0 ) = −2, find u (two answers).
Let u = u1 i + u2 j where u21 + u22 = 1, but Du f = ∇f · u = u1 − 2u2 = −2
so u1 = 2u2 − 2, (2u2 − 2)2 + u22 = 1, 5u22 − 8u2 + 3 = 0, u2 = 1 or u2 = 3/5
thus u1 = 0 or u1 = −4/5; u = j or u = − 54 i + 35 j.
15. A particle moves along a path C : x = t, y = −t2 . If z = x2 + y 2 , find dz
ds
along C at
the instant when the particle is at (2, −4). √
r = ti − t2 j, dr/dt = i − 2tj = i − 4j at the point (2, −4), u = (i − 4j)/ 17;
√
∇z = 2xi + 2yj = 4i − 8j at (2, −4), hence dz/ds = Du z = ∇z · u = 36/ 17.
16. Given that the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) at (3, −2, 1) in the direction of
a = 2i − j − 2k is −5 and that ∥∇f (3, −2, 1)∥ = 5, find ∇f (3, −2, 1).
Let u be the unit vector in the direction of a,
then Du f (3, −2, 1) = ∇f (3, −2, 1) · u = ∥∇f (3, −2, 1)∥ cos θ = 5 cos θ = −5, cos θ =
−1, θ = π so ∇f (3, −2, 1) is oppositely directed to u;
∇f (3, −2, 1) = −5u = −10/3i + 5/3j+ 10/3k.
p
17. If r = xi + yj and |r| = r = x2 + y 2 , then show that
(a) ∇r = rr and
′
(b) ∇f (r) = f ′ (r)∇r = f r(r) r.
(a) ∇r = √ x2 2 i + √ 2y 2 j = r/r.
x +y x +y
(b) ∇f (r) = ∂f∂x(r) i + ∂f (r)
∂y
j = f ′ (r) ∂x
∂r
i + f ′ (r) ∂y
∂r
j = f ′ (r)∇r.
18. A heat-seeking particle is located at the point P on a flat metal plate whose tem-
perature at (x, y) is T (x, y). Find parametric equations for the trajectory of the
particle if it moves continuously in the direction of maximum temperature increase.
(a) T (x, y) = 5 − 4x2 − y 2 ; P (1, 4)
r′ (t) = v(t) = k(x, y)∇T = −8k(x, y)xi − 2k(x, y)yj; dx
dt
= −8kx, dy
dt
= −2ky.
Divide and solve to get y 4 = 256x; one parametrization is x(t) = e−8t , y(t) = 4e−2t .

(b) T (x, y) = 100 − x2 − 2y 2 ; P (5, 3)

r′ (t) = v(t) = k∇T = −2k(x, y)xi − 4k(x, y)yj.
Divide and solve to get y = 25 x ; one parametrization is x(t) = 5e−2t , y(t) = 3e−4t
3 2

19. Consider the ellipsoid x2 + y 2 + 4z 2 = 12.

(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane to the ellipsoid at (2, 2, 1).
f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + 4z 2 , ∇f = 2xi + 2yj + 8zk, ∇f (2, 2, 1) = 4i + 4j + 8k,
n = i + j + 2k, x + y + 2z = 6.

Page 8
 (b) Find the parametric equations of the line that is normal to the ellipsoid at
(2, 2, 1).
r(t) = 2i + 2j + k + t(i + j + 2k), x(t) = 2 + t, y(t) = 2 + t, z(t) = 1 + 2t.
(c) Find the acute
√
angle that the tangent plane at (2, 2, 1) makes with the xy-plane.
cos θ = ∥n∥ = 3 , θ ≈ 35.26◦ .
n·k √ 2

20. Find a point on the surface z = 3x2 − y 2 at which the tangent plane is parallel to
the plane 6x + 4y − z = 5.
∂z/∂x = 6x, ∂z/∂y = −2y, so 6x0 i − 2y0 j − k is normal to the surface at a point
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) on the surface. 6i + 4j − k is normal to the given plane. The tangent
plane and the given plane are parallel if their normals are parallel so 6x0 = 6, x0 = 1
and −2y0 = 4, y0 = −2.z = −1 at (1, −2), the point on the surface is (1, −2, −1).
p 1
21. Show that the surfaces z = x2 + y 2 and z = 10 (x2 + y 2 ) + 25 intersect at (3, 4, 5)
and have a common tangent plane at that point.
(3, 4, 5) is a point of intersection because it satisfies both equations. Both surfaces
have (3/5)i + (4/5)j − k as a normal so they have a common tangent plane at (3, 4,
5)
RR
22. Evaluate the double integral as iterated integral in two ways : R xy 2 dA; R is the
region enclosed by y = 1, y = 2, x = 0, and y = x

