Yale MUN X GD Goenka

Topic Guides
Co-powered by:

Sponsored by:
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Commission on the Status of Women Chair: Gloria Kunnapilly

Topic 1: Addressing Gender Inequality in STEM Fields

Topic 2: Combatting Gender-Based Violence: Strategies and
Solutions
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Table of Contents
Welcome Letter ________________________________________________________________ 3

Committee History ______________________________________________________________ 5

Committee Structure ____________________________________________________________ 6

Topic1

Introduction _____________________________________________________________ 7

History of the Topic _______________________________________________________ 8

Current Situation _________________________________________________________ 10

Bloc Positions ___________________________________________________________ 19

Questions to Consider ____________________________________________________ 21

Important Documents for Research ___________________________________________ 22

Topic2

Introduction _____________________________________________________________ 23

History of the Topic _______________________________________________________ 24

Current Situation _________________________________________________________ 27

Bloc Positions ___________________________________________________________ 36

Questions to Consider ____________________________________________________ 41

Important Documents for Research ___________________________________________ 42

Bibliography

Topic 1 _______________________________________________________________ 44

Topic 2 _________________________________________________________________ 45
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Welcome to The Commission on the Status of Women!

Dear Delegates,

Hello and welcome to YMUN GD Goenka 2024! My name is Gloria Kunnapilly, and I will be

your Chair for The Commission on the Status of Women. I’m from San Antonio, Texas and a sophomore

in Branford (the best residential college at Yale!) I am majoring in Cognitive Science which involves

taking classes in computer science, economics, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, and psychology. I

love Cognitive Science because it is really interdisciplinary, and I get to take fun classes in a variety of

fields. Last year, I served as the Assistant Secretary General of Specialized Committees for Yale’s Model

UN Conference, and this year I will be returning as a chair. Outside of YMUN, I work as a Branford

College Aide which involves running events within Branford College, helping out with office related

tasks, and more! I also serve as a Peer Liaison for the Asian American Cultural Center; this role allows

me to help Asian American first-years navigate their time at Yale and host fun cultural events. I am also in

Yale Undergraduate Diversified Investments which focuses on different areas of the finance and business

world. In my free time, I enjoy reading, watching movies, and spending time with friends and family!

The Commission on the Status of Women is the primary global body dedicated to the promotion of

gender equality and the empowerment of women. It is also a functional commission of the Economic and

Social Council (ECOSOC). CSW has done some very important work in the past, including but not

limited to: advising the private sector on issues such as day care, access to education, and wages;

documenting the reality of womens’ lives throughout the world, and organizing several world conferences

on women empowerment.

I hope you find this topic guide useful in gaining a better understanding of both topics as well as a

helpful tool in writing your position papers. I hope this committee is a place where you not only feel

inspired to voice your opinion, but also listen to the voices of your fellow delegates. I look forward to
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hearing your exciting and innovative ideas as well as witnessing some passionate debate. I cannot wait to
meet each and every one of you in November! Please reach out to me at [Link]@[Link] if

you have any questions. Welcome again to YMUN GD Goenka 2024!

Sincerely,

Gloria Kunnapilly

Chair of Commission on the Status of Women

Director
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Committee History
Established in 1946, the CSW has been at the forefront of advocating for women’s rights and

shaping international standards to improve the status of women in all areas of life. The CSW meets

annually for a two-week session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. These sessions

typically take place in March and serve as the primary forum for member states to discuss and review

progress on gender equality and women’s empowerment. During these sessions, member states and

stakeholders review the implementation of international commitments, such as the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 5 on gender equality.

The CSW has the authority to draft resolutions, recommend policies, and push for the

implementation of international agreements related to women's rights. While it doesn’t have binding

powers like the Security Council, its recommendations are highly influential, guiding the work of UN

agencies and member states. The committee’s work often results in the adoption of new international

treaties or amendments to existing ones, advancing the global gender equality agenda.

The CSW has been instrumental in landmark achievements such as the drafting of the Convention

on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Beijing

Declaration and Platform for Action. These milestones continue to shape global efforts to address issues

like gender-based violence, economic inequality, and political representation.

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Committee Structure
The Commission on the Status of Women is a functional commission of the United Nations

Economic and Social Council. It is composed of 45 member states, elected by ECOSOC for four-year

terms. The member states are geographically diverse which ensures that the CSW reflects a wide range of

perspectives on issues related to gender equality and women’s rights.

The CSW operates as a deliberative body, where member states propose resolutions, negotiate

language, and work together to reach consensus on global standards for gender equality. While the CSW's

decisions are not legally binding, its resolutions and conclusions carry significant weight, influencing

national policies and guiding international efforts to advance women's rights.

Voting in the CSW typically follows the majority rule, but consensus is highly valued. This means

that even though formal votes are taken, the goal is often to reach an agreement that all parties can

support. This consensus-based approach is crucial for fostering international cooperation on gender issues.

The CSW sessions involve not only government representatives but also active participation from

civil society organizations and UN agencies. This inclusive approach allows for diverse input and helps

ensure that the commission’s work addresses the real-world needs and concerns of women and girls

globally.
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Topic 1: Addressing Gender Inequality in STEM Fields

Introduction
In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the critical role that science, technology,

engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields play in driving innovation, economic growth, and societal

progress. However, despite these advancements, gender inequality persists as a significant barrier in

STEM. Women, particularly from marginalized communities, continue to be underrepresented in these

fields, both in education and in the workforce. This disparity not only limits women’s opportunities but

also hinders the potential for diverse perspectives to contribute to solving global challenges.

The urgency of addressing gender inequality in STEM has never been greater. As the world

increasingly relies on technology and scientific advancements to tackle complex issues such as climate

change, health crises, and economic instability, it is essential that all voices are heard, and all talents are

utilized. The gender gap in STEM fields is a pressing issue that perpetuates broader societal inequalities,

reinforcing stereotypes and limiting the aspirations of future generations of women. Bridging this gap is

crucial for achieving gender equality and ensuring that the benefits of technological and scientific

advancements are shared equitably across all of society.

This committee session is convened at a pivotal moment, as global efforts to promote gender

equality have gained momentum, yet significant challenges remain. The CSW must urgently address the

barriers that women face in entering and advancing within STEM fields. This includes tackling systemic

biases in education, workplace discrimination, and the lack of supportive policies and infrastructure. The

decisions made during this session will have far-reaching implications, not only for gender equality but also

for the future of STEM as a driving force for sustainable development and innovation. Delegates must work

together to develop comprehensive solutions that empower women in STEM and ensure their full

participation in shaping the future.

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History
The Commission on the Status of Women has a long history of advocating for gender equality

across all sectors, including education, employment, and political participation. However, the specific

issue of gender inequality in STEM fields did not initially receive significant attention within the

commission. Historically, the focus of the CSW was on addressing more visible forms of gender

discrimination, such as violence against women, political representation, and access to basic education.

STEM-related gender disparities were often viewed as a niche issue, overshadowed by broader concerns

about women's rights and empowerment.

