CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the field of physical security, security lighting is lighting that

intended to deter or detect intrusions or other criminal activity
on a piece of real property, homes or offices. It can also be
used to increase a feeling of safety. Lighting is integral to crime
prevention through environmental design. Security lighting can
be counter-productive. Bright, unshielded floodlights often
prevent people from noticing criminal activity, and help
criminals see what they are doing (5). While adequate lighting
around a physical structure is deployed to reduce the risk of an
intrusion, it is critical that the lighting be designed carefully as
poorly arranged lighting can create glare which actually
obstructs vision. Studies] have shown that many criminals are
aware of this effect and actively exploit it. The optimal design
will also depend on whether the area will be watched directly
by humans or by closed-circuit television, and on the location of
the observers or cameras.

Security lighting may be subject to vandalism, possibly to

reduce its effectiveness for a subsequent intrusion attempt.
Thus security lights should either be mounted very high, or else
protected by wire mesh or tough polycarbonate shields. Other
lamps may be completely recessed from view and access, with
the light directed out through a light pipe or reflected from a
polished aluminium or stainless steel mirror. For similar reasons
high security installations may provide a stand-by power supply
for their security lighting.

Security lighting can be used in residential, commercial,

industrial, institutional, and military settings. Some examples of
security lighting include floodlights and low pressure sodium
vapour lights. Most lights intended to be left on all night are
high-intensity discharge lamps as these have good energy
efficiency, thus reducing the cost of running a lamp for such
long periods.

A disadvantage of low pressure sodium lamps is that the colour

is pure yellow, so the illuminated scene is seen without any
colour differentiation. Consequently, high pressure sodium
vapour lamps (which are still yellowish, but closer to golden
white) are also used, at the cost of greater running expenses
and increased light pollution. High pressure sodium lamps also
take slightly longer to restrike after a power interruption.

Other lights may be activated by sensors such as passive

infrared sensors (PIRs), turning on only when a person (or other
mammal) approaches. PIR activated lamps will usually be
incandescent bulbs so that they can activate instantly; energy
saving is less important since they will not be on all the time.
PIR sensor activation can increase both the deterrent effect
(since the intruder knows that he has been detected) and the
detection effect (since a person will be attracted to the sudden
increase in light). Some PIR units can be set up to sound a
chime as well as turn on the light. Most modern units have a
photocell so that they only turn on when it is dark.
In this project however, an infrared controlled security light is
being developed. It uses an infrared transmitter and receiver to
control an electric light that will be mounted outside a home or
office. It triggers the light at night anytime someone passes in
between the receiver and the transmitter.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The new trend in technology has elevated man’s livelihood and

reduced most stress of his life. Man now needed little or no
effort to carry on with life activities. Manually switching ON
security light at night at the suspicion of an intruder is a form of
stress to man and the process in an outdated type. Man’s
advancement in technology has aided automatic process and
an infrared controlled security light is an adoption this
automatic processes.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to develop an infrared controlled

security light.

The objectives of the project are to develop a system by;

1. Designing an electronic circuit that can detect a difference

between the ambient illumination and the illumination as a
result of a focused beam of light from the controller and use
this detection to initiate a simple control process. The light
beam detector circuit is expected to be sensitive to the beam
of light from a distance of about 4.0m in daytime illumination
and even farther in the dark of night.
2. Selecting a light sensitive electronic component, studying its
electrical characteristic and finding a means of improving its
sensitivity, in the presence of high levels of ambient
illumination, if necessary.

3. Selectivity, in terms of its ability to respond only to the

control signal and not random or transient light sources

4. Reliability, in terms of its ability to respond to the control

signal correctly and without failure and,

5. Noise Immunity, in terms of its freedom from the negative

effects of power fluctuations and random physical phenomena
in the semi-conductor material that make up the light sensitive
components.

