Internal Assessment Mathematics

Higher Level
The Pascal’s Triangle
Table of Contents

 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………… page 3

 Formation of the Pascal’s triangle with Addition……………………………………………. page 3

 The 2-power property……………………………………………………………………………………. page 4

 The 11-power property…………………………………………………………………………………… page 5

 Product similarity property……………………………………………………………………………… page 5

 Description of Each row in the Pascal’s triangle………………………………………………. page 6

 Unique property of each horizontal row…………………………………………………………. page 9

 Sierpinski’s triangle…………………………………………………………………………………………. page 9

 Fibonacci’s numbers……………………………………………………………………………………… page 10

 The π property……………………………………………………………………………………………….page 10

 Binomial expansion using pascal’s triangle……………………………………………………..page 12

 Probability with using pascal’s triangle …………………………………………………………..page

13

 Application and Examples ……………………………………….……………………………………..page

14

 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..page

15
  Citations …….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..page

16

Introduction: -
While casually scrolling thru YouTube in my leisure time I came across the Pascal’s triangle
which was described to be not just a neatly arranged stack but is known to be a
mathematical treasure trove. Even though I am destitute in math this chapter caught my
eye. I continuously watched videos of the Pascal’s triangle and fell madly in love with it, as if
God wanted me to find it to cure my poor skills in probability and binomial theorem.
The Mathematicians gave this triangle multiple names like, ‘The Staircase Of Mount Meru’,
‘The Khayyam Triangle’, ‘The Yang Hui’s Triangle, and for the western world it is ‘The
Pascal’s Triangle’ after the French mathematician Blaise pascal. Blaise Pascal didn’t discover
it but he played the biggest role in the contribution of the triangle.
He laid the foundation for the modern theory of probabilities, formulated what came to be
known as pascal’s principle of pressure, and propagated a religious doctrine that taught the
experience of god through the heart rather than through reason.

Formation of This Unique Triangle: -

There is to be a 1 in the centre and imagine there to be 2 zeros in the side of the 1, now add
them up, so it will be 0+1 and 1+0 like this: -

Now imagine two 0’s on either side again and add them up like this: -
Continuously keep adding and you will get a triangle that incessantly continues till infinity
making a triangle something like this: -

The 2-power property: -

Adding of each row gives the answer for the power of 2 depending on each row. So you get
2n as the answer where n= The number of the row
Note: - the single number 1 at the top is row number 0 not 1

The 11-power property: -

The numbers in each row are the power of 11 like 11, 121, 1331, etc. Be mindful of the fact
that there are numbers with a double or triple digit. In this case you will have to add it to
the next one like showed in red in the image below, so 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, and 1 basically
becomes 161051 which is 115.

Product similarity property: -

If you take any number from the triangle and make a hexagon around it, then take each
alternative corners of the hexagon. Now the product of it is going to be the product of the
other 3 alternative sides. So, for example you take 4 a hexagon over it like shown in the
colour red. Now there are six sides of the hexagon, each corner on a number, take alternate
numbers, so take 1, 6 and 5 on one side and 3, 10 and 1 on the other if u see 5×6×1= 30
=3×10×1. Take another example if you take 6, make a hexagon around it and each corner
and take the alternate terms together so 3, 10 and 4 and 3, 10 and 4 will be equated to each
other. Because the numbers are the same the product is going to be the same hence
proved.
Description of Each diagonal row in the Pascal’s triangle: -
Just 1’s:-
The first diagonal row only contains 1’s, Because the 0’s are imaginary therefore they are
not counted. As shown in the image below.

Positive integers:-
The second diagonal row shows the positive integers. Basically show 1,2,3,4,5,6,etc.
Triagonal numbers:-
The third diagonal row depicts the triagonal numbers these number are used in making
triangles.

Imagine you have 3 balls put them together and any way you put them they will form a
triangle.

Imagine you have 6 balls now stack them up with 1 ball at the top then 2 below that one
and then 3 below the 2 balls you will see the triangle that is formed.
Imagine you have 10 balls now stack them up with 1 ball at the top then 2 below that one
and then 3 below the 2 balls then 4 below the 3 balls, you will see the formation of the
triangle that is formed.

Imagine you have 15 balls now stack them up with 1 ball at the top then 2 below that one
and then 3 below the 2 balls then 4 below the 3 balls then 5 balls below the 4, you will see
the formation of the triangle that is formed, and the process keeps going on.

Tetrahedral numbers: -
The fourth diagonal row shows the tetrahedral numbers, each of these numbers are used to
in making a tetrahedral shape.

Summary of Each Diagonal row :-

Sierpinski’s triangle: -
If we colour all the odd terms in the Pascals triangle, we get a vey unique pattern which is
called the Sierpinski’s triangle. This triangle illustrates the fundamental principles of
fractals, how a beautiful pattern can repeat itself again and again at different scales and how
this complex shape can be formed by simple repetition.
Fibonacci’s numbers: -
Take the sum of the diagonal, you will get Fibonacci’s numbers / Fibonacci’s sequence .
This sequence is a set of integers that starts with a zero, followed by a one, then by another
one, then by a series of steadily increasing numbers. The sequence follows the rule that
each number is equal to the sum of the preceding two numbers. So, for example the 10 th
diagonal in the sequence is 55 as shown and the 9th diagonal in the sequence is 34 as shown
the next diagonal sequence value will be the addition of the previous two which is 34+55
which is equal to 89 as shown. Another example is that the 13th diagonal value is 233 and
the 14th diagonal value is 377 now to find the 15th diagonal value it will be the addition of
13th+ 14th which is 233+377 which is equal to 610.

