Minor:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎 𝑎23
𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ], then 𝑀11 = | 22
𝑎32 𝑎33 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Cofactor:
ےکےئلPower ← Odd
𝑎22 𝑎23 ”آےئاگ۔-ve” ےکباہCofacator
Aij = (−1)i+j × Mij A11 = (−1)1+1 × [𝑎 𝑎33 ]
32 ےکےئلPower←Even
“آےئاگ۔+ve”← Cofactor
Determinants
For Square matrix ; |𝐴| = |𝐴𝑡 |
Two rows & columns are interchanged ; −|𝐴|
Two rows & columns are identical ; |𝐴| = 0
All entries of row & column are zero ‘|𝐴| = 0
𝑎 0 0
|0 𝑏 0| = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (Product of diagonal’s elements)
:آںیئzero ارگاورپباےچیناسرے
0 0 𝑐
(Triangular Form)
Sum of diagonal’s elements = Trace = 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄
|𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴| Domain of determinant → 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
|𝐾𝐴| if 3 by 3 then |KA| = k 3 |A|
𝑎 𝑏+𝑒 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑒
| |=| | + |𝑐 𝑓| |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵|
𝑐 𝑑+𝑓 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
ے
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴12 + 𝑎13 𝐴13 رکتکسvalue find یکEntry اسرطحیسکیھب
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑀11 − 𝑎12 𝑀12 + 𝑎13 𝑀13 ںیہ۔
ےکےئلےہcolumn باrow ہیرصفای
(Linear combination of correspondnig rows & minor and cofactor)
|𝐴| = 0 ; if 𝑎11 𝐴21 + 𝑎12 𝐴22 + 𝑎13 𝐴23
(The sum of product of elements of a row and cofactor of other row)
If A be a scalar matrix of 3 × 3 then
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎33 → product of diagonal elements
Continuous ارگ𝟑 × 𝟑اکوہاور
1 2 3
|𝐴| = |4 5 6| = 0 وہوت
7 8 9
𝟎 = |𝑨|وہاگ۔
Periodic : 𝐴𝑘+1 = 𝐴 = Periodicity “k”
Nilpotent : 𝐴𝑘 = 0 = Nilpotentcy “k”
Idempotent : 𝐴2 =𝐴
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2 Use |𝑨| = 𝟎 ⟹ to find an
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0} 𝐴X ≠ 0
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 unknown value in
homogenous system of eq.
1
|𝐴| = |𝐴−1| |𝐴𝐴−1 | = |𝐼3 | = 1
𝑎 𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝜆 𝑏 𝑐 1 1 1
|𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐| | 𝑎 𝑏+𝜆 𝑐 | |𝑎 𝑏 𝑐|
𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐+𝜆 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
= 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝜆2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝜆) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
𝑥 1 1 1
𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑎2
1 𝑥 1 1
|𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏2 | | |
1 1 𝑥 1
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐 𝑐2
1 1 1 𝑥
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
= (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)3
Symmetric Skew-Symmetric
𝑎 1 2 ∴ Above & below the 0 1 2 ∴ Diagonal→ ”0”
|1 𝑏 3| diagonal, elements |−1 0 3| Above & below elements should
2 3 𝑐 should be same −2 −3 0 be same & opposite in signs
Hermitian Skew-Hermitian
∴ Diagonal should
𝑎 1+𝑖 2+𝑖 ∴ Above & imaginary 𝑖 1+𝑖 2+𝑖 be imaginary or
|1 − 𝑖 𝑏 3 + 𝑖| (opp. Sign) |− 1 + 𝑖 2𝑖 3 + 𝑖| zero.
2−𝑖 3−𝑖 𝑐 Diagonal → Pure real −2 + 𝑖 −3 + 𝑖 3𝑖 (opposite sign)
Of real part
If A is symmetric 𝐴2 also
If A is skew-symmetric 𝐴2 is symmetric
𝐴 + 𝐴𝑡 = Symmetric 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑡 = Skew-symmetric
𝑡 𝑡
𝐴 + (𝐴) = Hermitian 𝐴 + (𝐴) = Skew-Hermitian
If 𝐴 = [5] then |𝐴| = 5 Adj A = [1]
(Minor = Cofactor = 1) اساک
(𝐴𝐵)𝑡 = 𝐵𝑡 𝐴𝑡 if 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = (𝐵𝐴)𝑡 = 0
Echelon Form
1 0 6 1 0 0
[0 1 −4] ; [0 0 2] ∴ space to form more zeros (Gauss Elimination method)
0 0 1 0 0 3
∴ Every Reduced Echelon is Echelon
∴ Every Echelon is not Reduced Echelon
Reduced
1 0 0
(Gauss. Jordan method)
[0 1 0] ∴ No space to form more zeros
Echelon → Reduced Echelon
0 0 1
Rank
No of non-zeros rows in Echelon or in red. Echelon form
Row matrix rank = 1 Column matrix rank = 1
If |𝐴| ≠ 0 then rank = Order of Matrix
1 2
e.g; 𝐴 = [ ] ; |𝐴| = −2 Rank = 2
3 4
If |𝐴| = 0 then rank ≠ Order of Matrix
1 2
e.g; 𝐴 = [ ] ; |𝐴| = 0 Rank = 1
2 4
System of Equations
Homogenous Non-Homogenous
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑘1
𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 0 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑘2
𝑎1 𝑎2 0 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑘1
[𝑏 𝑏 ] = [ ] [𝑏 ] = [ ]
1 2 0 1 𝑏2 𝑘2
Ax = 0 Ax ≠ 0
Homogenous Non-Homogenous
If |𝐴| ≠ 0 => sol. is unique If |𝐴| ≠ 0 => sol. is unique
(0,0) OR (0,0,0) => Trivial sol. Unique →Finite
If |𝐴| = 0 => sol. is infinite If |𝐴| = 0 => Inconsistent
System is Consistent
If it has a unique System having no solution
“OR” infinite many solutions
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 1 2 1 𝑥 2 1 2 1 2
6𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 => [0 𝑦
6 −3] [ ] = [0] ; Ab (Augmented) = |0 6 −3 0|
𝑧=4 0 0 𝑧 𝑧 4 0 0 1 4
Ab(Augmented): if no. of vari= no. of eqs. Echelon formوہیتےہ
Rank of 𝐴 = Rank of Ab (unique or infinite sol.)
Rank of A < Rank of Ab ( No Solution)
Rank of A > Rank of Ab (Not possible)
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular
All the elements below the principal All the elements above the principal
diagonals are zero. diagonals are zero.
i>j if i = j i<j
1 2 3 1 0 0
e.g; [0 5 7] then “ diagonal” only e.g; [7 9 0]
0 0 8 3 2 9
The inverse of symmetric matrix is symmetric.
If A is symmetric as well as skew-symmetric then Null matrix.
1 𝑡
If 𝐴 = [1 + 𝑖 ] , then order of 𝐴(𝐴) = 3 × 3
𝑖 (3 × 1) . (1 × 3)