The gender gap in STEM began to receive more attention from the CSW in the late 20th century, as global

discussions around women’s rights expanded to include economic empowerment and access to all levels of

education. The 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, a landmark document that emerged from

the Fourth World Conference on Women, identified women’s participation in science and technology as

essential for achieving gender equality. The declaration called on governments and international

organizations to take concrete steps to increase women’s access to and participation in STEM fields.

However, while the Beijing Platform laid the groundwork, progress was slow, and the issue did not become a

central focus of the CSW's work for several years.

One of the primary challenges in addressing gender inequality in STEM within the CSW has been

the intersectionality of the issue. STEM disparities are not just a result of gender discrimination; they are

also tied to economic inequality, cultural stereotypes, and systemic biases in education and employment.

For many years, the CSW's efforts to address gender inequality were centered on more immediate

concerns, such as reducing poverty, improving healthcare access, and combatting violence against

women. These issues, while critical, often took precedence over the more specialized problem of gender

disparities in STEM, which were seen as a secondary concern.

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Another challenge was the lack of comprehensive data on women’s participation in STEM. While

there were anecdotal reports and localized studies highlighting the gender gap, reliable global data was

scarce. This made it difficult for the CSW to formulate targeted policies or track progress in this area.

Furthermore, many member states were slow to recognize the importance of gender equality in STEM,

focusing instead on traditional sectors where women’s participation was more visible. In recent decades,

however, the issue of gender inequality in STEM has gained increasing prominence within the CSW. This

shift can be attributed to several factors.

One factor is the rapid advancement of technology and the growing importance of STEM fields in

the global economy have made it clear that gender disparities in these areas have far-reaching

implications. As countries invest more in science and technology to drive innovation and economic

growth, the exclusion of women from these fields has become a significant obstacle to achieving broader

development goals.

Another factor is the rise of the digital economy and the increasing role of technology in everyday

life have highlighted the need for gender equality in STEM. As technology becomes more integrated into

all aspects of society, from education to healthcare to governance, the underrepresentation of women in

these fields threatens to exacerbate existing gender inequalities. The CSW has recognized that addressing

gender inequality in STEM is not just about fairness; it is also about ensuring that women have the skills

and opportunities to participate fully in the digital age.

In recent years, the CSW has made significant strides in addressing gender inequality in STEM.

During its annual sessions, the commission has brought together member states, civil society

organizations, and experts to discuss the barriers that women face in STEM fields and to develop

strategies for overcoming them. The CSW has emphasized the importance of increasing girls’ access to

STEM education, challenging gender stereotypes, and creating supportive environments for women in

STEM careers.
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For example, the CSW has advocated for policies that encourage girls to pursue STEM subjects

from an early age, recognizing that early exposure is critical for building interest and confidence. The

commission has also highlighted the need for mentorship programs, scholarships, and other initiatives that

support women in STEM throughout their educational and professional journeys. In addition, the CSW

has called on member states to address workplace discrimination and to create more inclusive work

environments in STEM industries.

Today, gender inequality in STEM remains a critical issue that demands urgent attention. The

COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the importance of science and technology in addressing

global challenges, yet women’s participation in these fields remains limited. The CSW recognizes that

without significant efforts to address this disparity, the world risks leaving half of its population behind in

the pursuit of innovation and progress. As the commission convenes to discuss this issue, it is clear that

comprehensive and coordinated action is needed to ensure that women and girls can fully participate in

and benefit from STEM fields.

Current Situation
Gender inequality in STEM is a persistent global issue that has significant implications for

economic growth, innovation, and social progress. Despite efforts over the past few decades to close the

gender gap, women remain underrepresented in STEM fields at all levels, from education to professional

careers. The Commission on the Status of Women has recognized the urgency of addressing this issue and

has played a key role in advocating for policies and initiatives to promote gender equality in STEM.

The Main Problem: Underrepresentation of Women in STEM

The primary challenge in achieving gender equality in STEM lies in the significant

underrepresentation of women across all STEM disciplines. Globally, women account for only about 28%
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of the workforce in STEM1, with even lower participation rates in fields like engineering, computer
science, and physics. This disparity is not only a matter of fairness but also represents a missed

opportunity for innovation and economic growth. Diverse teams are more likely to produce innovative

solutions to complex problems, and excluding women from STEM reduces the potential for such

breakthroughs.

Several factors contribute to the gender gap in STEM, including societal norms and stereotypes,

educational barriers, workplace discrimination, and systemic biases. These factors often intersect, creating

a complex web of challenges that prevent women from entering and thriving in STEM fields.

Societal Norms and Stereotypes

One of the most significant barriers to gender equality in STEM is the persistence of societal

norms and stereotypes that discourage girls and women from pursuing careers in these fields. From a

young age, girls are often socialized to believe that STEM subjects are "masculine" and that they lack the

innate ability to succeed in these areas. This belief is reinforced by the media, educational institutions, and

even family members, leading to a self-perpetuating cycle of underrepresentation.

Research has shown that teachers, parents, and peers often have lower expectations for girls in

STEM subjects, which can negatively impact their confidence and interest in these fields.2 For example,

studies have found that teachers may unknowingly give more attention and encouragement to boys in

math and science classes, reinforcing the idea that these subjects are better suited for males. Additionally,

the lack of female role models in STEM further exacerbates the problem, as girls have fewer examples of

successful women to look up to.

In many cultures, traditional gender roles continue to prioritize caregiving and domestic

responsibilities for women, making it difficult for them to pursue demanding careers in STEM. This

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2
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cultural expectation can discourage girls from even considering STEM as a viable career option, leading
to a significant gender gap in these fields.

Educational Barriers

The education system plays a crucial role in shaping students' interests and career aspirations, yet

it often fails to support girls and women in pursuing STEM. Several key barriers within the education

system contribute to the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields.

The curriculum in many countries is often gender-biased, with textbooks and teaching materials

reinforcing stereotypes that depict men as scientists, engineers, and mathematicians while relegating

women to traditional roles. This bias can discourage girls from pursuing STEM subjects and contribute to

a lack of confidence in their abilities. Moreover, the teaching methods used in STEM education are often

not inclusive, failing to engage girls and address their unique learning needs.

In many parts of the world, girls have limited access to quality education and resources,

particularly in rural and low-income areas. This lack of access can hinder their ability to excel in STEM

subjects and pursue higher education in these fields. For example, in some developing countries, girls are

less likely to have access to computers, laboratories, and other essential tools for STEM learning, further

widening the gender gap.

Girls are more likely than boys to drop out of STEM subjects during their secondary education,

often due to a lack of support and encouragement from teachers and peers3. This early dropout rate has

long-term consequences, as it limits the pool of women who pursue STEM degrees and careers.

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[Link]
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Workplace Discrimination and Systemic Bias

Even when women do enter STEM fields, they often face significant challenges in the workplace,

including discrimination, harassment, and systemic bias. These issues create a hostile work environment

that can drive women out of STEM careers and discourage others from entering the field.

