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Raising a new Generation of Leaders
EIE315 - Electrical Machines 1
DC Machine Classification
DC Machine Classification
DC machines are classified according to the electrical
connection of the field and armature windings. This
interconnection gives the DC machine variety of
performance characteristics and could be achieves in
various ways. This applies to both DC generators and
motors. There are generally four interconnections giving
rise to the following type of DC machines.
Separately Excited Machine
Shunt Excited Machine
Series Excited Machine
Compound Excited Machine.
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Separately Excited Machine
The armature and the field winding are electrically separated from
each other; the field winding is excited by a separate DC source. This
type of machine is classified as separately excited machine since the
armature current is independent of the field excitation. The separately
excited machine connection is as shown in figure 1
Ea=Vt - IaRa
Figure 1 - Separately Excited Machines
The terminal voltage is dependent on the armature voltage and the
voltage drop across the armature resistance.
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Shunt Excited Machine
The armature winding and field winding are connected in
parallel. The shunt field is of several turns of small diameter
conductor since the field current is normally low; the armature
conductors are considerably large size because they carry the
rated current. The armature voltage and field voltage are same.
Figure 2 shows the shunt DC machine connection.
Ea=Vt – IaRa =IfRf - IaRa
If = Vt / Rf
Figure 2 - Shunt DC Machine
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Series Excited Machine
The field and armature windings are electrically connected
in the series. The series winding consist of few turns of large
size of conductor, since it carries the same current as the
armature i.e. the rated current. Figure 3 shows the series DC
connection.
If = Ia
Figure 3 - Series Excited Machine
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Compound Excited Machine
This machine has two field windings, one connected to the
armature in series (the series winding) and the other
connected in parallel to the armature (the shunt winding).
This can either be cumulative compound or differential
compound. Figure 4
If =Vt / Rf
Figure 4 - Compound Excited Machine
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Compound Excited Machine Contd.
• If the magnetic flux produced by both windings are in the same
direction, that is additive the machine is said to be cumulative
compound.
• If the machine fluxes produced by both windings are in opposition,
the machine is said to be differential compound.
The compound machine could be connected either in long-shunt or
short shunt. In long shunt, the series field is connected in series with
the armature and both connected in parallel with the shunt winding.
While in the short shunt, the shunt field is connected in parallel with the
armature and the combination connected in series with the series field.
If the field winding current is all or part of the armature current, the
machine is said to be Self Excited Machines and in this category are
the series, shunt and compound DC machines.
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Figure 5 – DC Machines
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DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
The armature and the field winding are modeled in the steady state as
shown in figure 6, the direction of the armature current Ia shown in the
figure for the case of a motor and the torque Te is the electromagnetic
torque developed, which is available for driving a mechanical load.
The voltage Vt is applied terminal voltage.
Figure 6: DC Machine Equivalent Circuit
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DC Machine Equivalent Circuit Contd.
In the case of a generator, the torque is the mechanical torque applied to
the shaft, and the direction of the armature current Ia is reversed. The Vt is
the output.
In the equivalent circuit of the DC machine, the mechanical losses, such as
friction and windage are not included however, the electrical power loss
are modeled.
For the shunt and compound machines, the voltage Vf applied to the field
circuit is the same as the terminal voltage Vt. However, in the case of a
separately excited generator a separate voltage source is required to
provide the excitation current If to the shunt as in figure 6.
The generated voltage Ea is the emf induced in the armature of the
machine. The expression for the induced voltage is given in-terms of the
field current and armature current Ia.
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DC Machine Equivalent Circuit Contd.
• Similarly, the electromagnetic torque may also be express as
• Assuming that a linear relationship between Magnetic flux and the field current i.e. saturation
effect is neglected.
The individual components are:
- Ra-armature Resistance (including the resistance of the armature winding along with brush
contact resistance)
- Rf –Field resistance
- The terminal voltage is dependent on the armature voltage Ea and the voltage drop across the
resistance dependent on the terminal current.
