REPRESENTATIONS

OF RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
G E N E R A L M AT H E M AT I C S

Prepared by
1st Semester 2024 KHRISELLE MAE A. BETING
 How can we
represent rational
functions?
01
 02 At the end of the
lesson, learners are

Lesson
able to represent
rational function using:

Objectives a) table of values

b) graphs
c) equation
 Start-Up Life is a Beach!
Pueblo Por La Playa is a 12.5 hectare Mexican-inspired
exclusive leisure club nestled off the calm, clear waters of
Pagbilao, Quezon. The "Pueblo" offers the total leisure and
recreation experience for the entire family. Since it is an
exclusive resort, it has a membership fee. Pueblo Por La
Playa charges a ₱300,000.00 annual fee, then ₱700.00 for
each day you stay there. Find the average cost per day to
stay in the resort in 5, 10, 15 and up to 30 days. Graph the
function to show whether it forms a straight line or a curve.

03
Start-Up
a. Define a formula for the average cost for
every 5 days to stay in the resort 𝑓(𝑥).

300,000 + 700(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥

04
Start-Up
b. Based on the situation, complete the
following table to show the average cost
every 5 days.

x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
y

04
Start-Up
b. Based on the situation, complete the
following table to show the average cost
every 5 days.

x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
60,700 30,700 20,700 15,700 12,700 10,700
y und

05
 Start-Up
c. Plot the
points in the
Cartesian
Plane. You
may use the
GeoGebra.

06
Example 2: 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2
✓ Construct table of values.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
1 1
y und -1 0
3 2
67
 Example 2:
✓ Plot the points in the
Cartesian plane and
determine whether
the points form a
smooth curve or a
straight line.
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2
08
Example 3: 𝑥−2
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2
✓ Construct table of values.
x -2 -1 1 20
1
y und -3 -1 − 0
3
09
 Example 3:
✓ Plot the points in the
Cartesian plane and
determine whether the
points form a smooth
curve or a straight line.
𝑥−2
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2
10
 FINDING DOMAIN,
RANGE, ASYMPTOTES,
ZEROES, & INTERCEPTS
G E N E R A L M AT H E M AT I C S

Prepared by
KHRISELLE MAE A. BETING
Rational Functions
Recall:

a) The domain of a function is the set of all

values that the variable x can take.
b)The range of the function is the set of all
values that 𝑓(𝑥) will take.

07
 How to write domain and range?
• by roster format - this method enumerates
the lists of all values in the set.
𝑆 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
• by set-builder notation
𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 10 < 𝑥 ≤ 20
• by interval notation
−∞, 3 ∪ (3, ∞)
08
How to find the domain?
Set the denominator to zero and solve
1 for x.

Examples:
𝑥−2 2𝑥−1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2 𝑥+4

09
How to find the domain?
𝑥−2 Equate the
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = denominator to zero
𝑥+2
and solve for x.
𝑥+2=0
𝑥 = −2
Domain: 𝒙|𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ −𝟐
10
How to find the domain?
2𝑥−1 Equate the
2.𝑓 𝑥 = denominator to zero
𝑥+4
and solve for x.
𝑥+4=0
𝑥 = −4
Domain: 𝒙|𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ −𝟒
10
How to find the range?
1 Label the function as 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

2 Express x as a function of y.
Find all values of y where 𝑓(𝑦) is defined.
3 Eliminate values of y that will make the function
undefined.

4 Write the range.

11
How to find the range?
𝑥−2
1. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2
𝑥−2
𝑦=
𝑥+2
𝑥−2
(𝑥 + 2)[𝑦 = ]
𝑥+2
Range: 𝒚|𝒚 ∈ ℝ, 𝒚 ≠ 𝟏 12
How to find the range?
2𝑥−1
2.𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+4

Range: 13
How to find the range?

14
How to find the range?

Range: 𝒚|𝒚 ∈ ℝ, 𝒚 ≠ 𝟏
15
INTERCEPTS AND ZEROES OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
a) The intercepts of the graph of a rational function
are the points of intersection of its graph and an
axis.
b) The y-intercept is the function value when 𝑥 = 0
and x-intercept is the x-value when 𝑦 = 0.
c) The zeroes of a function are the values of x which
make the function zero. The numbered zeroes are
also x-intercepts of the graph of the function.

16
INTERCEPTS AND ZEROES OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

16
INTERCEPTS AND ZEROES OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Examples:
3−𝑥
1. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
𝑥−2
2. g 𝑥 =
𝑥+6
2
𝑥 −4
3. h 𝑥 =
𝑥+3
17
ASYMPTOTES
a) The vertical line 𝒙 = 𝒂 is a vertical asymptote
of a function f if the graph increases or
decreases without bound as the x values
approach 𝒂 from the right or left.
b)The horizontal line 𝒚 = 𝒃 is a horizontal
asymptote of the function f if f(x) gets closer to
b as x increases or decreases without bound.

19
ASYMPTOTES
c. An oblique asymptote is a line that is
neither vertical nor horizontal. It occurs
when the numerator of 𝑓(𝑥) has a degree
that is one higher than the degree of the
denominator.

20
ASYMPTOTES
c. An oblique asymptote is a line that is
neither vertical nor horizontal. It occurs
when the numerator of 𝑓(𝑥) has a degree
that is one higher than the degree of the
denominator.

20
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE

16
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE

16
OBLIQUE ASYMPTOTE

16
How to find the Vertical Asymptote?

To determine the vertical asymptote of a

rational function, first reduce the given function
to simplest form then find the zeroes of the
denominator that are not zeroes of the
numerator.

24
How to find the Horizontal Asymptote?
To determine the horizontal asymptote of a rational
function, compare the degree of the numerator n and the
degree of the denominator m.
• If 𝑛 < 𝑚, the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0
• If 𝑛 = 𝑚, the horizontal asymptote y is the ratio of the
leading coefficient of the numerator a, to the leading
𝑎
coefficient of the denominator b. That is 𝑦 = .
𝑏
• If 𝑛 > 𝑚, there is no horizontal asymptote.
25
How to find the Oblique Asymptote?

To find slant asymptote simply divide the

numerator by the denominator by either
using long division or synthetic division.
The oblique asymptote is the quotient
with the remainder ignored and set
equal to y.

26
 HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
Examples:
3𝑥+8
1.𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +1
3+8𝑥 2
2.g 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +1
3
8𝑥 −1
3. h 𝑥 = 2
1−𝑥
27
 PERFORMANCE TASK #2
On a one whole sheet of paper,
determine the following properties:
a) horizontal asymptote
b) vertical asymptote 2(𝑥+5)
c) x-intercept 1.𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 −9
d) y-intercept 2
𝑥 −3𝑥−4
e) zeroes 2.g 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
27