Women in STEM often face discrimination in hiring, promotions, and pay. Studies have shown that women

with the same qualifications as men are less likely to be hired for STEM positions and are often paid less

than their male counterparts. This pay gap is particularly pronounced in high-tech fields like computer

science and engineering, where women earn significantly less than men for similar work.

Sexual harassment and gender-based harassment are pervasive issues in STEM workplaces. Many

women in STEM report experiencing harassment from colleagues and supervisors, which can create a

toxic work environment and lead to high turnover rates. The fear of retaliation or damage to their careers

often prevents women from reporting harassment, perpetuating a culture of silence and complicity.

Many STEM workplaces lack policies that support work-life balance, making it difficult for

women to balance their careers with family responsibilities. The absence of parental leave, flexible

working hours, and childcare support can force women to choose between their careers and their families,

leading to a "leaky pipeline" where women leave STEM at higher rates than men.

Systemic Bias and Structural Barriers

Systemic bias in STEM institutions and organizations also plays a significant role in perpetuating

gender inequality. These biases are often deeply ingrained in the culture and practices of STEM fields,

making it difficult for women to break through the barriers.4

Many STEM institutions have long-standing practices and policies that favor men over women.

For example, male-dominated networks and mentorship programs often exclude women, limiting their

opportunities for advancement. Additionally, the evaluation criteria for promotions and tenure in

4
[Link]
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academia and research are often biased against women, particularly those who take time off for family
responsibilities.

Women in STEM often face a "double bind" where they are expected to conform to traditional

gender roles while also proving themselves as competent professionals. This can create a no-win situation,

where women are penalized for being too assertive or not assertive enough, too ambitious or not

ambitious enough. This double bind makes it difficult for women to navigate their careers and can lead to

burnout and disillusionment.

Women are significantly underrepresented in leadership positions in STEM fields, including in

academia, industry, and research. This lack of representation means that women have fewer opportunities

to influence decision-making and shape the culture of STEM organizations. It also limits the visibility of

women in STEM, perpetuating the stereotype that STEM is a male-dominated field.

Who is Affected and How?

The gender inequality in STEM affects a wide range of stakeholders, including women and girls,

the global economy, and society as a whole.

Women and Girls: The most immediate and direct impact of gender inequality in STEM is on

women and girls, who are denied the opportunity to fully participate in and benefit from STEM education

and careers. This exclusion limits their economic opportunities, social mobility, and ability to contribute

to scientific and technological advancements. Additionally, women and girls who do pursue STEM often

face significant challenges, including discrimination, harassment, and a lack of support.

The Global Economy: Gender inequality in STEM also has significant economic implications. By

excluding women from STEM fields, countries are missing out on the potential economic benefits of a

more diverse workforce. Studies have shown that increasing women's participation in STEM could

significantly boost global GDP. For example, closing the gender gap in STEM in the United States alone
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could add $2.5 trillion to the economy by 20505. Moreover, the exclusion of women from STEM limits
the potential for innovation and competitiveness in the global economy.

Scientific and Technological Progress: The underrepresentation of women in STEM also hampers

scientific and technological progress. Diversity in STEM is essential for driving innovation, as diverse

teams bring different perspectives and ideas to the table. When women are excluded, the field loses

valuable insights and solutions that could lead to new discoveries and advancements. For example,

medical research that predominantly focuses on male subjects can overlook health issues that specifically

affect women, leading to gaps in healthcare and treatment.

Society at Large: Gender inequality in STEM also has broader societal implications. When women

are excluded from STEM, it reinforces gender stereotypes and perpetuates the idea that STEM fields are

not suitable for women. This can have a ripple effect, discouraging future generations of girls from

pursuing STEM and perpetuating the cycle of underrepresentation. Moreover, the lack of women in

STEM limits the diversity of role models available to young girls, further discouraging them from

pursuing these fields.

Case Study: Horizon 2020: A Response to Gender Inequality in STEM

Horizon 2020 was designed with several strategic objectives related to gender equality. These objectives

included integrating gender analysis into research and innovation, ensuring gender balance in

decision-making bodies, and increasing women's participation in Horizon 2020 projects. The program's

approach to gender equality can be broken down into several key components:6

1. GenderMainstreaming:Horizon2020requiredthatallresearchandinnovationprojectsconsider

gender aspects in their design and implementation. This meant that project proposals needed to

address how they would incorporate gender analysis, ensuring that research outcomes would

benefit both men and women equally.

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[Link]
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2. GenderBalanceinResearchTeams:Theprogramencouragedgenderbalancewithinresearch

teams, with a specific focus on leadership roles. This aimed to increase the visibility and influence

of women in STEM, helping to break down barriers to advancement.

3. DedicatedFundingforGenderEqualityProjects:Horizon2020allocatedfundingspecificallyfor

projects aimed at promoting gender equality in research and innovation. These projects included

initiatives to support women’s career development in STEM, as well as efforts to improve

work-life balance and reduce gender-based discrimination.

4. MonitoringandEvaluation:TheEuropeanCommissionestablishedmechanismstomonitorand

evaluate the impact of Horizon 2020’s gender equality initiatives. This included collecting data on

gender representation in funded projects and assessing the effectiveness of gender equality plans

implemented by research organizations.

The Successes and Challenges of Horizon 2020

Horizon 2020's efforts to promote gender equality in STEM have had notable successes, but also faced

significant challenges. This case study highlights key outcomes from the program and provides insights

into the ongoing struggle for gender parity in STEM.

Successes: Increased Participation and Awareness

One of the key successes of Horizon 2020 was the increase in female participation in research

projects. According to the European Commission, women’s participation in Horizon 2020 projects rose to

40%, up from 33% in the previous framework program (FP7)7. This increase was particularly notable in

fields like life sciences and environmental research, where gender balance was closer to being achieved. The

requirement to integrate gender analysis into research design led to more inclusive and relevant scientific

outcomes. For example, projects focusing on medical research that incorporated gender-specific

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data produced findings that were more applicable to both men and women, improving the quality and
impact of the research.

Many research organizations developed and implemented comprehensive gender equality plans as

part of their Horizon 2020 applications. These plans often included measures to promote work-life

balance, support for female researchers, and strategies to address gender-based discrimination. This has

led to more supportive environments for women in STEM, although challenges remain.

Challenges: Structural Barriers and Sustainability

Despite progress, significant gender gaps remain, particularly in certain STEM fields like

engineering and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies). Women are still underrepresented

in leadership positions, and the overall impact of Horizon 2020 on closing the gender gap has been

limited by persistent structural barriers.

One of the key challenges identified is the sustainability of the progress made under Horizon

2020. Many gender equality initiatives were tied to specific project funding, raising concerns about

whether these gains can be maintained once the funding ends. The European Union has recognized this

issue and has committed to continuing its focus on gender equality in its successor program, Horizon

Europe.

While Horizon 2020 made strides in promoting gender equality, addressing intersectional issues

such as race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status remains a challenge. Women from minority

backgrounds and those in lower socio-economic groups often face additional barriers to participation in

STEM, and future programs will need to address these issues more comprehensively.

