Chapter 20 Power
20.2 General Equation
p=vi
v=V m sin(ωt +θ)
i=I m sin ωt
FIG. 20.1 Defining the power delivered to a load.
20.3 Resistive Circuit
For a purely resistive circuit, v and i are in phase, and θ = 0°.
Text calls it “Average Power”, other sources call it “True Power”, or
“Active Power”. These are all the power dissipated by a resistive
element.
Units are Watts (W).
2
VR 2
P=V R I R= =I R R=E I T cos θ
R
20.4 Apparent Power
Mathematical sum of all of the power in a circuit.
Units are Volt-Amperes (VA).
2
E 2
S= E I T = =I T Z
Z
P
Power Factor: F P=PF=cos θ=
S
FIG. 20.7 Demonstrating the reason for rating a load in kVA rather
than kW.
Ex. I = 10,000 VA / 200 V = 50 A
kW = kVA only when PF = 1 (only when the impedance angle is = 0o)
Since the load is very inductive XL >> R, the wattmeter reads a low wattage yet there is 70 A of
current, which is greater than the 50 A rating which was calculated, therefore the equipment
may be damaged.
Theoretically if R = 0, and the circuit is purely inductive, the wattmeter would show 0 W, but the
max rating in kVA could be exceeded (damaging the equipment).
20.5 Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power
Reactive Power (Q, QL, QC).
Units are Volt-Amperes-Reactive (var).
2
VL 2
Q L=V L I L = =I L X L =E I T sin θ
XL
The net flow of power to the pure (ideal) inductor is zero over a full cycle, and no energy is lost
in the transaction.
The power is borrowed and returned every half cycle.
20.6 Capacitive Circuit
Reactive Power (Q, QL, QC).
Units are Volt-Amperes-Reactive (var).
2
VC 2
QC =V C I C = =I C X C =−E I T sin θ
XC
The net flow of power to the pure (ideal) capacitor is zero over a full cycle, and no energy is lost
in the transaction.
The power is borrowed and returned every half cycle.
20.7 The Power Triangle
The three quantities average power, apparent power, and reactive power can be related in the
vector domain by:
⃑S= ⃑
P+ ⃑
Q
Horse Analogy
FIG. 20.14 Power diagram for inductive loads.
FIG. 20.15 Power diagram for capacitive loads.
FIG. 20.16 Demonstrating why the net reactive power is the difference between that delivered
to inductive and capacitive elements.
FIG. 20.17 Impedance
diagram for a series R-L-C circuit.
FIG. 20.18 The result of multiplying each vector in Fig. 20.17 by I2 for a series R-L-C circuit.
20.8 The Total P, Q, and S
The total number of Watts, Volt-Amperes-Reactive, and Volt-Amperes, and the power factor of
any system can be found using the following procedure (on page 881 (13 th ed.)):
1. Find the real power and reactive power for each branch of the circuit.
2. The total real power of the system (PT) is then the sum of the average power delivered
to each branch.
3. The total reactive power (QT) is the difference between the reactive power of the
inductive loads and that of the capacitive loads.
4. The total apparent power is found using Pythagoras Theorem.
5. The total power factor is PT/ST.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
20.9 Power Factor Correction
The design of any power transmission system is very sensitive to the magnitude of the current
in the lines as determined by the applied loads.
Increased currents result in increased power losses (by a squared factor since P=I2R) in the
transmission lines due to the resistance of the lines.
Recall that:
- Leading power factor – capacitive (current leads voltage)
- Lagging power factor – inductive (current lags voltage)
The process of introducing reactive elements to bring the power factor closer to unity is called
power-factor correction.
Since most loads are inductive, the process normally involves introducing elements with
capacitive terminal characteristics having the sole purpose of improving the power factor.
Example:
A certain circuit has a source voltage of 120 V at a frequency of 60 Hz which supplies a total
current of 6 A. If the circuit has a lagging power factor of 0.70, determine the value of the
capacitor required to correct the power factor to unity. Calculate the current of the power
factor corrected circuit and draw both the original power triangle and the new power triangle.
Example:
A certain circuit has a source voltage of 12.47 kV at a frequency of 60 Hz which supplies a total
current of 300 A. If the circuit has a lagging power factor of 0.85, determine the value of the
capacitor required to correct the power factor to 0.95. Calculate the current of the power
factor corrected circuit and draw both the original power triangle and the new power triangle.