Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University M’Hamed

BOUGARA of Boumerdes

Chapter 5
Network Layer
by Hadjira BELAIDI

UMBB/IGEE H. BELAIDI: [Link]@univ-

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Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Know exactly how the network layer moves a segment from
the transport layer of an origin host to the transport layer of the
destination host.
See that the network layer requires the coordination of each
and every host and router in the network.
Learn the network layer protocols which are among the most
challenging (and therefore interesting!) in the protocol stack.
Identify a router as a computer with an operating system (OS)
and hardware designed for the routing process.

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 Chap5 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a Cisco Router

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 • Network layer provides a communication service between hosts.
Outlines
• In particular, the network-layer moves transport-layer segments
 Introduction from one host to another.
 Network Layer • At the sending host, the transport layer segment is passed to the
Protocols
 Routing
network layer. The network layer then "somehow" gets the segment
 Routers to the destination host and passes the segment up the protocol stack
 Configuring a to the transport layer.
Cisco Router

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 Outlines

 Introduction
The primary role of the routers is to "switch" packets
 Network Layer from input links to output links.
Protocols
 Routing
The role of the network layer in a sending host is to begin
 Routers the packet on its journey to the receiving host.
 Configuring a
Cisco Router
At the receiving host, the network layer receives the
packet from its nearby router and delivers the packet up
to the transport layer at the receiving host.

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 The figure below shows a simple network with two hosts (H1 and H2) and
Outlines four routers (R1, R2, R3 and R4).
For example, if H1 is sending to H2, the network layer in host H1 transfers
 Introduction these packets to it nearby router, R2.
 Network Layer
Protocols
At the receiving host (H2), the network layer receives the packet from its
 Routing nearby router (R3) and delivers the packet up to the transport layer at H2.
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

The network layer

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 Network layer function
The role of the network layer is to transport packets from a
Outlines
sending host to a receiving host. To do so, three important
 Introduction network layer functions can be identified:
 Network Layer 1) Path Determination.
Protocols
 Routing
The network layer must determine the route or path taken by
 Routers packets as they flow from a sender to a receiver.
 Configuring a The algorithms that calculate these paths are referred to as
Cisco Router routing algorithms.
A routing algorithm would determine, for example, whether
packets from H1 to H2 flow along the path R2-R1-R3 or path
R2-R4-R3 (or any other path between H1 and H2).

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 2) Switching
When a packet arrives at the input to a router, the router must move
Outlines
it to the appropriate output link.
For example, a packet arriving from host H1 to router R2 must
 Introduction either be forwarded towards H2 either along the link from R2 to R1
 Network Layer
or along the link from R2 to R4.
Protocols
 Routing 3) Call Setup
 Routers In TCP protocol, three-way handshake are required before data
 Configuring a actually flowed from sender to receiver. This allowed the sender
Cisco Router
and receiver to setup the needed state information (e.g., sequence
number and initial flow control window size). In an analogous
manner, some network layer architectures (e.g., ATM) requires that
the routers along the chosen path from source to destination
handshake with each other in order to setup state before data
actually begins to flow. In the network layer, this process is
referred to as call setup. The network layer of the Internet
architecture does not perform any such call setup.

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 4) Connectionless communication
•Often referred to as CL-mode communication, It is a data
transmission method used in packet switching networks in which each
Outlines data unit is individually addressed and routed based on information
carried in each unit, rather than in the setup information of a
 Introduction prearranged, fixed data channel as in connection-oriented
 Network Layer communication.
Protocols
 Routing
•Under connectionless communication between two network end
 Routers points, a message can be sent from one end point to another without
 Configuring a prior arrangement. The device at one end of the communication
Cisco Router transmits data addressed to the other, without first ensuring that the
recipient is available and ready to receive the data.
•Some protocols allow for error correction by requested
retransmission. Internet Protocol (IP) and User Datagram Protocol
(UDP) are connectionless protocols.
•A packet transmitted in a connectionless mode is frequently called a
datagram.
•For example, IP is connectionless, in that a data packet can travel
from a sender to a recipient without the recipient having to send an
acknowledgement. Connection-oriented protocols exist at other,
higher layers of the OSI model.
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 Outlines

 Introduction 5) Message forwarding

 Network Layer
Protocols
Since many networks are partitioned into subnetworks and connect
 Routing to other networks for wide-area communications, networks use
 Routers specialized hosts, called gateways or routers, to forward packets
 Configuring a between networks.
Cisco Router

