3) VENTRAL ARC
narrow
medial
wide of
aspect
ventral
subpubic ischiopubie
are
concavity ramus
It is the curved ridge of bone on anterior surface of
the pubic bone.
It is common in females and almost never seen in
males.
shorter pubic part
no ventral
than female
arc
broad
medial
narrow
aspect of
subpubic ischiopubie
concavity ramus
Medial aspect of ischiopubic ramus in
females is a ridge, sometimes a narrow
surface, inferior to symnphyseal face
III) SACRUM
olnfemale,sacrum is and wider than in
shorter
male and bone is also directed more obliquely
backward.
MALE FEMALE
IV) STERNUM
oVariable usefullness in sex estimation.
oln males, body of sternum is >2X length of
manubrium &in females <2X
o <125 mm=females these figures are
O >155 mm=males from Bass
DETERMINATION BY CHEILOSCOPY &
PALATOSCOPY
CHEILOSCOPY- LIP FINGERPRINTING
IV
Reticularpattern Vertical pattern
Intersected pattern Branched pattern
Partial vertical pattern
Palatoscopy
o The palatal rugae, like fingerprints, do not
change during the life of the individual.
o They are protected from trauma and high
temperatures because of their internal position
in the oral cavity.
OPalatoscopy can be of special interest in those
cases where there are no fingerprints available
likedecomposed bodies, burned bodies and
conditions were both the upper limbs are
missing.
O Based on the direction rugae were classified as:
1) Forwardly directed rugae -associated with
positive angles
2) Backwardly directed rugae -associated with
negative angles
3) Perpendicular rugae -associated with zero
angles.
A B
C
R
Fig 4 Cast Showing: &- Perpendicular
IStraiaht.b-Forward. C- Backward
A B
Fig Cast Showing: a-Diverging rugae,
.5: b
Converging rugae
TYPE OF RUGAE INCIDENCE
CURVED RUGAE FEMALES>MALES
STRAIGHT RUGAE FEMALES>MALES
WAVY RUGAE MALES>FEMALES
FORWARDLY DIRECTED FEMALES>MALES
RUGAE
BACKWARDLY DIRECTED MALES>FEMALES
RUGAE
PERPENDICULAR RUGAE MALES>FEMALES
DETERMINATION BY TOOTH
MORPHOLOGY AND DENTAL INDEX
oMandibular cuspid show the maximum
sexual dimorphism:
> Mesiodistal diameter<6.7 mm(female)
>Mesiodistal diameter>7mm (male)
oRoot length of maxillary cuspids is >3mm
in males
DENTAL INDEX
olncisor index(li)- proposed by Aitcheson
li= [MDI]x 100
[MDI]
MDI?- Maximum mesiodistal diameter of maxillary lateral
incisor
MDI–Maximum mesiodistal diameter of maxillary central
incisor.
This index is higher in males (LI <Cl in females)
O Turner proposed that 'Distal Accessory ridge", a non metric
feature the canine "is the most sexually dimorphic crown
tract in the human dentition, with males showing significantly
higher frequencies and more pronounced expression than
females".
oMandibular Canine index(Mci) by Rao and
associates:
Observed mandibular canineindex
Mesio distal rOWn width of mandibular canine
Mandibular
Mandibular caninewidth
canines can be
considered as
the 'key teeth'
Standard mandíbular canine index
for personal
identification
(Mean nale MCI -SD) + (Mean fenale MCI+ SD
2
oThe cut-off value or standard MCI value
obtained by Rao and associates was 0.274.
olf the MCIvalue of a skull specimen is less
than or equal to thestandard MCI, the
individual is categorized as female.
OA value more than the standard MCl would
group the person as male.
DETERMINATION BY NUCLEAR
TESTING
TOOTH
BONE
SALNA
SEMEN
WHY TEETH??
oSince teeth can resistextreme condition,
they are the excellent source of DNA.
oThis comparision with the known
facilitates
biological ante-mortem sample of the person
such as hair, epithelial cells from the tooth
brush or a biopsy specimen.
oThe mass of chromatin in nuclei was
frequently present in females but only rarely
in males.
o Distal portion of thehuman chromosome
fluoresces brightly when stained with
quinacrine mustard.
o Vaginal epithelium and buccal epithelium
may be used for nuclear sexing.
FORENSIC DNA
1) FROM BLOOD STAIN
o'drumstick' in neutrophil leucocytes is a female
characteristic.
O Fluorescent Y-chromosome in hairs and blood
stains.
O Radioimmunoassay (RIA) for sex determination
in dried blood stains.
2) FROM HAIR
o Sex chromatin in external root sheath of
plucked hair, aids in determining sex of the
individual.
LOOK any FACIAL HAIR
for
A Rich source of DNA-don't miss it.
3) FROM SALIVA
oThe determination of sex by saliva spots and
the application of cigarette ends using sex
chromatin technique, and the fluorescent y
chromosome technique for determining sex
from saliva may be used.
(CH
Saliva
Obtaining a buccal swab
4) FROM DENTAL PULP
OA method of identifying the sex from asingle
human tooth on the basis of fluorescence of
the distal end of a long arm of Y-chromosome
in the nucleated cell of dental pulp.
OBut this method becomes increasingly
unreliable as putrefaction proceeds
oUsing acetin-orcin stain for Y-chromosome a
method to detect both sexes using very small,
amount of pulp.
oNecrosed pulp can also be studied by a
method by which one can detect Y
chromosome (F-bodies) using 0.5% quinacrine
HCL staining and Toludiene blue staining for
detecting female X- chromatin (Barr body).
CONCLUSION
oForensic odontology an emerging
in India is
field and relies a lot on inexpensive and easy
means of identification of persons from
fragmented jaws and dental remains.
o Teeth are considered a useful supplement and
adjunct to sex determination and not
recommended as the sole indicator of sex.