1.4 SCOPE

This work is not limited to be used only as a prototype for the

purpose of academic work. It can be adopted in real
application. The frequency of transmission and reception is 38
kHz. The circuit can be operated a very short range of distance.
It can only be used to switch ON/OFF a light bulb.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William

Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel
published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of
London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and
detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum,
through an increase in the temperature recorded on a
thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them
"Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in
the 19th century.[47][48]

According to (Miller, Principles of Infrared Technology (Van

Nostrand Reinhold, 1992), and Miller and Friedman, Photonic
Rules of Thumb, 2004. ISBN 978-0-442-01210-6), other
important dates with regards to the development of infrared
include;

In 1737, Émilie du Châtelet predicted what is today known as

infrared radiation in Dissertation sur la nature et la propagation
du feu.

In 1835, Macedonio Melloni made the first thermopile IR

detector.

In 1840, John Herschel produces the first thermal image

thermogram.

In 1860, Gustav Kirchhoff formulated the blackbody theorem

In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of
selenium.

In 1878, Samuel Pierpont Langley invents the first bolometer, a

device which is able to measure small temperature
fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources.

In 1879, Stefan-Boltzmann law formulated empirically that the

power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to T 4.

In 1880s & 1890s, Lord Rayleigh and Wilhelm Wien solved part
of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts
of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the
"Ultraviolet catastrophe and Infrared Catastrophe".

In 1901, Max Planck published the blackbody equation and

theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable
energy transitions.

In 1905, Albert Einstein developed the theory of the

photoelectric effect.

In 1917, Theodore Case developed the thallous sulfide

detector; British scientist built the first infra-red search and
track (IRST) device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile
(1.6 km).

In 1935, Lead salts – early missile guidance in World War II.

In 1938, Teau Ta – predicted that the pyroelectric effect could

be used to detect infrared radiation.
In 1945, The Zielgerät 1229 "Vampir" infrared weapon system
was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military
applications.

In 1952, H. Welker grew synthetic InSb crystals.

In 1950s, Paul Kruse (at Honeywell) and Texas Instruments

recorded infrared images.

In 1950s and 1960s, Nomenclature and radiometric units

defined by Fred Nicodemenus, G.J. Zissis and R. Clark; Robert
Clark Jones defined D*.

In 1958, W.D. Lawson (Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern)

discovered IR detection properties of HgCdTe.

In 1958, Falcon and Sidewinder missiles were developed using

infrared technology.

In 1961, J. Cooper demonstrated pyroelectric detection.

In 1964, W.G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a

pyrophile beetle.[37]

In 1965, First IR Handbook; first commercial imagers (Barnes,

Agema {now part of FLIR Systems Inc.}; Richard Hudson's
landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by Hughes; phenomenology
pioneered by Fred Simmons and A.T. Stair; U.S. Army's night
vision lab formed (now Night Vision and Electronic Sensors
Directorate (NVESD), and Rachets develops detection,
recognition and identification modeling there.
In 1970, Willard Boyle and George E. Smith proposed CCD at
Bell Labs for picture phone.

In 1972, Common module program started by NVESD.

In 1978, Infrared imaging astronomy came of age,

observatories planned, IRTF on Mauna Kea opened; 32 by 32
and 64 by 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other
materials.

In 2013, On February 14 researchers developed a neural

implant that gives rats the ability to sense infrared light which
for the first time provides living creatures with new abilities,
instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.
("Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light". Wired UK. 14
February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.)

2.1 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

2.1.1 INTERATED CIRCUIT (IC)

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also

referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic
circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material,
normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a
discrete circuit made from independent components.

Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment

today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.
Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances
are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies,
made possible by the low cost of producing integrated circuits.
ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion
transistors and other electronic components in an area the size
of a fingernail. The width of each conducting line in a circuit
(the line width) can be made smaller and smaller as the
technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100
nanometers and in 2013 it is expected to be in the tens of
nanometers.

In this project a 555 timer IC was used.

555 TIMERS
The 555 timer is very well-known and valuable IC. It was
introduced by Signetic Corporation in 1970. It is used for
generating highly accurate delays and oscillations. Its operating
voltage range is from +5V to +18V. Below is the Pin Diagram of
555 Timer.