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 1. Network Layer Protocols
Outlines The Network Layer Protocols include:
 Introduction 1) IPv4/IPv6, Internet Protocol
 Network Layer 2) ICMPv4/ ICMPv6, Internet Control Message Protocol
Protocols 3) CLNP, Connectionless Networking Protocol
 Routing
4) DDP, Datagram Delivery Protocol
 Routers
 Configuring a 5) EGP, Exterior Gateway Protocol
Cisco Router 6) EIGRP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
7) DVMRP, Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
8) IGMP, Internet Group Management Protocol
9) IPsec, Internet Protocol Security
10) IPX, Internetwork Packet Exchange
11) OSPF, Open Shortest Path First
12) PIM-DM, Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode
13) PIM-SM, Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode
14) RIP, Routing Information Protocol
15) RSMLT Routed-SMLT
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 2) ICMPv4/ ICMPv6 (Internet Control Message
Protocol)
Outlines ICMP is network diagnostic and error reporting protocol.
 Introduction ICMP belongs to IP protocol suite and uses IP as carrier protocol.
 Network Layer After constructing ICMP packet, it is encapsulated in IP packet.
Protocols Because IP itself is a best-effort non-reliable protocol, so is ICMP.
 Routing
Any feedback about network is sent back to the originating host. If
 Routers
 Configuring a some error in the network occurs, it is reported by means of ICMP.
Cisco Router ICMP contains dozens of diagnostic and error reporting messages.
ICMP-echo and ICMP-echo-reply are the most commonly used
ICMP messages to check the reach-ability of end-to-end hosts. When
a host receives an ICMP-echo request, it is bound to send back an
ICMP-echo-reply.
If there is any problem in the transit network, the ICMP will report
that problem.

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 Outlines  Two basic types of messages:
 Introduction  Error control and
 Network Layer  Querying
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers For example, every device (such as an intermediate router)
 Configuring a forwarding an IP datagram first decrements the time to live (TTL)
Cisco Router
field in the IP header by one. If the resulting TTL is 0, the packet is
discarded and an ICMP time exceeded in transit message is sent to
the datagram's source address.

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 ICMP datagram structure
Outlines  The ICMP packet is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet. The packet
 Introduction consists of header and data sections.
 Network Layer
Protocols a) Header
 Routing
The ICMP header starts after the IPv4 header. All ICMP packets have
 Routers
 Configuring a an 8-byte header and variable-sized data section. The first 4 bytes of
Cisco Router the header have fixed format, while the last 4 bytes depend on the
type/code of that ICMP packet.

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 b) Data
Outlines
ICMP error messages contain a data section that includes a copy of
 Introduction the entire IPv4 header, plus the first eight bytes of data from the IPv4
 Network Layer packet that caused the error message. This data is used by the host to
Protocols
match the message to the appropriate process. If a higher level
 Routing
 Routers protocol uses port numbers, they are assumed to be in the first eight
 Configuring a bytes of the original datagram's data.
Cisco Router

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 3) Connectionless-mode Network Service (CLNS)

Outlines Or simply Connectionless Network Service is an OSI Network Layer

datagram service that does not require a circuit to be established
 Introduction before data is transmitted, and routes messages to their destinations
 Network Layer
Protocols independently of any other messages. As such it is a "best-effort"
 Routing rather than a "reliable" delivery service. CLNS is not an Internet
 Routers service, but provides capabilities in an OSI network environment
 Configuring a similar to those provided by the Internet Protocol (IP) and the User
Cisco Router
Datagram Protocol (UDP).

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 Outlines 4) Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
 Introduction
 Network Layer It is a protocol for exchanging routing information between two
Protocols neighbor gateway hosts (each with its own router) in a network of
 Routing autonomous systems. EGP is commonly used between hosts on the
 Routers Internet to exchange routing table information. The routing table
 Configuring a
Cisco Router contains a list of known routers, the addresses they can reach, and a
cost metric associated with the path to each router so that the best
available route is chosen. Each router polls its neighbor at intervals
between 120 to 480 seconds and the neighbor responds by sending
its complete routing table. EGP-2 is the latest version of EGP.

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 5) Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
It is an advanced distance-vector routing protocol that is used on a
computer network for automating routing decisions and
Outlines
configuration. The protocol was designed by Cisco Systems as a
 Introduction proprietary protocol, available only on Cisco routers. Partial
 Network Layer functionality of EIGRP was converted to an open standard in
Protocols 2013.
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a EIGRP is used on a router to share routes with other routers within
Cisco Router the same autonomous system.
Unlike other well known routing protocols, such as RIP, EIGRP
only sends incremental updates, reducing the workload on the
router and the amount of data that needs to be transmitted.