Impact on Stakeholders

Horizon 2020 has had a direct impact on women in STEM, particularly those who benefited from

increased opportunities and support through the program. However, the continued presence of structural

barriers means that many women still face significant challenges in advancing their careers.
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Many research institutions have adopted gender equality plans as part of their Horizon 2020 participation.
While this has led to positive changes, there is still work to be done to ensure that these plans lead to

long-term cultural shifts within institutions.

The lessons learned from Horizon 2020 are being applied to future policy and funding decisions,

both within the EU and globally. The program has highlighted the importance of integrating gender

considerations into all aspects of research and innovation, and this approach is being carried forward in

Horizon Europe and other initiatives.

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Bloc Positions
These bloc positions are some ideas/suggestions, but you have the freedom to pick and create your own

blocs!

1. Progressive Bloc: Advocates for Comprehensive Policy Overhauls

● Position: This group of countries believes that addressing gender inequality in STEM requires

comprehensive policy changes at both the national and international levels. They advocate for

robust affirmative action policies, mandatory gender quotas in STEM fields, and significant public

investment in STEM education for women and girls.

● Key Supporters: Nordic countries (e.g., Sweden, Norway, Finland), Canada, and some Western

European nations.

● Potential Conflicts: This bloc may clash with countries that prioritize economic growth over
social reforms or those that view such interventions as an infringement on national sovereignty.

2. Conservative Bloc: Focus on Economic Growth and Meritocracy

● Position: Countries in this bloc argue that while gender inequality in STEM is an issue, the focus

should be on economic growth and maintaining a meritocratic system. They emphasize that talent

and ability should drive STEM careers, not enforced quotas or affirmative action. They may also

argue that market forces will naturally correct gender imbalances over time.

● Key Supporters: United States, Japan, and some Eastern European nations.

● Potential Conflicts: This group may be at odds with the progressive bloc, especially on issues like

quotas, affirmative action, and government intervention.

3. Developing Nations Bloc: Prioritizing Access and Infrastructure

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● Position: This bloc of countries views the gender gap in STEM as part of a larger issue of limited
access to education and infrastructure. They argue that without significant improvements in

overall educational access and infrastructure, addressing gender inequality in STEM is secondary.

They may call for international aid and partnerships to build schools, improve internet access, and

provide basic STEM education before addressing gender-specific issues.

● Key Supporters: Sub-Saharan African countries, South Asia (e.g., India, Bangladesh), and some
Latin American nations.

● Potential Conflicts: This group may find themselves at odds with wealthier nations pushing for
immediate gender-specific reforms, as they prioritize broader development goals.

4. Traditionalist Bloc: Cultural and Religious Considerations

● Position: Countries in this bloc emphasize the importance of respecting cultural and religious

traditions when addressing gender inequality in STEM. They may argue that rapid reforms could

disrupt social harmony and propose gradual, culturally sensitive approaches. This bloc might resist

Western-style gender policies, advocating instead for community-based initiatives that align with

local customs.

● Key Supporters: Middle Eastern nations (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Iran), and some Southeast Asian

countries (e.g., Indonesia, Malaysia).

● Potential Conflicts: This bloc may be at odds with more progressive nations pushing for rapid,
sweeping reforms, and may find common ground with the conservative bloc on some issues.
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Questions to Consider
List several questions you would like delegates to answer and strive towards in their problem-solving

process. Think of the goals and role of your committee. (5-10, numbered)

1. Whatspecificpoliciesorinitiativescanbeimplementedatthenationalandinternationallevelsto

increase women's participation in STEM fields?

2. HowcanweensurethateffortstoaddressgenderinequalityinSTEMareculturallysensitiveand

adaptable to different regional contexts?

3. What role should the private sector play in promoting gender equality in STEM, and how can

public-private partnerships be leveraged effectively?

4. How can education systems be reformed or enhanced to encourage more girls and young women

to pursue STEM-related studies and careers?

5. Whatmechanismscanbeestablishedtotrackandmeasureprogressinreducinggenderdisparities

in STEM fields globally?

6. HowcanweaddressthespecificchallengesfacedbywomeninSTEMwhobelongto

marginalized or underrepresented communities, including racial, ethnic, and economic minorities?

7. Whatstepscanbetakentochangesocietalperceptionsandreducethestigmaaroundwomen

entering and succeeding in STEM fields?

8. Howcaninternationalorganizations,liketheUN,supportandcoordinateeffortsacrossmember

states to promote gender equality in STEM?

9. WhatstrategiescanbeemployedtoensurethatwomeninSTEMreceiveequalpay,opportunities

for advancement, and representation in leadership positions?

10. How can countries work together to share best practices and successful models for reducing

gender inequality in STEM fields?

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Important Resources for Research
1. THE17GOALS|[Link]/goals.

a. ThisresourceprovidesausefuloverviewoftheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopment

Goals.

2. “GrowingEconomiesThroughGenderParity.”CouncilonForeignRelations,

[Link]/womens-participation-in-global-economy.

a. Thisresourcedescribestheinfluenceofthegenderinequalityontheeconomy.

3. EuropeanCommissionandDirectorate-GeneralforResearch&[Link]

Equality in Horizon 2020. 22 Apr. 2016,

[Link]/sites/default/files/h2020-hi-guide-gender_en.pdf.

a. ThisresourcedescribestheHorizon2020plananditsoutcomes.

4. “TheSTEMGap:WomenandGirlsinScience,Technology,EngineeringandMathematics–

AAUW : Empowering Women Since 1881.” AAUW : Empowering Women Since 1881, 29 Aug.

2023, [Link]/resources/research/the-stem-gap.

a. ThisresourceprovidesusefulandrelevantstatisticsongenderinequalityinSTEMfields

5. Wang, Ning, et al. “Gender differences in high school students’ interest in STEM careers: a

multi-group comparison based on structural equation model.” International Journal of STEM

Education, vol. 10, no. 1, Oct. 2023, [Link]

a. ThisresourcediscussesstereotypesandtheirimpactongenderinequalityinSTEMfields.
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Topic 2: Combatting Gender-Based Violence:

Strategies and Solutions

Introduction

The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) convenes at a crucial moment as the global crisis

of gender-based violence (GBV) continues to escalate. Despite decades of international advocacy, legal

reforms, and awareness campaigns, GBV persists at alarming levels in all regions, affecting one in three8

women globally. Whether manifested as domestic abuse, sexual harassment, human trafficking, or harmful

practices like child marriage and female genital mutilation, these acts of violence violate fundamental

human rights and perpetuate cycles of inequality. Recent global events, including conflicts, pandemics, and

economic downturns, have exacerbated the risks faced by women and girls, making this issue more urgent

than ever.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has intensified GBV, with lockdown measures trapping

survivors in abusive situations, often with limited access to support services or legal recourse. In many

countries, a "shadow pandemic" of violence against women has emerged, with an unprecedented rise in

reports of domestic violence. These circumstances underscore the critical need for robust, coordinated

global action. The CSW must take the lead in developing innovative strategies that not only address

immediate crises but also establish long-term frameworks for prevention, protection, and rehabilitation.

