DELHIPUBLIC SCHOOL
RUBY PARK, KOLKATA
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Board Roll No : 12681451
Name: SHREYAS DASGUPTA
TOPIC:TOSTUDY VARIOUS FACTORS ON
WHICH THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE/EMF
OF CELL DEPENDS
AISSCE
PHYSICS PRACTICAL EXAMINATION 2022-23
INDEX
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
AIM
MATERIALS REQUIRED
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
RESULT & INFERENCES
PRECAUTION
SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
There is agreat need of batteries in our daily use of electronic appliances and
the use is increasing every day. Thus the batteries need to be made more
powerful sothat their potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors
affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When internal resistance of a cell isdecreased we can increase potential
difference across it and hence make it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of
the cell to the flow of ions.
Its S.l. unit is Ohm(Q)
I
Rinternal Emf, E
e.m.f gradient =
For a cell of e. m.f (E)and internal resistance (r), connected to an external resistance (R)
such that (), is the current flowing through the circuit.
E= V+Ir
Internal Resistance r=E- V
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
AIM
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell
depends.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way keys, a
rheostat, a galvanometer, aresistance box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche
cell),a jockey, a setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.
(.4MINEE
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of
ions. The internal resistance ofa cell
isdirectly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by :
r= R(1- I2)/ I1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
RHEOSTAT 400 cm
300 cm
200 cm
0 cm 100 cm
R.B.
B
SShunt
Circuit diagram for internal resistance of a cell.
The above circuit includes :
A
power supply
Two one way keys
A
galvanometer
A
Resistance BoX
A
Leclanche cell
" A
shunt resistance
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connector wire with sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f of the battery and of the cell and make sure that the e.m.f of the
battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained.
To study variation of internalresistance with distance of separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, mnaking rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting aplug key Kz, adjust the rheostat so that a null point isobtained
on the last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square and measure
the balancing length (11) between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys KËand K Atthe sanme time, take out asmall
resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the
cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12) from the end P. Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K,. Wait for sometime and repeat steps 7 to
10
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations.
Tostudy variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of the electrodes in the
electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at diferent depths for each
observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps7 to 10. The readings were
recorded.
Tostudy variation of internal resistance with concentration of the
electrolyte
16. Keeping all other factors constant decrease the concentration of electrolyte by
adding distilled water for different observations
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. The readings were
recorded.
OBSEVATIONS
Serial No. Ammeter Position of null point Shunt Internal
Reading (cm) Resistance Resistance
(A) With R WithoutR R(0) r(Q)
(1) (12)
1. 0.2 660.5 45.5 1 0.93
2. 0.2 660.5 87.3 2 1.74
3. 0.8 660.5 105.5 3 2.52
Table for effect of separation between electrodes
Serial Separation BalancingBalancing Internal r/d
No. between Point Point Resistance
electrodes I1 (cm) I2 (cm) r(Q)
dfcm)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.40
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.40
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.40
Table for effect of temperature
Serial Temperature Resi_tánce Internal Tr
No. T° (C) I1 (cm) I2 (cm) R(@) Resistance (QK)
r(Q)
1, 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.40 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.40 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1,406 0.40 283.87
RESULT &INFERENCES
The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E=0.98 Volt.
The internal resistance of a cellis directly proportional to the separation between
the electrodes.
rad
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the
electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
ra 1/A
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of the
electrolytes.
ra1/T
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the concentration of
the electrolyte.
ra1/c
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
[Link] plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are
to be taken.
3. The positve polls of the battery E and cells El and E2 should, all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire . It should touch the
wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particularset of
observation. lf necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and
material density throughout its length.
3. End resistance may nit be zer.
FLOWCHART
CONCLUSION
Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell
Area of Conc. of
Electrodes Electrolyte
Inversely Inversely
Proportional Proportional
Distance
Temperature
between of
Electrodes Electrolytes
Directly Inversely
Proportional Proportional
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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