Page 9
 (a)
Z 1Z 2 2 2 1 2
8x − x4
Z Z Z Z
2 2 7 29 31
xy dydx + xy dydx = 7x/3dx + dx = + =
0 1 1 x 0 1 3 6 15 10

(b) Z 2 Z y Z 2
2 1 4 31
xy dxdy = y dy =
1 0 1 2 10
RR
23. Evaluate the following
√ double integrals: R
sin (y 3 ) dA; where R is the region
bounded by y = x, y = 2, and x = 0. [Hint: Choose the order of integration
carefully.]
Z 2 Z y2 Z 2
3 1 − cos 8
y 2 sin y 3 dy =



sin y dxdy =
0 0 0 3
24. Use double integration to find the area of the plane region enclosed by the given
curves.
(a) y 2 = 9 − x and y 2 = 9 − 9x.
(b) y = cosh x, y = sinh x, x = 0, and x = 1.
3 9−y 2 3
y2
Z Z   Z
(a) A = dxdy = 8 1− dy = 32
−3 1−y 2 /9 −3 9
Z 1 Z cosh x Z 1
(b) A = dydx = (cosh x − sinh x)dx = 1 − e−1
0 sinh x 0

25. Use a double integral in polar coordinates to find the area of the region common to
the interior of the cardioids r = 1 + cos θ and r = 1 − cos θ.
In order to calculate the area between the curves, we determine the points of inter-
section:
1 + cos θ = 1 − cos θ
cos θ = 0
θ = π/2
θ = −π/2
The area is calculated using the following equation:
Z π/2 Z 1+cos θ
A= rdrdθ
−π/2 1−cos θ

Page 10
 Using symmetry:
Z π/2 Z 1+cos θ Z π/2 Z 1+cos θ
A= rdrdθ = 2 rdrdθ
−π/2 1−cos θ 0 1−cos θ
π/2
r2
Z  
=2 1 + cos θdθ
0 2
Z π/2
π/2 2
=2 (4 cos θ)dθ = 8[sin θ]0 = 8 units
0

RR
26. Use polar coordinates to evaluate the double integral R 2ydA, where R is the region
in the first quadrant bounded above by the circle (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1 and below by
the line y = x.
Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ Z π/2
2 16 1
2r sin θdrdθ = cos3 θ sin θdθ =
π/4 0 3 π/4 3

27. Use double integration to find the volume of each of the following solids.

(a) The solid bounded above by the paraboloid z = 9x2 + y 2 , below by the plane
z = 0, and laterally by the planes x = 0, y = 0, x = 3, and y = 2.

Page 11
 Z 3 Z 2
9x2 + y 2 dydx


V =
Z0 3 0
2
9x2 y + y 3 /3 0 dx

=
Z0 3
18x2 + 8/3 dx


=
0
3
= 6x3 + 8x/3 0


= 170 (cubic units)

(b) The solid in the first octant bounded above by z = 9 − x2 , below by z = 0, and
laterally by y 2 = 3x.
The domain in the xy-plane is bounded between the parabola y 2 = 3x and the line
obtained from the intersection of z = 9 − x2 with z = 0 so x = 3. Then the volume
is given by
ZZ Z 3 Z x=3
2
9 − x2 dxdy



9 − x dA =
D 0 x=y 2 /3
Z 3 x=3
3


= 9x − x /3 dy
0 x=y 2 /3
Z 3
216
(27 − 9) − 3y 2 − y 6 /34 dy =


=
0 7
RR
of R (4 − x2 − 2y 2 ) dA ? What
28. What region R in the xy-plane maximizes the valueRR
region R in the xy-plane minimizes the value of R (x2 + y 2 − 9) dA ? Give the
reason for your answer. ZZ
4 − x2 − 2y 2 dA


R

The Integral will be maximum on the region where 4−x2 −2y 2 ≥ 0 Multiply through-
out by -1 When we multiply an Inequality by a negative number, the direction of
Inequality reverses
−4 + x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 0
Add 4 on both sides
x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 4
The region that maximizes the value of the integral is x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 4
ZZ
x2 + y 2 − 9 dA


R

Page 12
 The Integral will be minimum on the region where x2 + y 2 − 9 ≤ 0 =⇒ x2 + y 2 ≤ 9
This is the region Inside the circle x2 + y 2 = 9
The region that minimizes the value of the integral is x2 + y 2 ≤ 9
29. Find the average height of the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 over the square 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤
y ≤ 2. Z 2Z 2
x2 + y 2 dydx