Pin no 1 – This pin is ground pin and is connected to the –ve

terminal of the battery.
Pin no 2 – This pin is trigger pin. This pin is connected to the
inverting (–ve) terminal of the comparator 2. It is used to switch
the output of the timer high. A negative going pulse having
amplitude greater than 1/3Vcc is necessary to switch the output
high. Comparator2 output is connected to the S(set) terminal of
the SR flip flop and output of flip flop is taken from Q n
bar(complement of Qn). As the pulse is applied, comparator
gives output high and flip flop is set, but as the output is taken
in complemented form then transistor Q1 will not conduct and
output stage drives the output high.
Pin no 3 – This pin is the output pin. Load is connected to this
pin. We can connect the load between pin 3 and pin 8(V cc)
which is called normally on load or between pin 3 and pin
1(ground) which is called normally off load. For the normally on
load if output is low, the current flows through the load into the
output terminal which is called sink current. On the other side
for the normally off load current flows through the load and is
supplied by output pin i.e. output pin is the source of current,
which is called source current. The maximum value of source
or sink current is 200mA.
Pin no 4 –This pin is the Reset pin. It is connected to the base
of pnp transistor Q2 as shown in fig 2. A negative pulse applied
to this pin will reset the timer. For most of the applications this
pin is not used and it is connected to (Vcc).
Pin no 5 – This pin is control voltage pin. It is connected to
inverting (–ve) terminal of the comparator1 through the
potential divider combination of two 5k resistors. As the name
implies control voltage, by applying a voltage on this pin we
can change the values of threshold & trigger voltage. This pin
has the applications in communication systems for modulation.
For most of the general purpose applications to prevent any
noise problems this pin is grounded through an external
capacitor of 0.01µFarad.
Pin no 6 – This pin is the threshold pin. It is connected to the
non-inverting (+ve) terminal of comparator1. As we know the
inverting terminal of comparator1 is at potential of 2/3V cc, so, if
voltage greater than 2/3Vcc is applied to the threshold pin then
output of comparator goes high and output of flip flop also goes
high(i.e. Qn bar). This high output of the flip flop will switch ON
the transistor Q1 and output of timer goes low.
Pin no 7 – This pin is discharge pin. It is connected to the
collector terminal of transistor Q2 as shown in fig 2. As the
name implies discharge pin, it is used to discharge the
externally connected capacitor which we will discuss later in
this tutorial. When the capacitor is discharging or transistor Q1
is conducting then output of the timer will be low.
Pin no 8 – This pin is vcc pin. It is connected to the +ve
terminal of the battery. The range of voltage that can be
applied to this pin is +5V to +18V.

2.1.2 IR LED (Infrared Transmitter)

IR LED is a special type of LED that emits Infrared rays of the

Electromagnetic Spectrum. The wavelength of Infrared Rays is
greater than that of Visible light and hence they are invisible to
human eye.
A typical IR LED emits infrared rays in a wavelength range of
740 – 760 nm. There are many sources of infrared light like
sun, light bulbs, all hot items and even human body.

So, in order to prevent interference and false triggering, we will

modulate the infrared light. The modulated signal can only be
demodulated by the appropriate IR Receiver.

2.1.3 TSOP 1738 IR Receiver

TSOP 1738 is an IR Receiver for IR (Infrared) remote controls. It

consists of Photo Detector, Gain Control, Band Pass Filter,
Demodulator and a Pre – amplifier in a single package.
TSOP17XX series of IR Receivers are very common for all types
of transmission codes supporting different modulating
techniques like RC6, RC5, NEC, Sony, etc.

TSOP 1738 in particular supports a carrier frequency of 38 KHz

and the output of this IR Receiver can be directly connected to
a microcontroller or a microprocessor. TSOP 1738 has three
pins namely GND, VS and OUT. The following image shows the
pin out of TSOP 1738.
Some of the other characteristics of TSOP 1738 are high
immunity to ambient light, active low output, low power
consumption, continuous data transmission and compatibility
with TTL as well as CMOS.

A typical application circuit of TSOP 1738 IR Receiver (or any IR

Receiver for that matter) will consists of an IR Transmitter (IR
LED), IR Receiver (TSOP 1738) and a microcontroller. The
following image describes the block diagram of the IR
Transmitter and Receiver.