Therefore, the terminal voltage is given by
Vt = Ea - Ia Ra
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DC Machine Equivalent Circuit Contd.
• The circuit model shows that the terminal voltage decreases linearly with
an increase in the terminal (armature) current.
• However, due to the effect of armature reaction or the demagnetization
effect, the actual terminal voltage is slightly lower than that predicted by
the equivalent circuit.
• The armature reaction is more pronounced at higher armature current
and is usually neglected at current below the rated armature current.
• The armature reaction can be modeled as an effective reduction in the
field current. The effective field current (If eff) is related to the actual field
current by
• If eff = If - If, AR
Where If, AR is the amount by which the field current must be reduced
to model the armature reaction.
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Armature Reaction
• Armature reaction demagnetizes or weakens the main flux and
• It cross-magnetizes or distorts it
(b) Field setup by the Armature
Conductor with unexcited field coils
(c) Resultant Field
(a) No armature current, main field
distribution. The magnetic axis or plane (d) Armature Reaction
(M.N.A) coincides with the geometrical
neutral axis or plane (G.N.A)
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Example1: A 18kW, 240V, 1200rpm separately excited DC generator
has armature and field resistance of 0.20 and 200 respectively. At no
load, the terminal voltage is 240V, the field current is 1.2A; when the
generator delivers a rated current to a load at 240V Calculate:
a) The generated Voltage b) The field circuit voltage and c) the
developed torque.
Solution:
Power= 18kV, armature field resistance = 0.20 ohms, field resistance=
200 ohms, terminal voltage = 240V, speed=1200rpm, terminal voltage
at no load= 240V. Field current = 1.2A. Ea=?,Vf=? And Te =?
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Voltage Build Up in Shunt Generator
• Generator build up usually refers to the gradual rise in voltage at the armature
terminals when the machine is self-excited and operated at normal speed.
• In a shunt generator, the field Winding is connected across the armature
terminals. Thus, the generator itself provides its own field excitation. The
equivalent circuit of the self-excited shunt generator is shown in Fig. 3.8. When
the generator is rotated by its prime mover, a small residual voltage Eres is
generated because of the presence of residual flux in the magnetic field poles.
This voltage is given by
Figure 7: Equivalent Circuits for Self-excited Shunt Generator
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The induced voltage Eres is essentially applied to the field circuit, and it causes a
current If to flow in the field coils, The resultant mmf in the field coils produces
more flux p in the poles, causing an increase in the generated voltage Ea, which
increases the terminal voltage Vt
The higher Vt causes an increased lf, further increasing the flux, p which increases
Ea, and so forth.
Figure 8: Buildup of voltage in a shunt generator
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The final operating voltage is determined by the intersection of the
field resistance line and the saturation curve. This voltage buildup
process is depicted in Fig. 8.
If the resistance of the field circuit is decreased, the resistance line is
rotated clockwise, which results in a higher operating voltage, and vice
versa.
Note that the field resistance line show how the field current varies as
field voltage is varied. The slope of this line is the field resistance at a
constant temperature. If the speed of the machine is reduced so that
the saturation curve becomes tangent to field resistance curve, the
voltage will not build up. This is known as the critical speed.
Also, at any given speed, if the field resistance is increased by addition
of external resistance, a critical resistance can be reached.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATOR
The performance characteristics of DC generators are described and
it is worthwhile to note that the principle of obtaining the dc generator
characteristics is the same for all type of their excitations. The
characteristic described include the following:
I. The No-load or open circuit characteristics
II. The terminal or load characteristics
III. Voltage regulation
IV. Efficiency.
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A typical no load saturation curve is shown in figure
9. This is similar to the magnetization curve
mentioned previously except that it represents the
entire magnetic circuit of a machine rather than one
particular magnetic material. In addition, it has
generator output voltage plotted against field
current rather than flux density against magnetizing
force.
This can be done since generator voltage is
directly proportional to the field flux and the
number of turns is fixed. There is a different
saturation curve for each speed. The lower straight
line portion of the curve represents the air gap
because the magnetic parts are not saturated.