As delegates prepare to tackle this issue, it is essential to recognize the complex and multifaceted

nature of GBV. The causes and consequences of violence vary across cultural, economic, and political

contexts, requiring tailored solutions that are both inclusive and sustainable. This committee session is a

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pivotal opportunity to confront the underlying drivers of GBV, strengthen international cooperation, and
implement policies that ensure the safety, dignity, and empowerment of women and girls worldwide. Time

is of the essence, and the urgency to act cannot be overstated.

History

Gender-based violence (GBV) has been a pervasive issue for centuries, but its recognition as a

global human rights violation gained momentum in the late 20th century. The Commission on the Status

of Women has historically focused on women's empowerment and gender equality. Although early CSW

sessions emphasized women's economic and political rights, it wasn't until the 1990s that GBV emerged

as a central issue on the international stage. This shift coincided with broader global recognition that

violenceagainstwomen,particularlyinintimatesettings,isnotjustapersonalissuebutawidespread

publichealthcrisisandakeybarriertoachievinggenderequality .

Initial Recognition and Responses

The 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, adopted at the Fourth World Conference on

Women, marked a significant milestone in the global fight against GBV. It identified "violence against

women" as one of 12 critical areas requiring urgent action and called for comprehensive efforts to prevent

andrespondtoviolence,includinglegislativereformsandtheestablishmentofservicesforsurvivors .

Thisdeclarationbuiltonearliermilestones,suchasthe1979ConventionontheEliminationofAllForms

ofDiscriminationAgainstWomen(CEDAW),whichlaidthegroundworkforaddressinggender-based

violence within the framework of human rights .

However, despite these international commitments, progress has often been slow. Many countries,

particularly in regions with deeply entrenched patriarchal norms, have struggled to implement or enforce
 25
laws aimed at protecting women from violence. In addition, societal taboos around discussing domestic
violence and sexual assault meant that many cases went unreported, and survivors were left without

recourse.

Why Wasn't More Done in the Past?

One of the primary reasons GBV persisted despite global recognition is the widespread cultural

and societal norms that trivialize or even condone violence against women. In many countries, intimate

partner violence was considered a private family matter, and authorities were reluctant to intervene.

Additionally, legal systems in several regions did not recognize GBV as a crime or provide

comprehensive protections for survivors of domestic violence. As a result, even when national and

international frameworks existed, their enforcement was often lacking .

Another factor was the underfunding of services for GBV survivors, such as shelters, hotlines, and

legal aid. Many governments did not allocate sufficient resources to address the problem, and

international organizations struggled to maintain sustained pressure and funding for gender-related issues.

Furthermore, women in rural, conflict-affected, or otherwise marginalized communities faced even

greater barriers to accessing services, due to geographic isolation and discriminatory practices .

Escalation Over Time

Although GBV has always been a significant issue, several factors have contributed to its

escalation over time. Globalization, conflict, and migration patterns have exposed more women and girls

to violence in various forms. Conflicts in regions such as the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia

have seen a marked increase in the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war. The rise in human

trafficking, driven in part by economic instability and armed conflict, has also disproportionately affected

women and girls, exposing them to severe physical and sexual exploitation.
 26
Another escalation in GBV occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, which as mentioned in the

previous section, created a “shadow pandemic” of violence against women. Lockdowns and social

isolation measures forced many survivors into close confinement with their abusers, while access to

support services, such as shelters and legal assistance, became limited or non-existent. Countries around

the world reported alarming increases in domestic violence cases during this period; for example, in

France, domestic violence reports rose by 30% in the first few months of the pandemic.9 This surge

underscored the existing gaps in global systems to prevent and respond to GBV, as services and

protections were insufficient to handle the increased demand

Current Causes of the Issue

Today, GBV continues to be driven by a combination of proximate and tangential factors.

Patriarchal social structures remain a dominant underlying cause, with traditional gender roles often

normalizing violence against women as a form of control. Economic inequality exacerbates the issue, as

women in poverty or economically dependent relationships are more vulnerable to abuse and less able to

escape violent situations.

Another proximate cause is weak or unenforced legal frameworks. In many regions, even when

laws protecting women from violence exist, enforcement remains inconsistent. This is compounded by

insufficient police training on how to handle GBV cases, as well as pervasive victim-blaming attitudes

within judicial systems. Cultural stigmas around sexual violence and the shame imposed on survivors

further contribute to underreporting, which means that the full extent of the problem often goes

unrecognized .

In recent years, digital and online violence has also emerged as a growing form of GBV. Women,

particularly those in public roles, are increasingly subjected to online harassment, threats, and abuse, often

9
[Link]
 27
rooted in misogyny and attempts to silence their voices. This adds a new layer of complexity to the issue,
as technology-driven violence is more difficult to regulate and track across borders .

The Role of the CSW in the Present Day

In its recent sessions, the CSW has placed a stronger emphasis on combating GBV, recognizing

the need for more coordinated international efforts. Countries have been urged to strengthen their legal

frameworks, improve the availability of survivor services, and work toward the prevention of violence

through education and public awareness campaigns. However, despite some progress, gaps remain,

especially in addressing root causes like gender inequality, harmful cultural practices, and economic

dependence.

The current session presents a unique opportunity for the CSW to address these gaps by

developing innovative strategies that involve a multi-sectoral approach—one that combines legal reform,

public health interventions, and societal change. The urgency of the situation demands solutions that go

beyond punitive measures, focusing instead on prevention, protection, and empowerment for women and

girls worldwide.

Current Situation

Gender-based violence (GBV) remains one of the most pressing global issues, disproportionately

affecting women and girls across diverse socio-economic and cultural contexts. Despite decades of

advocacy and legislative frameworks aimed at eradicating violence against women, GBV continues to

manifest in various forms, exacerbated by underlying factors like gender inequality, economic disparity,

and institutional weaknesses. This section will delve into the different aspects of the current problem,

including the key forms of GBV, the populations most affected, and the societal consequences.
 28
Forms of Gender-Based Violence

Gender-based violence takes many forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological abuse,

often occurring within intimate relationships. However, it also includes harmful practices like female

genital mutilation (FGM), child marriage, trafficking, and violence against women in conflict settings.

1. DomesticandIntimatePartnerViolence:Domesticviolence,perpetratedmostlybyintimate

partners, continues to be the most prevalent form of GBV globally. A WHO report indicates that

approximately 27% of women aged 15–49 have experienced physical or sexual violence by a

partner10. In countries like Ethiopia, where traditional gender roles are deeply rooted, 32% of

women11 report having faced intimate partner violence. The psychological and emotional toll is

significant, contributing to long-term mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

2. SexualViolence:Sexualviolenceincludesrape,sexualharassment,andotherformsofcoercive

acts. Globally, 15 million adolescent girls aged 15–19 have experienced sexual assault in their

lifetimes12. In regions affected by conflict, the use of rape as a weapon of war further complicates

the issue. Women in areas such as South Sudan and Syria face horrific instances of mass rape,

which are often used to demoralize communities and destroy family structures.

