Gondle
mudeotide6 on a chromosonme, tha- exode
eSpectie squences of foture
ieyes porticulan
proteins which express n the -form of some
particular
oPthe body
ahromosome;
eine homolegous ehromosome of same shape and
si~e,eac
bhat is
is the par of pareal, each parert ,ad at
partielan
chromo6ome obtained from achrom0sones Contain the alleles of
he
a oarticular location, both
came characken.
the same gene deciding -Ihe
Rehina allele
of genes, occupying ihe
Ais the alternaive form chromosomes, and affecing
ame locus on homolooous
he differant traits of eOme chaacter.
What is ohanasku? orqanism is 1he character,he alternalive
Any inheritable feature o an as trait.
-forms of characen is known
Weine dominanlt allale: presence of another allele
exess itself eyen in he
lhe alele whioh can
(recessive allele) of the same qene.
Qefne heeLsaive allele: vonain sueessed in he
express itsef and
Ihe allele which eannot (domivavt alle) of the same qene
presence of anothr allele
present in the cel of an orpnism is
genes
The set(eomkination) d
ealed geelype
chovacteristie/featres is called phenotype and t
The observalste
is geneticaly controlled.
homoloaous pair of chromosones Contai the <same ala.
Wen he gous conditien.
of theSameegene, it is krown as homozy
homolcaeus chromasomes contain both "1he [Link]
O Fboth the dominaht Fn: RR
dominant trait, it is called homozygous the
bolh
ehromos0mes containrecessive alleles
Ex:hn
- Fkolh-he homologcus homozygous
of the recessive -trait, it is called
homologous chromosomes eontan e ditternk allel,.
When ihe heterozygoUS cond ifon
qene, it is known os
of the Same
Refe variation: individals of cama speie5 ave called varidio
Ihe ditfeences among
experiment onsidering asinglecharacter .
Tisa breeding
Uat ae ACK Chromooomes?
pairs of human chromosomes, 1 pair, or a
at o u6 or a8 determiring the
he qenes resonsible for
Qchromsomes contain chromosomes, In wales, it
individual. Ihis is called sox
sex of lhe in-ferole, it is xx'chomosom
desiqnated as Xy chromosomes, bt
is
pairsof humonchromb6omes, uua2 pairs
out of uclas for eomatic characteristics. These
Cordainthe genes responsibe
autosomes.
chromosomes are called
larked nhnilane: trail, which isdue totne
the apperane ofa
Sex inkd inheritonce isenclusively either on the Xchromosome or ?
presence ofan allele
chromoGOMe.
Haemophilia, oloun - blindness
"x'linked enhvilane:
enherdlanee : Palern bindt baldness, hypartricosis,
y' mke ol polydocty.
Wame thu bfe of entu ilanee thal ashews euas cno0) fanlanee !
sex linked inhritance
ther size and
Artiffcialy aranging the chromo somes accovding to
shape On a char
Iishe-tull comlement ef DNA at sentains the includes all Hhe
genes ad itergene reqions of an organis m
Common fu stilany rais on Jlamans. Comon heruditay tasi en fia fla
eharactes Do munanl Rec oaiiue Qomanl
Charsctn Raeeaue.
brown blue .Flower cotor puple wite.
A. Eye clor.
non -rolling [Link] olor Yollow grecn
2 Tongue roling wrinkled
. tHand Lefty. [Link] shane round
Righty
4. Eay loke free atached y. Pod Coloun Gireen yellow.
.Ped shope infatod ConstricBod
6. Lips thck thin
6. Rh blodg. positive nqative [Link]
posttion Axillary Ter mind.
7. Coler vIsIO normal color blind .
7Plant heqt Tall dwarf
8. Check dimpled normal.
Mondlels lou:
characters presanl
aw e dominance: Out of the pair of contrastirg
suppessad.
toaher, only one is expressd vohile the other vemain
The two mawbrs of a pair of-factos
[Link] of kg zugalion
Sparate durivg gamele-formation
3.
daurgf ndnondent Clawslkmanti ,the distributon of the
When here are two paira of dharacters,
aleles of one choYacle inthe gamete is indenend enr of the
4 character.
distribdfon of allolles of other
did Hondd. abovou lhu fia flant for onjunment ?
vaieties were avasleble laltey natwe tor ms of characer.
4. Many
&. \aiehes were available n pure torws Jhal bred true ,te.,
produced sametype generalon after generatio
normally self ollinoted, toulself pollrmation ean be
S. Peas are and female cavpals.
vemeving male stamen
Sppd oy
and hence could be erossed artifiialy
blant ic short and mauy generatoy
4- Hesan of pea
in lees time
could be studied m
P) Name 22 'y' ln kedl enheulanas
patem baldness, [Link],
polydactyl
k a notmal agan nonman maris o aa elowrbind
man, what io the eobabilalj in the not qensraton ?
Normal Mother o Color blind ather
Carrier doehter Normal son
XX0 XY
Normal son.
XY
Carrier daughter
Phenotype 2 carrier daugrters and
2 normal sons
inhvulane
Sex - linked inheritance
Artificially arrangirg the chromosomes acc ording
chant
o their sze and shape on a
O1o)Wme i oomimant trail of human :Toangue rolling
a home39Igeus kergu rollun man marruw a
a) rcbabill
omosygouo nen- oln woman, ahat o lhh
an the nel qennalon ?
HomozqoUs Von-roller wom
Homozvgous tongue roller man
R
R
(R) (R
Rr Rr
Rr Rh
Al ove helero zyqous tonque roller
Round Yellow seed Wrinkled Gireen seed.
RY
:RY
(RY RY
(y) y)
F RY
ry
RY) (Ry)
(ry
(RY Ry Y)
RYRRYY RRYY RnYY RrYy
Round yellow Round yellow Round yelewRourd yello.
Ry RRYY RRYY Rr \y Royy
Round yallov Round green Round yallen ourd qyeen
pY ReYY Rny rrYy
Round yellowRound jellod urinkled yelloo Orindod yellod
Rr Yy Rnyy
|Round green wrinkad
yeoD Round oyzen yello orinkled
greon.
9- roundyello g- round green
3= weinkled yellow = wrinkled green:
3
dqe yelleo: Wrinkled green
gren: Round : Round,
Round d yelle0
!
iy made up of 2 polhpepide chains with
2
polanity 12', one is 6 3 ' and othep isuniparallel
3'-5
i) back bone is made of pentose
sUgar and bas es
project inside
hi Bees of e srands are
complementary and
paired through H-bonds, Adenineforms 2
H-bonde with thymine and enin Guanin -for ms g
H-bonds voith cytosine
(i) trands coiled in right handed -[Link].
Pteh of the helix is 3.4x10 9 m.
There are rouohly 10 b0se pair in each turn
.. Distance between 2 base pair is 3.4
034 mm.
Plane of 4 base poir sacks over other in double
helix, conferring stabiliBy to DNA heli.