In the image, the IR Transmitter emits Infrared light modulated

at a particular frequency. The IR Receiver will receive this
modulated signal and demodulates it and sends it to the
Microcontroller.

2.1.4 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

Light emitting diode (LED) gives off light when a current passes
through them in the forward direction. An LED is a transducer
which is used to change electrical energy into light energy and
Is made from the semiconductor gallium arsenide phosphide.
The LED must be connected in a circuit the correct way round if
it is to work; its anode must be positive and its cathode must
be negative. The anode is usually the longer of the two
terminals. When forward biased (anode positive and cathode
negative) it conducts and emits red, yellow or green light
depending on its composition. No light emission occurs if the
LED is reversed biased (anode negative and cathode positive).

Fig 2.1 LED symbol.

2.1.5 Resistors
A resistor is a component which provides resistance in an
electrical circuit. Resistors are used to reduce or limit the
amount of current flowing in a circuit. They oppose the flow of
current. This opposition is called resistance and it is measured
in OHMS. Large units of resistance are the KILOHMS and the
MEGAOHMS where 1 KILOHMS =1000 OHMS and 1 MEGOHM
=1000000 OHMS. A small resistance offers little resistance to
the flow of current, where as large resistance offers a large
resistance and thereby causes a smaller current to flow.

Fig 2.2 (a) Symbol of resistor

TYPES OF RESISTORS AND THEIR SYMBOLS
1. Fixed resistors
 Fig 3.2 (b) Symbol of fixed resistors
2. Variable resistor.

Fig 2.2 (c) Symbols of variable resistor.

2.1.6 Capacitor
A capacitor is a component which store electric charge. It
consists of two metal plate separations by an insulator called
the dielectric. When connected to a battery, capacitor charges
up until the p.d between its terminals is the same as the e.m.f.
of the battery. If the battery is removed, the charge may take a
lot of time to leak away unless a conductor is connected across
the terminals.

Types of capacitor and their symbols

1. Electrolytic capacitor (polarized ) : Greater than 1uf

Fig 3.3 (a) Symbol electrolytic capacitor

 2. Non – electrolytic capacitor (non-polarized): small
capacitor usually having a capacitance less than 1uf.

Fig 2.3 (b) Symbol of non-electrolytic capacitor

2.1.7 Transformer
A transformer is used to change the value of an alternating
voltage. It can either increase the value of the AC voltage in
which in the case it is called step up transformer or it can
decrease the value of the AC voltage and is called step down
transformer. Some transformer are not used to step up or step
down the voltage but are used for impedance matching.
Impedance is the opposition to alternating current and it is
important to ensure that the output impedance of an amplifier
matches with input impedance of the load being fed.
Transformer consists of a pair of windings, one for the input
called the primary winding and other for the output, the
secondary coils.

Fig 2.4 symbol of transformer

2.1.8 Switch
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component
that can break or close an electrical circuit, interrupting the
flow of current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
The main component of a switch is transistors. Transistors are
three terminal device (semiconductor) used as amplifiers and
as switches. An ideal switch would change state without
bouncing between ON and OFF positive

2.1.9 IC REGULATOR

Voltage regulator comprises a class of widely used ICs.

Regulator IC units contains the circuitry for reference source,
comparator amplifier, control device and over load protection,
all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of a fixed positive
voltage, a fixed negative voltage or an adjustable set voltage.
The regulator can be selected for operation with load currents
from hundreds of milli- watts to tens of ampere, corresponding
to power rating from milli- watts to tens of watts. A fixed three-
terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage,
Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage
Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected
to ground. The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive
regulated voltage from 5 to 24volts. Similarly, the series 79
regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltage from 5 to
24 volts.