Z 2 0 0 
2 1 3

= x (2 − 0) + 2 − 0 dx
0 3
Z 2 
2 8 2 3
8
= 2x + dx = 2 − 0 + (2 − 0)
0 3 3 3
32
=
3
1 32 8
have = · =
(2 − 0)(2 − 0) 3 3
R a sin β R √a2 −y2
30. Show, by changing to polar coordinates, that 0 y cot β ln (x2 + y 2 ) dxdy =
a2 β(ln a − 1/2), where a > 0 and 0 < β < π/2. Rewrite the Cartesian integral with
the order of integration reversed.
Using the given integral,
p graph the region that is bounded by y = 0, y = a sin β, x =
2 2
y cot β and x = a − y We will use the substitution

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ ⇒ x2 + y 2 = r2
So, the region is part of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 and integral limits will be
0≤r≤a
0≤θ≤β

Page 13
Therefore, the integral becomes:
Z Z √ a sin β a2 −y 2 Z β Z a
2 2
ln r2 drdθ


ln x + y dxdy =
0 y cot β 0 0

To solve this integral, we will use the substitution

r2 = t ⇒ 2rdr = dt

New boundaries are:

r=0⇒t=0
r = a ⇒ t = a2
So, the integral becomes:
Z Z √ a sin β a2 −y 2 Z β Z a
2 2
ln r2 drdθ


ln x + y dxdy =
0 y cot β 0 0
Z β Z a2
dt
= ln t dθ
0 0 2
Z β Z a2
1
= ln tdtdθ
2 0 0

To solve this integral, we will use integration by parts:

dx
u = ln x ⇒ du =
x
dv = dx ⇒ v = x

So, the integral becomes:

Z β Z a2 Z β Z a2  
1 1 2 dx
ln tdtdθ = x ln x|a0 − dy phe integration by parts.)
2 0 0 2 0 0 x
1 β 2
Z 
2
= a ln a2 − x|a0 dθ
2 0
1 β
Z
2a2 ln a − a2 dθ


=
2 0

Page 14

β
Z
1 2 2
= 2a ln a − a dθ (Take the constant out.)
2 0
1
β
= 2a2 ln a − a2 θ (Integrate in relation to θ.)
2 0
1
2a2 ln a − a2 · β ( Compute the boundaries.)


=
2
a2 β
= a2 ln aβ −
 2
1
= a2 β ln a −
2

In second part, we have to change order of integration. So, divide the region in two
parts Limits for the left region are:

0 ≤ x ≤ a cos β
0 ≤ y ≤ x cot β
Limits for the right region are:
a cos β ≤ x ≤ a
√
0 ≤ y ≤ a2 − x 2
So, the integral is:
Z Z √
a sin β a2 −y 2 Z a cos β Z x cot β
2 2
ln x2 + y 2 dydx



ln x + y dxdy =
0 y cot β 0 0
√
Z a Z a2 −x2
ln x2 + y 2 dydx


+
a cos β 0

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 RxRu Rx
31. By changing the order of integration, show that : 0 0 em(x−t) f (t)dtdu = 0 (x −
t)em(x−t) f (t)dt.
Z xZ u Z xZ x Z x
m(x−t) m(x−t)
e f (t)dtdu = e f (t)dudt = (x − t)em(x−t) f (t)dt.
0 0 0 t 0

32. Find the volume of the solid inside the surface r2 + z 2 = 4 and outside the surface
r = 2 cos θ. √
The volume under z = 4 − r2 above the region enclosed by the curve r = 2 cos θ, −π/2 ≤
θ ≤ π/2
The region is described in polar coordinates by the inequalities −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2
and 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos θ, so the double integral is
Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ √ Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ √
4− r2 rdrdθ =2 4 − r2 rdrdθ
−π/2 0 0 0

We can rewrite the integral as shown because of the symmetry of the volume; this
avoids a complication during the evaluation. Proceeding:
Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ √ Z π/2 2 cos θ
1
3/2
2 2
4 − r rdrdθ = 2 − 4 − r2 dθ
0 0 0 3 0
Z π/2
8 8
=2 − sin3 θ + dθ
0 3 3
π/2
8 cos3 θ
 
8
=2 − − cos θ + θ
3 3 3 0
8 32
= π− .
3 9

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33. Evaluate
R ∞ R 1the following improper integrals as iterated integrals.
(a) 1 e−x x13 y dydx
1
R 1 R √1−x 2
(b) −1 √ −1 (2y + 1)dydx
1−x2

Z ∞ Z 1 Z ∞Z 1 Z ∞ 1
1 1 ln y
(a) 3
dydx = 3
dydx = dx
1 e−x x y 1 e−1 x y 1 x3 e−1
Z ∞ ∞
1 1
= dx = − 2 = −1/2
1 x3 2x 1
Z 1 Z 1/√1−x2 Z 1Z ∞ Z 1 ∞
y2 − y


(b) √
(2y + 1)dydx = (2y + 1)dydx = dx = −∞
−1 −1/ 1−x2 −1 −∞ −1 −∞

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