When the magnetic parts start to saturate, the curve
Figure 9: No Load Saturation Curve bends over until complete saturation is reached.
Then the curve becomes a straight line again.
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The expression for the generated voltage Ea and developed torque Te
assumes a linear relationship between the flux pf and the field current
If. If the assumption of linearity is removed, these expressions have to
be modified as follows
The equation Ea= Kap Wm = Ka’p If n is referred to as the
magnetization equation, and the curve is saturation of magnetization
curve which is as shown in figure 9.
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Load or External Characteristics
The curve showing the relationship between output voltage and output
current is known as the load or external characteristic. The terminal
characteristic of a device is a plot of the output, or terminal, quantities
with respect to one another. For DC generators, the terminal
characteristic is in the form of a plot of terminal voltage Vr versus load
current IL. For a shunt generator, the main causes of the decrease in
terminal voltage as load is increased are:
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4. Reduced terminal voltage in self-excited generators. The terminal
voltage is reduced as a result of the preceding three causes. Since the field
excitation is supplied by the generator itself, the reduced terminal voltage
supplies a reduced field current. This causes a further reduction in the
voltage. Figure 10 shows the external characteristic curves for generators
with various types of excitation.
For a separately excited generator driven at a constant speed and has a
fixed field current, the output voltage will decrease with increased load
current as shown. This decrease is due to the armature resistance and
armature reaction effects. If the field flux remained constant, the generated
voltage would tend to remain constant and the output voltage would be
equal to the generated voltage minus the IR drop of the armature circuit.
However, the component of armature reactions tends to decrease the flux,
thus adding an additional factor, which decreases the output voltage.
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In a shunt excited generator, it can be seen
that the output voltage decreases faster
than with separate excitation. This is due to
the fact that, since the output voltage is
reduced because of the armature reaction
effect and armature IR drop, the field
voltage is also reduced which further
reduces the flux. It can also be seen that
beyond a certain critical value, the shunt
generator shows a reversal in trend of
current values with decreasing voltages.
This point of maximum current output is
Figure 10: No Load Saturation Curve known as the breakdown point. At the short
circuit condition, the only flux available to
produce current is the residual magnetism
of the armature..
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To build up the voltage on a series generator, the external circuit must be
connected and its resistance reduced to a comparatively low value. Since
the armature is in series with the field, load current must be flowing to
obtain flux in the field. As the voltage and current rise the load resistance
may be increased to its normal value. As the external characteristic curve
shows, the voltage output starts at zero, reaches a peak, and then falls
back to zero.
The combination of a shunt field and a series field gives the best external
characteristic as illustrated in Figure 10. The voltage drop, which occurs
in the shunt machine, is compensated for by the voltage rise, which
occurs in the series machine. The addition of a sufficient number of
series turns offsets the armature IR drop and armature reaction effect,
resulting in a flat compound generator, which has a nearly constant
voltage. If more series turns are added, the voltage may rise with load
and the machine is known as an over-compound generator.
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Figure 11: Summary of the characteristics of all types of DC generator
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Voltage Regulation
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EXAMPLES
Example: 2:
The magnetization curve of a 12kW, 240V, 1200 rpm is as shown below; the
machine is a separately excited DC generator and has armature and field resistance of 0.20 and
200 respectively. At no load, the terminal voltage is 240V; the field current was adjusted from
1.2A to 1.25A to get the terminal voltage of 240V at no-load. The field winding has Nf of
2500turns/pole.
1. Neglecting armature reaction, determine the terminal voltage at rated load current. Calculate
voltage regulation.
2. Assume armature reaction at rated load will cause a reduction of 0.15 A in field current.
Determine the terminal voltage at rated load current. Calculate voltage regulation .
3. Assume armature reaction at rated load current will cause a
demagnetization of 375 A-t, and determine the field current
required to produce a terminal voltage of 240 V at rated load
current. The magnetization curve is as shown below.
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SOLUTION
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