1860-1900 Study Guide

1. Define the unit using proper nouns: Booker T. Washington, Dubois, William Jennings Bryan, Mary Lease, Uncle Toms Cabin, Henry Ford, William Lloyd Garrison, Abraham Lincoln, Jay Gould, Mark Twain, Jane Addams, Hiram Revels, Ida Tarbell, Stonewall Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Franklin Pierce, Whigs, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Shermans March to the sea, Compromise of 1850, Joseph Pulitzer, Bland-Allison Act, Dred Scott, Dred Scott Decision, Pendleton Civil Service Act, John Brown, Harpers Ferry, Dawes Act, Morill Tariff, Homestead Act, American Railway Union, Wade Davis Bill, Pullman Strike, Maine, Turner Thesis, greenbacks, Reconstruction of 1867, Industrial Revolution, Open Door Policy, US steel, New South, Atlanta Compromise Speech, Ashcan School, Prairie School of Architecture, Haymarket Square, Horatio Alger, Jim Crow Laws, Knights of Labor, Helen Hunt Jackson, Coxeys Army, Tuskegee University, Sherman AntiTrust Act, etc. 2. What are the primary contributions of the period to the course of modern history? The end of slavery, electricity, the telephone, modern literature, scientific ideas, Darwins beliefs and ideas, Mark Twains novels of America at this time, modern music, recordings of sounds, cities architecture, establishment of more urban areas, establishment of railroads, oil, steel, furthering womens rights, carbonized bamboo and cotton filters, Kodak cameras and film, American Red Cross is organized, Standard Oil Trust, Brooklyn Bridge, Statue of Liberty, American Federation of Labor, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Montana, Maine, telegraphy, phonograph, light bulb, motion picture, modern industrial economy, etc. 3. If living during this time, what general words might be bandied about? Craft unions, oil, Thomas Edison, freed slaves, Compromise of 1850, Industrialism, immigrants, blacks rights, railroad, trains, greenbacks, Lincoln, homestead act, morill tariff, Harpers Ferry, urbanization, telephones, the slums, realism, strike, Booker T. Washington, Hull House, National Labor Union, womans rights, Mark Twain, imperialism, Ashcan School, Prairie School of Architecture, Jane Addams, prohibition, social gospel, gospel of wealth, Tuskegee University, monopolies, Turner Thesis, New South, Darwinism, individualism, electricity, light bulbs, phonograph, telegraph, motion pictures, Andrew Carnegie, standard, Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Henry Flagler, Cornelius Vanderbilt etc. 4. What were the greatest political events? Rutherford B. Hayes is president in 1876, Great Railroad Strike in 1877, Pendleton Act in 1883, Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Pension Act, and McKinley Tariff in 1890, Compromise of 1877, William Tweed controls majority of NY

politics, spoils seekers looking for jobs after the civil war, Split of Republicans, Greenback Party (pro-labor), civil service reform, election of 1844, assassination of James Garfield, Chester Arthur takes office in 1881, half-breeds (part of the split of the republicans) are led by James Blaine, stalwarts (part of the split of the republicans) led by Roscoe Conkling, Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling in 1896, Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, Tuskegee Institute, the Spanish-American War, the Labor Movement, Depression of 1873, Homestead Strike, Merrimack attacks the Cumberland, Battle of Shiloh, Second Manassas, Battle of Antietam, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, etc. 5. What was the prevailing political theory and who was its spokesperson? Social Darwinism was the prevailing political theory in the 1870s led by Spencer and Darwin. The theory was the application of evolution to human attempt to make things better. Many Americans actually were against this which later resulted in millions of dollars to be donated to places such as schools, hospitals and institutes. One believer of the social Darwinism was Andrew Carnegie. 6. What were the philosophical issues of the time? Who wrote them? Where did they write them? Social Darwinism was first established by Charles Darwin, a scientist. The philosophy was survival of the fittest and was viewed in the social aspects of society at this time. This form of Darwinism was used to justify most social policies during the gilded age. Edward L. Youmans, William Graham Sumner, John Fiske, and John W. Burgess were writers during this time period who established theories due to the thoughts of Darwin. Another major philosophy at the time was individualism, which feuded with the Darwinism theories. This philosophy was formed by William Sumner who believed in the moral worth of the individual rather than natural selection. He also wrote of book called What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, which could be looked at positively or negatively. 7. What were the greatest social issues of the time and who were its leaders? Chinese Exclusion Act formed by nativists, Hull House founded by Jane Addams, urbanization, development of middle class and consumerism, invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, mass immigration, American Protective Association formed by nativists to restrict immigrants, formation of tenement buildings (the slums) for immigrants, Henry Street Settlement House opened by Lillian Wald in 1893, Plessy vs. Ferguson urged black civil rights, African-Americans continue the civil rights movement, Booker T. Washington encouraged the blacks to become self-sufficient for future fights against segregation, Du Bois argued for immediate action upon the fight against segregation, the Labor Movement, National Labor Union, Pullman Strike led by Eugene Debs, American Federation of Labor led by Samuel Gompers, Haymarket Square Bombing, Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln, first Transcontinental Railroad,

8. What were the scientific issues of the time? Who represents these? Electricity was the most important scientific founding/invention during this time by Thomas Edison. Thomas Edison also invented the telegraph, phonograph, the motion picture, stock ticker, mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electrical car, the light bulb, recorded music and many other important inventions. Edisons inventions were initially based upon mass communication. The major psychologist during this time was Cattell who taught America about mental tests and had a major influence on American psychology. 9. What are cultural advancements in art, literature and music? From 1860 to 1900 was the time in literature known as realism, which is realistic ideas during the time such as politics, religion, and social issues. A writer of realism is Mark Twain, a well known writer of this period. Music at this time was becoming romantic. Romantic composers came about that based their music upon the joy and nature of love, nature, the past, night and moonlight, fairytales, the supernatural, etc. In 1878 the worlds earliest recording was created. Art was mostly seen in American architecture, the buildings were covered in neorenaissance.