EIGRP replaced the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) in

1993. One of the major reasons for this was the change to classless
IPv4 addresses in the Internet Protocol, which IGRP could not
support.

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 Cisco IOS example

Example of setting up EIGRP on a Cisco IOS router for a private

Outlines network. The [Link] wildcard in this example indicates a subnetwork
 Introduction
with a maximum of 4094 hosts—it is the bitwise complement of the
 Network Layer subnet mask [Link]. The no auto-summary command prevents
Protocols automatic route summarization on classful boundaries, which would
 Routing otherwise result in routing loops in discontiguous networks.
 Routers
 Configuring a Router# configure terminal
Cisco Router Router(config)# router eigrp 1
Router(config-router)# network [Link] [Link]
Router(config-router)# no auto-summary
Router(config-router)# exit

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 2. Routing
Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets
Outlines
toward the destination network.
 Introduction A router makes decisions based upon the destination IP address
 Network Layer of a packet.
Protocols
 Routing
In order to make the correct decisions, routers must learn the
 Routers direction to remote networks.
 Configuring a When routers use dynamic routing, this information is learned
Cisco Router from other routers.
When static routing is used, a network administrator configures
information about remote networks manually.

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 2.1. Static route operations
Outlines
Static route operations can be divided into these three parts:
 Introduction Network administrator configures the route
 Network Layer
Protocols
Router installs the route in the routing table
 Routing Packets are routed using the static route
 Routers Since a static route is manually configured, the administrator must
 Configuring a configure the static route on the router using the ip route
Cisco Router
command.

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

If the router cannot reach the outgoing interface that is being
used in the route, the route will not be installed in the routing table.
This means if that interface is down, the route will not be placed
in the routing table.

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 Configuring static routes

Outlines Use the following steps to configure static routes:

 Introduction 1. Determine all desired destination networks, their subnet
 Network Layer masks, and their gateways. A gateway can be either a local
Protocols interface or a next hop address that leads to the desired
 Routing
 Routers
destination.
 Configuring a 2. Enter global configuration mode.
Cisco Router 3. Type the ip route command with a destination address and
subnet mask followed by their corresponding gateway
from Step one. Including an administrative distance is
optional.
4. Repeat Step three for as many destination networks as
were defined in Step one.
5. Exit global configuration mode.
6. Save the active configuration to NVRAM by using the
copy running-config startup-config command.

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 • Sometimes static routes are used for backup purposes.
• A static route can be configured on a router that will only be
used when the dynamically learned route has failed.
Outlines
• To use a static route in this manner, simply set the
 Introduction administrative distance higher than that of the dynamic routing
 Network Layer protocol being used.
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 2.2. Configuring default route forwarding
Outlines • Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that
 Introduction do not match any of the other routes in the routing table.
 Network Layer • A default route is actually a special static route that uses this
Protocols
format:
 Routing
 Routers ip route [Link] [Link] [next-hop-address | outgoing interface]
 Configuring a
Cisco Router
Use the following steps to configure default routes:
1. Enter global configuration mode.
2. Type the ip route command with [Link] for the destination
network address and [Link] for the subnet mask. The
gateway for the default route can be either the local router
interface that connects to the outside networks or the IP
address of the next-hop router.
3. Exit global configuration mode.
4. Save the active configuration to NVRAM by using the
copy running-config startup-config command.
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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 2.3. Verifying static route configuration
Outlines • Use the following steps to verify static route configuration:
 Introduction – In privileged mode enter the command show running-
 Network Layer config to view the active configuration.
Protocols – Verify that the static route has been correctly entered.
 Routing
 Routers – Enter the command show ip route.
 Configuring a – Verify that the route that was configured is in the routing
Cisco Router
table.

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 Troubleshooting static route configuration

Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 2.4. Dynamic Routing
Outlines • A routing protocol is the communication used between routers.
 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 • Interior routing protocols (IGP) are designed for use in a
network whose parts are under the control of a single
Outlines
organization.
 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
• An exterior routing protocol (EGP) is designed for use between
 Routing two different networks that are under the control of two
 Routers different organizations.
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 Path determination
Outlines A router determines the path of a packet from one data link to
another, using two basic functions:
 Introduction A path determination function
 Network Layer
Protocols A switching function
 Routing
 Routers •Path determination occurs at the network layer.
 Configuring a •The path determination function enables a router to evaluate the
Cisco Router
paths to a destination and to establish the preferred handling of a
packet.
•The router uses the routing table to determine the best path and
proceeds to forward the packet using the switching function.