In this work, the series provide 78 regulator (7805) will be used

which will provide +5v to the entire circuit.
 7805

1 2 3

Figure 2.6 shows the pin diagram of a 7805 IC regulator

Where 1 = Positive supply

2 = AND

3 = Output Voltage
2.1.10 DIODES
A diode is two terminal active, non-linear device used in
containing voltage and current in a circuit. It allows current to
flow in one direction, the device is said to be forward current
biased when the voltage applied the diode is positive related to
the cathode. The direction of forward biased the effective
resistance across the diode is very low. But when reversed
biased would be a perfect conductor for forward current and a
perfect insulator for reverse current.
Diode can be used as a rectifier. It can convert alternating
current to direct current. They can be arranged in a four-
terminal semicircular way to form a bridge rectifier. It has two
source terminals, a positive terminal and a negative terminal
alternating voltage is being connected to the source inputs.
Rectified outputs come out through the other two terminals.
2.1.11 VEROBOARD

Veroboard is a widely use type of electronics protolyping board

characteristics by a 0.1 inch (2.54mm) regulator (rectangular)
grid of holes, with wide parallel ships of copper cladding
running in one direction all the way across one side of the
board. In using the board, breaks are made in the tracks,
usually around holes, to divide the strips into multiple electrical
nodes. With care, it is possible to break between holes to allow
for components that have two pin rows only one position apart.

2.1.12 JUMP WIRE

Jump wire, commonly used with a breadboard is used to

transfer electrical signal from one part of the breadboard to the
external microcontroller. Jumper wire varies in size and colour
to distinguish what objects they are working with. Sensors
buttons, and other such things all use jumper wire to
communicate with the microcontroller.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
The whole aim of this work is to develop a system that will
serve as an infrared controlled security light. This chapter
however, deals with the design method and analysis that are
required to make the correct choice of component values for
effective performance. The design of this device was simplified
so as to utilize locally available materials in its construction.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The method employed in this project is very simple and easy to
comprehend. The development of this system utilized an
indigenous technology, thus its design and construction was
not difficult. The design could be categorized into four sections
and the block diagram is show below;

Power Supply
Transmitter Unit Receiver Unit Lighting Unit
Unit

Fig 3.2 Block diagram of an infrared controlled security light

 Power supply unit

 Transmitter unit
 Receiver unit
 Lighting unit

3.1.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The power supply section is a regulated power supply used in

powering other units or section, that is, it supplies other sub –
units the amount of voltage and current they needed
respectively. There are many types of power supply. Most are
designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other
devices. The major parts of the power supply section are
transformer, rectifier, filter or smoothing circuit and a voltage
regulator. Below is the block diagram of the regulated power
supply.

Fig 3.1 Block diagram of power supply

The power supply used is a 5V regulated supply:

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage

AC.

Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

Filter- it remove or smoothes the ripple contain in the rectifier

output. The capacitor is used as a filter in the design because
of its charging and discharging.

Regulator – the voltage regulator eliminates ripple by setting

DC output to a fixed voltage. LM7805 is the type used in this
design and it produces a steady 5v Dc at its output.

Power supplies made from these blocks are described below

with a circuit diagram and a graph of their output:

Transformer only
Transformer + Rectifier

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

a. The Transformer

Fig 3.2 (a) the Transformer and the Graph

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and

special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless
they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.

b. Transformer + Rectifier

Fig 3.2 (b) transformer, rectifier and the output graph

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and

standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless
they include a smoothing capacitor.

c. Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

 Fig 3.2 (c) transformer, rectifier, filter/smoothing and the
output graph

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for

most electronic circuits.

d. Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

Fig 3.2 (d) Transformer, Rectifier, Smoothing, Regulator and

the output graph

The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is

suitable for all electronic circuits.
3.1.2 TRANSMITTER UNIT
This unit comprises an astable multivibrator built around an IC
555 timer and other components. It was designed to activate
an infrared diode to emit an infrared light of 38 kHz of
frequency. The emitted rays are focused on the receiver
continuously.
3.1.3 INFRARED BEAM
This unit consists of the infrared rays emitted by the
transmitter which was focused on the receiver to ensure that
the light does not become activated at the absence of an
intruder. Its frequency is 38 KHz.
3.1.4 RECEIVER UNIT
This unit consists of an infrared transistor build a monstable
multivibrator utilizing an IC 555 timer and other electrical
components. Its frequency is regulated to 38 KHz and the
transistor is focused to receive infrared rays from the
transmitter.
3.1.5 SWITCHING UNIT
This unit consists of an electronic switch made of transistor
and relay to switch OFF/ON the light once the infrared beam is
blocked by an intruder.
3.1.6 LIGHTING UNIT
This unit consists of an electric bulb which is activated
whenever the focused infrared beam is blocked by an intruder.
The light comes ON for about 10 seconds and comes OFF if
there is no intruder.