π Property:-
Reciprocate all the values then choose a diagonal, furthermore, subtract the first term from
the second then add it to the difference between the 4th and the 3rd term then add it to the
difference between the 5th and 6th term and so one from this you will get the value as π-2.
Like shown in the image below

Unique property: -
If you take a row, for example row four you multiply the number of the row which is 4 with
the numbers present in that row, divided by the product of numbers in the previous row
which is row number 3 with its numbers as 3, 3 and 1 the answer would come as n n , where
n = the number of the row, in this case is 4 4 .
 Similarly with row number 5 and other rows

Binomial expansion using pascal’s triangle

We know the expansion of (x+y)2 is x2 + 2xy + y2. we can also write that x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1x2 y0+
2x1y1 + 1x0y2. Now if we identify the elements in the 3rd row, i.e. 1 3 3 1. That is the same as
the expansion of (x+y) 3. Similarly, the 5th row which contains the elements 1 5 10 10 5 1.
These are also the values for the expansion of (x+y) 5 . so basically (x+y) n is the nth term on
the pascals triangle.
(x+y)n = a0 xn y0+ a1 xn-1 y1 + a2 xn-2 y2 + ... + an x0 yn
We can get am by using  nCm = n-1Cm-1 + n-1Cm
Probability with using pascal’s triangle: -
Application and Examples
Pascal’s triangle & binomial coefficient is used to find the ordinary decimal expansion of
positive power of one or more-digit numbers.
Rules to obtain a binomial expression using Pascal’s triangle.
n
Consider expression (x + y)

n
1. The number of terms in the expansion of (x + y) is (n + 1)
2. The sum of indices of power x & y in any term is always n
n n
3. The coefficient of x & y is always 1
n n
4. The coefficient of the terms between x & y are defined by using Pascal’s triangle.
5. The power of x is start to n & it is steadily decreasing by 1 up to the power of x
become 0 that is (n - n) and power of y is start to 0 & it is steadily increasing by 1 and
th
for ( n + 1 ) term power of y became n.

Consider the following examples.

4 4 0 3 1 2 2 1 3 0 4
1) ( x + y ) = 1 x y + 4 x y + 6 x y + 4 x y + 1 x y

(Here power is 4, hence consider 5th row in P.T)

0 0 0
2) ( x + y ) = 1 x y = 1

(Here power is 0, hence consider 1st row in P.T)

7 7 6 5 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 6 7
3) (74) = ( x , 7x y , 21x y , 35x y , 35x y , 21 x y , 7 xy , y )

7 6 5 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 6 7
7 , 7*7 *4 , 21* 7 *4 , 35*7 *4 , 35 *7 *4 , 21 * 7 *4 , 7 * 7*4 , 4

823543, 3294172, 5647152, 5378240, 3073280, 1053696, 200704, 16384

We use the following method called carry forward method, to add the numbers on RHS of
the above equation as follows:-
Remove the last digit 4 from the last number 16384 and add the remaining 1638 to next
number 200704 we get 202342. Again remove last digit 2 from resulting number 203242 and add
remaining number 20324 with next number 1053696 we get 1073930. Continue the same process
till last number we get

1638  Remove last digit 4

1638 + 200704 = 202342  Remove last digit 2

20234 + 1053696 = 1073930  Remove last digit 0

107393 + 3073280 = 3180673  Remove last digit 3

318067 + 5378240 = 5696307  Remove last digit 7

569630 + 5647152 = 6216782  Remove last digit 2

621678 + 3294172 = 3915850  Remove last digit 0

391585 + 823543 = 1215128

Then write the last number 1215128 with the removed digits as 12151280273024
7
Hence (74) = 1,21,51,28,02,73,024

5
4) 835  consider x = 83 and y = 5. Power of number 5 is considered to be in the 6th row of the
pascals triangle.
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
835 = 83 , 5* 83 *5, 10*83 *5 , 10*83 *5 , 5* 83*5 ,5
= 3939040643, 118458025, 142946750, 8611250, 259375, 3125
5 4
Here 83 , 83 and so on are calculated according to the previos example
5
Hence 835 = 40,59,12,45,50,21,275

4
5) (4918)  Here x = 49 & y= 18. Power is 4 and the selected row according to the power is 5th
row of Pascal’s triangle.
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
(4918) = 49 , 4*49 *18 , 6*49 *18 , 4*49 *18 , 18

= 5764801, 8470728, 4667544, 1143072, 104976

Apply the same method from the previos examples and we get,
4
(4918) = 58,49,97,61,78,52,176

Conclusion
The Internal Assesment pascals triangle is used. We also understood and explored the different ways
the pascals triangle can be used not just for binomial but also other ways to help us find simple
equations without using a calculater like probabilty, tetrahedrals, identification of quadrilaterals, and
many more. The pascals triangle helps in probability the main part of maths used in everypart of the
world so know this easy triangle gives answer to a lot of things for the real world application of
math. This not just helps to solve questions but helps us discover a fun part of maths which helps us
fall in solve with this subject.
Citations :
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