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 Outlines •The switching function is the internal process used by a router to
accept a packet on one interface and forward it to a second
 Introduction
 Network Layer
interface on the same router.
Protocols
 Routing •A key responsibility of the switching function of the router is to
 Routers encapsulate packets in the appropriate frame type for the next data
 Configuring a
Cisco Router
link.

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 Routing configuration
Outlines • Enabling an IP routing protocol on a router involves the setting of
both global and routing parameters.
 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols • Global tasks include selecting a routing protocol, such as RIP,
 Routing IGRP, EIGRP or OSPF.
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router • The major task in the routing configuration mode is to indicate IP
network numbers.

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 Routing configuration
Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 • The router command starts a routing process.
• The network command is required because it enables the
Outlines routing process to determine which interfaces participate in
the sending and receiving of routing updates.
 Introduction
 Network Layer • An example of a routing configuration is:
Protocols ROUTER1(config)#router rip
 Routing
 Routers ROUTER1(config-router)#network [Link]
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 OSPF process id
The process ID is the ID of the OSPF process to which
the interface belongs. The process ID is local to the
Outlines
router, and two OSPF neighboring routers can have
 Introduction different OSPF process IDs.
 Network Layer
Protocols This is not true of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
 Routing Protocol [EIGRP], in which the routers need to be in
 Routers
 Configuring a the same autonomous system.
Cisco Router Cisco IOS® Software can run multiple OSPF processes
on the same router, and the process ID merely
distinguishes one process from the another. The process
ID should be a positive integer. For example, the
process ID is 1.

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 Example of RIP configuration

Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 Exercise
Consider the network in Figure below. The IP addresses are shown
explicitly; M1 to M15 mean MAC addresses. B1, B2 and B3 are bridges;
Outlines R1, R2 and R3 are routers.
D3 is the DNS server for this network. The machines C1, D1, C2, D2, and
 Introduction C3 are configured with DNS server address = [Link].
 Network Layer All interfaces that have IP addresses of the form 192.168.x.y are
Protocols configured with netmask = [Link].
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a The default gateways are configured as follows
Cisco Router • at C1 and D1: [Link]
• at C2 and D2: [Link]
• at C3 and D3: [Link]

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

1. Give a possible value for the X in the IP address of the interface M4 of

router R1 (i.e. give a possible value for the address marked
192.168.1.X on the figure). Justify your answer. Same question for the
Y in the IP address of the interface M8 of router R2.
Solution:
The M4 interface must belong to the same subnet as C2 and D2. Since the
mask is over 28 bits, X must lie in the interval [33, 46] (the host parts
b0000 [X = 32] and b1111 [X = 47] are not possible). The value must also
not be already allocated. A possible value is 34. Similarly, Y must lie in the
interval [49, 62]; a possible
UMBB/IGEE value
H. BELAIDI: is 50.
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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

2. We assume that R1, R2 and R3 are manually configured, i.e. they do not
run any routing protocol. Put in the table below the routing table entries
that needs to be written in these three routers (to use static route i.e in R2).
Give only the entries for destination prefixes that are not on-link with this
router.

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

3. Instead of manual configuration as in question 2, routers R1 R2 and R3

use now RIP. After RIP has converged, what are the routing tables at each
router? Give only the entries for destination prefixes that are not on-link
with this router.

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 Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 3. Routers
Outlines • Special type of computer
• A router has many of the same components as the
 Introduction
 Network Layer
computer:
Protocols – CPU
 Routing – Memory
 Routers
 Configuring a
– I/O Interfaces (mostly network interfaces)
Cisco Router – Operating System
• Connect and allow communication between two
networks
• Determine the best path through the network
• Configuration files to control the traffic
• Generally have two connection types:
–WAN connection
–LAN connection

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 •Data is sent in form of packets between two end devices
Outlines •Routers are used to direct packets to its destination
•Routers examine a packets destination IP address and
 Introduction
 Network Layer
determine the best path by using a routing table
Protocols
 Routing
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router

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 3.1. Router Boot-up process
• Major phases to the router boot-up process
Outlines
Test router hardware
•Power-On Self Test (POST)
 Introduction •Execute bootstrap loader
 Network Layer Locate & load Cisco IOS software
Protocols
 Routing •Locate IOS
 Routers •Load IOS
 Configuring a Locate & load startup
Cisco Router configuration file or enter
setup mode
-Bootstrap program looks
for configuration file

