LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
A
seminar report submitted
in partial fulfillment for the degree of
MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS
By
ABHAY SINGH THAKUR
ROLL NO. :230502
ENROLLMENT NO. : ABVV/GERS/2023/0836
SESSION: 2023-24
SUBJECT : STATISTICAL MECHANICS
Under the guidance
Of
AKANCKSHA VISHWAKARMA
Department of Physics
Govt. E. Raghavendra Rao P.G. Science college
Bilaspur(C.G)
Affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya,Bilaspur(C.G)
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➢ LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
There are four laws of thermodynamics and are given below:
I. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
II. First law of thermodynamics
III. Second law of thermodynamics
IV. Third law of thermodynamics
1) ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS :
“The Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies
are individually in equilibrium with a separate third body, then
the first two bodies are also in thermal equilibrium with each
other.”
This means that if system A is in thermal equilibrium with system
C and system B is also in equilibrium with system C, then system
A and B are also in thermal equilibrium.
FOR EXAMPLE :
Consider two cups A and B, with boiling water.
When a thermometer is placed in cup A, it gets warmed up by
the water until it reads 100 °C. When it reads 100 °C, we say that
the thermometer is in equilibrium with cup A. When we move
the thermometer to cup B to read the temperature, it continues
to read 100 °C. The thermometer is also in equilibrium with cup
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B. By keeping in mind the zeroth law of thermodynamics, we can
conclude that cup A and cup B are in equilibrium with each other.
An example demonstrating the zeroth law
The zeroth law of thermodynamics enables us to use
thermometers to compare the temperature of any two objects
that we like.
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2) FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS :
First law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of
conservation of energy, states that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to
another. Therefore it can be stated as follows :
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"If dQ heat is given to the system then a part of it is used in
increasing the internal energy by amount dU and an the
remaining part is used in doing the external work dW . “
i.e.
dQ = dU + dW
FOR EXAMPLE :
If a thermodynamic system in an equilibrium state possesses a
state variable known as internal energy(E). Then Between the
two systems, the change in the internal energy is equal to the
difference of the heat transfer into the system and the work
done by the system.
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➢ LIMITATIONS OF 1ST LAW :
I) It fails to explain the direction of heat flow.
II) It does not give any idea about of conversion of
energy from one form to another.
i.e. it does not tell us how much energy is
Converted into work.
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3) SECOND LAW OF THEMODYNAMICS :
”Second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy in an
isolated system always increases. Any isolated system
spontaneously evolves towards thermal equilibrium—the state
of maximum entropy of the system.”
In simple words, the law explains
that an isolated system’s entropy will never decrease over time.
The second law clearly explains that it is impossible to convert
heat energy to mechanical energy with 100 per cent efficiency.
FOR EXAMPLE :
if we look at the piston in an engine, the gas is
heated to increase its pressure and drive the piston. However,
even as the piston moves, there is always some leftover heat in
the gas that cannot be used for carrying out any other work. Heat
is wasted, and it has to be discarded. In this case, it is done by
transferring it to a heat sink or in the case of a car engine, waste
heat is discarded by exhausting the used fuel and air mixture to
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the atmosphere. Additionally, heat generated from friction that
is generally unusable should also be removed from the system.
EQUATION :
Mathematically, the second law of
thermodynamics is represented as
ΔSuniv > 0
Where ΔSuniv is the change in the entropy of the universe.
Entropy is a measure of the randomness of the system, or it is
the measure of energy or chaos within an isolated system. It can
be considered a quantitative index that describes the quality of
energy.
There are two statements on the second law of
thermodynamics, and they are
[Link]-plancks statement.
[Link]’s Statement.
1. Kelvin-Planck Statement -
“It is impossible to construct an engine which will produce
no effect other than extracting heat from a reservoir and
performs an equivalent amount of work."
This statement implies that
"It is impossible to convert 100% heat into work”
2. Clausius’s Statement -
“It is impossible to construct a device operating in a cycle
that can transfer heat from a colder body to a warmer one
without consuming any work. “
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4.) THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS :
“Third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a
system approaches a constant value as the temperature
approaches absolute zero.”
In simple words we can say that- ‘the entropy of a perfect
crystal at a temperature of zero Kelvin (absolute zero) is
equal to zero.’
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At a temperature of zero Kelvin, the following phenomena
can be observed in a closed system:
• The system does not contain any heat.
• All the atoms and molecules in the system are at their
lowest energy points.
Therefore, a system at absolute zero has only one accessible
microstate – it’s ground state. As per the third law of
thermodynamics, the entropy of such a system is exactly
zero.
This law was developed by the German chemist Walther Nernst
between the years 1906 and 1912.
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