3. HumanTraffickingandExploitation:TraffickingisanothergraveformofGBV,withwomen

and girls making up 72% of all global human trafficking victims,13 many of whom are trafficked

10
[Link]
%20is,violence%20by%20their%20intimate%20partner.
11
[Link]
12

[Link]
%20sex%20in%20their%20lifetime.
13

[Link]
nd%20Crime%20(UNODC).
 29
for sexual exploitation. Economic instability, especially in conflict and post-conflict regions,
drives trafficking, where traffickers exploit vulnerable women for forced labor or sexual services.

4. Violence in Conflict Settings: The use of gender-based violence in conflict zones remains
[Link],intheDemocraticRepublicofCongo(DRC),itisestimatedthat48women

arerapedeveryhour .14Armedgroupsandstateactorsoftenusesexualviolencetoinstillfearand

[Link]

damage, including increased risks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like HIV.

Populations Most Affected

WhileGBVimpactswomenacrossallsocio-economicbackgrounds,certainpopulationsaremore

vulnerable due to various intersectional factors such as age, economic status, ethnicity, and geographical

location.

1. WomeninLow-IncomeCountries:Womenlivinginlow-incomeorfragilestatesoften

experiencehigherlevelsofviolenceduetotheabsenceoflegalprotectionsandinadequatesupport

[Link]-SaharanAfrica,forexample,weakinfrastructureandlimitedaccesstolaw

enforcement make it difficult for women to report abuse or seek justice. Furthermore, economic

dependence on male partners restricts their ability to escape abusive relationships.

2. Conflict-AffectedPopulations:Inconflictzones,wherelawandorderareseverelycompromised,

GBV becomes a tool of oppression and control. Countries like the DRC, Syria, and Yemen have

[Link]

vulnerability, with refugee women at heightened risk in camps that lack proper security and

oversight.

3. IndigenousandMinorityWomen:Indigenouswomen,particularlyincountriessuchas Canada,

face unique challenges when it comes to GBV. In Canada, Almost six in ten (56%) Indigenous

14
[Link]
 30
women have experienced physical assault while almost half (46%) of Indigenous women have
experienced sexual assault. In comparison, about a third of non-Indigenous women have

experienced physical assault (34%) or sexual assault (33%) in their lifetime15. Systemic racism,

economic disenfranchisement, and colonial legacies play significant roles in perpetuating this

violence.

4. LGBTQ+ Women: Gender-based violence also affects individuals in the LGBTQ+ community.
Lesbians, bisexual women, and transgender individuals are often targeted for their gender identity

[Link],wherehomosexualityiscriminalized,thesegroupsare

doubly victimized by both state and societal actors.

The Role of Technology in Gender-Based Violence

The advent of technology has introduced new forms of gender-based violence, often referred to as cyber

[Link],intimidate,andcontrolwomen.

Cyberviolencecanincludeonlinestalking,harassment,non-consensualsharingofintimateimages,and

doxxing (revealing private information about someone without their consent). 1 in 10 women in the EU

reportedhavingexperiencedcyberharassmentsincetheageof15 .16Theanonymityoftheinternetmakes

iteasierforperpetratorstoactwithoutfearoflegalrepercussions,andmanycountrieshaveyetto

implement comprehensive laws addressing online GBV.

Societal and Economic Consequences

The societal impact of GBV is immense, affecting not only the victims but also their families,

communities, and economies. Research by the World Bank indicates that the global cost of violence

15
16
[Link]
[Link]
ne%20in%2010%20women%20in,social%20networking%20sites%20%5B1%5D.
 31
againstwomenisestimatedat$1.5trillionannually,roughlyequivalentto2%oftheglobalGDP .17This
figure encompasses lost productivity, healthcare costs, and legal expenses associated with GBV cases.

Furthermore,theeconomicimpactsextendtochildrenraisedinabusivehouseholds,whooftenface

developmental issues and reduced educational opportunities.

1. Mental Health: Victims of GBV are at heightened risk of developing mental health issues,

including PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Survivors are more likely to suffer from depression and

tocontemplatesuicide .18

2. Economic Disenfranchisement: Women who experience violence are often economically

disenfranchised due to missed work, decreased productivity, and long-term physical or

[Link]-incomecountries,thelackoffinancialindependencemakesit

especially difficult for survivors to leave abusive relationships. For example, in countries like

BangladeshandIndia,wherethemajorityofwomenworkininformalsectors,jobinsecurity

exacerbatestheirvulnerabilitytodomesticviolence .

3. Healthcare Systems: The burden on healthcare systems is immense. Survivors of gender-based

violenceoftenrequireimmediatemedicalcareforinjuriessustainedfromphysicalorsexual

assault,aswellaslong-termmentalhealthcarefortrauma-relatedissuessuchasdepression,

anxiety, and PTSD. This creates a cycle of medical interventions that consume public health

resourcesinalreadyunderfundedsystems,particularlyinlow-andmiddle-incomecountrieswhere

access to comprehensive health services is already limited.

Productivity Loss: Survivors of GBV face significant barriers in maintaining employment due to
4.
trauma, injuries, and fear of further violence. Women who experience violence are more likely to

miss work, underperform, or lose their jobs altogether. These productivity losses are not confined

17
[Link]
0been%20estimated%20at%20least,on%20primary%20education%20(9).
18
[Link]
 32
to individual survivors but affect businesses and economies as a whole. In Australia, the
economiccostofviolenceagainstwomenisprojectedtoreach$15.6billionby2021,with

significantimpactsonthelabormarket .19Inlow-incomecountries,wheremanywomenworkin

informalsectors,thelackoflegalprotectionorsocialsafetynetsmakesitevenharderfor

survivors to regain economic independence.

5. ImpactonEducation:[Link]

youngwomenwhoexperienceviolence,particularlyinschoolsoronthewaytoschool,aremore

[Link],schoolsthemselves

may be targets of violence, as was the case with the abduction of 276 schoolgirls by Boko Haram

inNigeriain201420 .Thisnotonlyaffectsindividualeducationalattainmentbutalsoreducesthe

prospects of entire communities, perpetuating cycles of poverty and disempowerment.

6. IntergenerationalEffects:[Link]

whowitnessdomesticviolencearemorelikelytoexperienceemotionaltrauma,developmental

challenges, and difficulties in forming healthy relationships later in life. Research indicates that

childrenraisedinabusivehouseholdsaremorepronetobecomingeithervictimsorperpetratorsof

violencethemselves,thusperpetuatingthecycleofviolence .Additionally,theeconomictollof

supporting children affected by GBV—including the costs of mental health care, social services,

and education disruption—places further strain on national budgets.