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 3.2. Router interfaces
Outlines
Interface: a physical connector on the router, main purpose to
 Introduction
 Network Layer
receive and forward packets.
Protocols
 Routing LAN interfaces
 Routers – Ethernet, fastEthernet
 Configuring a
Cisco Router
– Connects the router to a LAN

WAN interfaces
– Serial, ISDN, Frame Relay
– Connects the router to external networks, interconnect LANs

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 4. Configuring a Cisco Router
Outlines

 Introduction
 Network Layer •Router configuration controls the operation of the
Protocols router’s:
 Routing
 Routers -Interface IP address and netmask
 Configuring a -Routing information (static, dynamic or default)
Cisco Router
-Boot and startup information
-Security (passwords and authentication)

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 4.1. Where is the Configuration?
Outlines
Router always has two configurations:
 Introduction
 Network Layer
1. Running configuration
Protocols •In RAM, determines how the router is currently
 Routing operating
 Routers
 Configuring a
•Is modified using the configure command
Cisco Router •To see it: show running-config

2. Startup confguration
•In NVRAM, determines how the router will operate
after next reload
•Is modified using the copy command
•To see it: show startup-config

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 Can also be stored in more permanent places:
Outlines
External hosts, using TFTP (Trivial File Transfer
 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocol)
Protocols
 Routing In flash memory in the router
 Routers
 Configuring a
Cisco Router Copy command is used to move it around

copy run start copy run tftp

copy start tftp copy tftp start

copy flash start copy start flash

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 Outlines
• Config-Register
 Introduction
 Network Layer
– controls how router boots;
Protocols – value can be seen with “show version” command;
 Routing
 Routers – is typically 0x2102, which tells the router to load the
 Configuring a
Cisco Router
IOS from flash memory and the startup-config file
from NVRAM
•Save configuration parameters to NVRAM one can use the
command:
RouterA#copy running-config startup-config
(or write memory)

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 Outlines

 Introduction
• Reasons why you would want to modify the
 Network Layer config-register:
Protocols
 Routing
•Force the router into ROM Monitor Mode
 Routers • Select a boot source and default boot filename
 Configuring a
Cisco Router
• Enable/Disable the Break function
• Control broadcast addresses
• Set console terminal baud rate
• Load operating software from ROM
• Enable booting from a TFTP server

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 4.2. Router Access Modes
Outlines
• User EXEC mode – limited examination of router
 Introduction
 Network Layer
– Router>
Protocols • Privileged EXEC mode – detailed examination of
 Routing
 Routers router, debugging, testing, file manipulation (router
 Configuring a prompt changes to an octothorp)
Cisco Router
– Router#
• ROM Monitor – useful for password recovery & new
IOS upload session
• Setup Mode – available when router has no startup-
config file

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 4.3. External Configuration Sources
Outlines
• Console
 Introduction
 Network Layer – Direct PC serial access
Protocols • Auxiliary port
 Routing
 Routers – Modem access
 Configuring a
Cisco Router • Virtual terminals
– Telnet/SSH access

• TFTP Server
– Copy configuration file into router RAM
• Network Management Software
– e.g. CiscoWorks

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 4.4. Changing the Configuration
Outlines
• Configuration statements can be entered interactively
 Introduction
 Network Layer – changes are made (almost) immediately, to the
Protocols
 Routing
running configuration
 Routers • Can use direct serial connection to console port, or
 Configuring a
Cisco Router • Telnet/SSH to vty’s (“virtual terminals”), or
• Modem connection to aux port, or
• Edited in a text file and uploaded to the router at a
later time via tftp; copy tftp start or config net

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 4.5. Router Prompts – How to tell where you are on the router
• You can tell in which area of the router’s configuration you are by
looking at the router prompts:
Outlines
– Router> – USER prompt mode
 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols
– Router# – PRIVILEGED EXEC prompt mode
 Routing
 Routers – Router(config) – terminal configuration prompt
 Configuring a
Cisco Router – Router(config-if) – interface configuration prompt

– Router(config-subif) – sub-interface configuration prompt

– Router(config-route-map)# – route-map configuration prompt

– Router(config-router)# – router configuration prompt

– Router(config-line)# – line configuration prompt

– rommon 1> - ROM Monitor mode

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 4.6. Deleting your Router’s Configuration

Outlines • To delete your router’s configuration

 Introduction
 Network Layer
Protocols Router#erase startup-config
 Routing
 Routers
OR
 Configuring a Router#write erase
Cisco Router
Router#reload

– Router will start up again, but in setup mode, since

startup-config file does not exists

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