Light
Angle of incidence= The angle between the incident ray and the normal.
Angle of reflection= The angle between the normal and the reflected ray.
Incident ray= A light ray coming onto a surface.
Law of reflection= It states that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of the mirror all lie in the
same plane.
Normal= Perpendicular or at right angles to something.
Perpendicular= Lines that intersect at 90° angle.
Protractor= A semicircular geometry tool to measure angle’s degree.
Ray diagram= The paths that light can take to get from one place to another.
Reflection= The return of light, heat, sound, or energy from a surface.
Set square= Technical drawing instrument.
A light ray arriving at a mirror is called an incident ray.
An incident ray is the ray coming onto a surface.
The line perpendicular to the mirror is called the normal.
In physics and maths, ‘normal’ means perpendicular or at right angles to something.
The law of reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of the mirror, all lie in the same
plane.
A ray diagram is a representation of the possible paths light can take to get from one place to another.
The law of reflection says that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
Lens= A transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.
Medium= The material that light passes through.
Towards the normal=
The materials that light passes through is called a medium.
The speed of light in air is 300,000 kilometers per second.
The speed of light in water is 225,000 kilometers per second.
The speed of light in glass is 200,000 kilometers per second.
The light passing from air into glass or water is bent towards the normal.
When light passes from air into glass or water, the angle of incidence is greater than the angle of refraction.
When light passes from glass or water into air the angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.
Medium Speed of light in kilometers per second
Air 300000
Water 225000
Glass 200000
Dispersion= Splitting light into different colors.
Prism= A transparent object that usually has three sides and bends light so that it breaks up into rainbow color.
Spectrum= The range of colors that can be seen in white light.
Triangular= Shaped like triangle, having three sides and three corners.
Absorbed=
Colored filters= A sheet of transparent material that modifies a light.
Cyan= Greenish-blue color.
Magenta= Purplish-red color.
Non-luminous= Object which can not emit light on their own.
Luminous= Object which emit light by their own.
Primary colors= Red, green and blue
Subtraction=
Transmit=
There are seven colors in white light.
There are three colors (primary colors) of light from which all other colors of light can be made.
Red, green and blue are known as the primary colors of light.
You can see the effect of adding the primary colors:
• red + green = yellow • red + blue = magenta • blue + green = cyan • red + green + blue = white.
Elliptical=
Galaxy= A system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity.
Irregular Spiral= A galaxy with no defined shape that has very young stars.
Spirals are actively forming stars and comprise a large fraction of all the galaxies in the local universe.
Stellar dust= (Cosmic dust) Dust that are occurs in outer space or has fallen onto Earth.
Universe= All of space and everything in it.
Everything. It includes all of space, and all the matter and energy that space contains.
Asteroid= Objects made from rock that orbits the Sun.
Asteroid belt= The Part between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where asteroids in the Solar System orbit the Sun.
Asteroids= Minor planets, are rocky,
Craters= A landform consisting of a hole or depression on a planetary surface.
Impacts=
Galaxies are made from stellar dust, gas, stars and solar systems held together by gravity.
Stellar dust is the dust that is found in space.
The gravity holding a galaxy together is very strong because galaxies are very large and have very large mass.
Scientists have estimated that there are 100 000 000 000 galaxies in universe.
Scientists estimate the mass of the Milky Way to be 1500 000 000 000 times the mass of the Sun.
To cross the Milky Way from one side to the other with the speed of light (300000 km/s), it would take 100,000 years
The largest asteroid is called Ceres and was discovered in the year 1801.
Asteroid Itokawa is about 530m long and about 250m wide.
Scientists think that a large asteroid impacts the Earth on average every 130 000 years.