Case Studies

1. Syria: The Syrian civil war has seen widespread reports of gender-based violence, both by state

forces and opposition groups. Women in refugee camps are especially vulnerable, often facing

19
[Link]
20
[Link]
 33
sexual exploitation in exchange for basic resources such as food or shelter. The United Nations
HighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)hasdocumentedthousandsofcasesofsexual

violenceinSyrianrefugeecampsinJordan,Lebanon,andTurkey .Thetraumaofsuchviolence

continues to haunt survivors long after they have escaped the immediate conflict zone.

2. Mexico:Mexicohasoneofthehighestratesoffemicide(thekillingofwomenbecauseoftheir
gender) in the world. According to UN Women, approximately 10 women are murdered in Mexico

every day21. The government's failure to adequately address this crisis has led to widespread

protestsbyfeministgroupsdemandingjusticeforvictimsandgreaterlegalprotectionsforwomen.

Gender-based violence (GBV) has profound socio-economic consequences that ripple through entire

societies, hindering development, productivity, and well-being. The economic cost of violence against

women is particularly high, affecting healthcare systems, legal institutions, and productivity rates.

Responses and Challenges in Addressing GBV

Addressing GBV requires a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach that involves not only legal reforms

butalsoculturalshifts,educationalprograms,[Link] in some

areas, many challenges remain.

1. LegalFrameworks:Whilemanycountrieshaveimplementedlawstoprotectwomenfrom

violence,[Link],domestic

violence is not criminalized at all, and marital rape is still legal in over 100 countries22. Even

where laws do exist, enforcement remains a major hurdle. Police may lack the training or

motivation to handle GBV cases appropriately, and survivors may face significant barriers to

21
[Link]
[Link]#:~:text=Any%20figure%20regarding%20sexist%20violence,of%20trus
t%20in%20the%20authorities.
22

[Link]
istence%20of%20violence,do%20not%20criminalize%20marital%20rape.
 34
accessing justice, such as financial dependence on their abusers or fear of retaliation. For example,
in India, despite the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005, reporting rates

remainlowduetothesocietalstigmaattachedtovictims,especiallyinruralareas .

2. CulturalandSocialNorms:[Link]

many societies, violence against women is normalized or seen as a private matter, with little

[Link]

[Link],inpartsofSub-SaharanAfrica,

gender-based violence is closely tied to long-standing patriarchal customs, with many

communitiesviewingdomesticviolenceasaformofdisciplineratherthanabuse .Effortsto

challenge these norms require grassroots engagement, education, and collaboration with local

leaders and influencers to shift societal attitudes.

3. EducationandPrevention:Preventionstrategiesmustfocusoneducationandtheempowerment

of women and girls. Teaching both boys and girls about gender equality, respect, and non-violent

conflictresolutionfromanearlyageiscriticaltochangingattitudesandreducingviolenceinthe

long term. Programs like the UN Women’s "HeForShe" campaign, which encourages men and

boys to become advocates for gender equality, have gained traction globally, but much more needs

tobedonetoinstitutionalizegendereducation .Similarly,community-basedprogramsthatinvolve

menandtraditionalleadersinGBVpreventionhavebeensuccessfulinpartsofEastAfrica,where

patriarchalnormsaredeeplyembedded

4. SupportSystemsforSurvivors:ProvidingcomprehensivesupportforGBVsurvivorsis

essential. This includes not only legal and medical services but also shelters, counseling, and

[Link]

immediate protection for women fleeing abusive situations, but these resources are often limited,

[Link],survivorsfacealackoflong-term

support,suchasjobtrainingormentalhealthcare,whichlimitstheirabilitytorebuildtheirlives .
 35
5. InternationalCollaborationandFunding:InternationalorganizationssuchastheUnited

Nations, World Health Organization, and World Bank play key roles in addressing GBV, but they

[Link]

immediate needs like food and shelter, leaving long-term issues like GBV prevention

underfunded. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, funding for women’s shelters and

domesticviolencehotlineswasdrasticallycutinmanycountries,evenascasesofGBVsurged

There is a growing recognition that sustained funding and cross-sectoral collaboration are needed

to effectively address the root causes of GBV and to support survivors in both the short and long

term.

Case Study: The #MeToo Movement

One of the most significant recent developments in the global fight against gender-based violence has

been the rise of the #MeToo movement, which began in 2017 as a social media campaign but has since

[Link]

pervasivenessofsexualharassmentandassault,particularlyinworkplaces,andbroughtinternational

attention to the issue of GBV. The campaign saw high-profile cases, such as the conviction of Hollywood

producer Harvey Weinstein, that demonstrated the ability of survivors to challenge powerful perpetrators

andseekjustice .

The movement has inspired legislative changes, increased awareness, and empowered women to speak

out against their abusers. However, it also underscored the difficulties survivors face in coming forward,

asmanyaresubjectedtovictim-blaming,socialstigma,[Link]-termimpactofthe

movementisstillunfolding,butithasunquestionablycontributedtoaglobalconversationonthe

importance of holding perpetrators accountable and creating safer environments for women.
 36
Bloc Positions

For the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) committee addressing "combatting Gender-Based

Violence: Strategies and Solutions," delegates will likely encounter a variety of competing or divergent

positions. These positions are shaped by ideological, political, geographical, and cultural factors, which

can lead to distinct approaches toward tackling the issue of gender-based violence (GBV). Understanding

these differences will help delegates navigate alliances and conflicts within the committee. Here are some

of the key positions that may emerge:

1. Human Rights-Centric Approach (Western Bloc)

Countries like Canada, Sweden, and other European nations tend to prioritize human rights and gender

equality in their foreign and domestic policies. This bloc emphasizes:

● Legislative Reforms and Strong Legal Protections: Advocating for laws that criminalize all

forms of gender-based violence, including domestic violence, marital rape, and female genital

mutilation (FGM). Empowering Women and Victims: Supporting women’s shelters, psychological

● counseling, legal aid, and vocational training to help survivors regain independence. International

Cooperation: Pushing for global conventions and binding treaties that obligate nations to take action

● on GBV. ZeroToleranceforCulturalExceptions:Thesecountriesoftenresistargumentsaboutcultural

relativism when it comes to gender-based violence, maintaining that such acts are universal human

● rights violations and should be prosecuted as crimes.

This group may find allies in non-governmental organizations (NGOs), such as Amnesty International

and Human Rights Watch, that promote women's rights and combat GBV globally.
 37
2. Culturally Sensitive and Sovereignty-Focused Bloc (Africa, Middle East, and Asia)

Countries like Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, and India often emphasize the need for cultural sensitivity and

national sovereignty when addressing gender-based violence. Their position is characterized by:

● Respect for Cultural Norms: Advocating for reforms that are in line with traditional values, religious

laws, and customs. These countries argue that imposing Western-style norms could result in

backlash and resistance at the community level. Incremental Change: Preferring gradual social

● change over immediate, broad legal reforms. This approach often focuses on educational campaigns

and religious leaders as agents of change within their communities. Sovereignty Over International

Pressure: Countries in this bloc may reject international conventions that impose obligations on how

● to handle GBV within their borders, arguing that each nation should define its own approach based on
its unique cultural and religious context.

These nations often collaborate with local community organizations and traditional leaders to implement

grassroots solutions to GBV, but may come into conflict with Western nations pushing for faster reforms.

3. Global South/Development-Focused Position

Many countries in the Global South, such as Kenya, Bangladesh, and Brazil, take a development-oriented

approach to combatting GBV. These countries argue that poverty and lack of education are the primary

drivers of gender-based violence and advocate for:

● Economic Empowerment: Prioritizing efforts that improve women’s access to education, jobs,

and financial resources as a key strategy to reduce GBV. These nations believe that economic

dependency often traps women in abusive situations, and thus focus on women's empowerment

programs.
 38
● Capacity-Building: Instead of focusing on punitive laws, these countries argue that investments
in public health, education, and infrastructure are needed to address the root causes of GBV.

● International Assistance: They advocate for increased funding from international donors and
development agencies, such as the World Bank and UN Women, to finance GBV prevention

programs. This bloc emphasizes the need for capacity-building initiatives, particularly in conflict

zones or areas affected by natural disasters, where gender-based violence tends to surge.

This group may align with humanitarian organizations like UNICEF and development-focused NGOs that

provide resources to combat both gender inequality and poverty simultaneously.

4. Conflict and Post-Conflict States

Countries emerging from conflict, such as Syria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Afghanistan,

face unique challenges related to GBV. The prevalence of sexual violence in conflict zones has driven

these nations to advocate for:

● Addressing GBV as a Weapon of War: A key focus of this bloc is to stop the use of sexual

violence as a tactic by armed groups. They call for stronger enforcement of international laws like

the Rome Statute, which identifies sexual violence as a war crime and a crime against humanity.

● Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programs: They argue that survivors of war-related GBV

require extensive psychosocial support, legal assistance, and economic reintegration programs to

heal and rebuild their lives.

● Justice for Perpetrators: These countries often push for transitional justice mechanisms, such as
truth and reconciliation commissions or international criminal tribunals, to hold perpetrators

accountable.
 39
However, these countries may also face internal political instability or weak legal systems, which

complicates their ability to enact robust anti-GBV measures. They might resist external intervention

unless it comes with substantial financial and logistical support for rebuilding national institutions.

5. Cyber and Digital Rights Advocates

As gender-based violence increasingly moves online, countries with advanced digital infrastructure like

South Korea, Japan, and Germany are prioritizing the fight against cyber-based gender violence. This

includes:

● Online Harassment and Abuse: Addressing gender-based violence through legal frameworks

that criminalize cyberstalking, harassment, and revenge pornography.

● Corporate Responsibility: Advocating for greater accountability from tech companies, such as

Facebook, Twitter, and Google, to monitor and remove harmful content targeting women.

● Digital Literacy and Awareness Campaigns: Promoting education on digital rights and safety to

empower women to protect themselves online.

This bloc may work closely with tech companies, cybersecurity organizations, and digital rights NGOs,

but may encounter opposition from nations that are less focused on or equipped to deal with cyber issues.

Potential Areas of Conflict and Cooperation

Given the diverse positions of the blocs, delegates will need to navigate the following tensions and areas

of potential cooperation:

1. Cultural Sensitivity vs. Universal Human Rights: The Western bloc’s emphasis on universal

human rights may clash with nations that advocate for culturally sensitive approaches. Countries
 40
like France and Sweden may push for strict international agreements, while countries in the
Middle East or South Asia might argue that these solutions should be adapted to local traditions.

2. [Link]:Somecountries,particularlythoseinthe

Global South, may prioritize poverty reduction and education as tools to combat GBV, while

others—especially wealthier nations—may focus on strengthening legal frameworks and punitive

measures. Delegates from Kenya or Bangladesh might emphasize development aid, while those

from Germany or Canada could advocate for immediate legal reforms.

3. Cyber vs. Traditional Forms of Violence: Countries focused on cyber-based violence, such as

South Korea or Germany, may face resistance from countries that do not yet view digital platforms

as a critical issue, especially in regions where internet access is limited. However, the rapid global

growth of internet use could bridge this gap over time, encouraging more cooperation in

developing global cyber-GBV frameworks.

 41
Questions to Consider
1. Howcanmemberstatesstrengthenorenforceexistinglawstocombatgender-basedviolence,and

what mechanisms should be in place to ensure these laws are effective?

2. Whatroleshouldeducationandawarenesscampaignsplayinpreventinggender-basedviolence,

particularly in communities with strong cultural or religious resistance to change?

3. HowcaneconomicempowermentandaccesstoresourcesforwomenandsurvivorsofGBV

reduce the prevalence of violence, and what specific programs should be implemented to support

survivors?

4. Whatarethemosteffectivemethodsforprovidingmentalhealthandlegalsupporttosurvivorsof

gender-based violence, particularly in rural or conflict-affected areas?

5. HowcaninternationalbodiessuchastheUnitedNationsensurecompliancewithglobal

conventions on gender-based violence, and what actions should be taken against countries that fail

to meet their obligations?

6. What role do men and boys play in combating gender-based violence, and how can they be more

actively engaged in prevention efforts?

7. Howcanmemberstatesaddresstheriseofcyberviolenceagainstwomen,includingonline

harassment and cyberstalking, through international cooperation and legislation?

8. Whatarethemosteffectivestrategiesforpreventingandrespondingtosexualviolenceinconflict

zones, where legal and protective systems may have collapsed?

9. Howcandatacollectionandresearchongender-basedviolencebeimprovedgloballytoensure

that policies are based on accurate, comprehensive information?

10. How can international funding be mobilized and allocated more effectively to support national and

local efforts in combatting gender-based violence?

 42
Important Resources for Research
1. UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)."EndHumanTrafficking."United

Nations,

[Link]

einous,Drugs%20and%20Crime%20(UNODC).

a. Thisresourceillustratestheprevalenceofhumantraffickinganditsimpactonthelivesof

women.

2. UnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF)."Girls."UnitedNations,

[Link]

n%20three,forced%20sex%20in%20their%20lifetime.

a. Thisresourcediscussesseveralstatisticsaboutgenderbasedviolenceandharassment.

3. Atalayetal."TheGlobalCostofViolenceAgainstWomen:ASystematicReview."National

Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2022,

[Link]

%20VAW%20has%20been%20estimated%20at%20least.

a. Thisresourceprovidesinsightintohowgenderbasedviolencenegativelyimpactsthe

world, and not just survivors.

4. [Link]:[Link]

Promotion Foundation, 2009,

[Link]

pdf.

a. Thisresourceoutlinespotentialsolutionstogenderbasedviolence.

5. WorldHealthOrganization.“ViolenceagainstWomen.”WorldHealthOrganization,25Mar.

2024,
 43
[Link]
20this%20violence%20is,violence%20by%20their%20intimate%20partner.

a. Thisresourcediscussesthenegativehealthconsequencesgenderbasedviolencecanhave

on survivors.
 44
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