3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The transmitter is transmitting an infrared ray at the frequency
of 38 KHz and whenever the receiver receives an infrared at
this frequency, the output of the receiver become LOW and this
energizes the relay connected to it. The relay transfers 0v to
the trigger input of the monostable multivirator which in turn
start timing for about 10 seconds and stops. At this point the
light becomes activated since it was connected to the output of
the monostable multivibrator through a transistor. Once the
timing elapses, the light becomes deactivated. This is
continuously repeated every time an intruder passes in
between the transmitter and the receiver of the device.
3.3 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING AND RESULT
In the course of the construction, various tests were carried out
and the results stated.

Various components used in the construction were tested using

measuring instrument like multi-meter to measure the values
of these components and were also tested after they were
mounted on the veroboard.

The main aim of testing the components was;

 To avoid the wrong usage of components

 To avoid partial contact due to poor soldering
 To ensure that polarity were in the right order and to
generate a good power output.

When each of the components were tested using a multi-meter,

they all read correctly as analyzed below;

 Resistors =1K, 10K, 100K

 Capacitor = 1000MF, 10MF, 100,000PF
 Diode = IN4007
 Transistor = NPN
 Transformer = 220v/12v AC
 LEDs = white colour

Also experiments were carried out to determine the range at

which the receiver can receive the transmitted infrared rays.
Thus about three experiments were conducted.

EXPERIMENT 1
In this experiment, the transmitter was placed at the distance
of 10 meters to the receiver and was switched ON. The infrared
beam focused on the receiver was blocked by someone but the
light did not turn ON.
EXPERIMENT 2
In this experiment, the transmitter was placed at the distance
of 5 meters to the receiver and was switched ON. The infrared
beam was also blocked by someone. However, the light turned
ON though not in every occasion the beam was blocked.
EXPERIMENT 3
In this experiment, the transmitter was placed at the distance
of 3 meters to the receiver and was switched ON.
The infrared beam was also blocked by someone. The light turn
ON in every occasion the blocking was repeated.

4.1 DISCUSSION
From my finding in the experiment/test carried with the device,
I discovered that;

1. The device functioned effectively due to scrutiny in

choosing the components used.
2. Proper components test was carried out
3. The elements used are not shorted.
4. The proper distance between the transmitter and receiver
for proper reception of the infrared beam is 0-3 meters.

4.2 COST OF COMPONENTS

S COMPONENTS QUANTI UNIT AMOU
/N TY PRICE NT
 1 Transformer 1 1000 1000
2 Diodes 5 50 250
3 Capacitors 4 50 200
4 Resistors 7 20 140
5 Transistors 5 100 500
6 Relay 2 500 1,000
7 LED 2 20 20
8 Vero board 1 150 150
9 Casing 2,000 2,000
1 IR transistor 1 1,500 1,500
0
1 IR diode 1 750 750
1
1 555 timer 1 500 500
2
1 IC regulator 1 150 150
3
1 Switch 1 100 100
4
1 Electric bulb 1 150 150
5
TOTAL 8,410

4.3 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

In the course of this project, many problems were encountered
and as human beings we try to overcome these problems.
Some of the problems include;
I. finance for the project work was small but the money was
not easy to come by.
 II some components were hard to find. It requires going
from one place to another before we could get the correct
components.
[Link] components were burnt while soldering and requires
replacing them with new once.
IV. The circuit diagram that was downloaded online for
the project work did not function, so it was adjusted to get the
required one
V. placing and soldering the components on the Vero board
requires a lot of technology and the technical known how.
VI. At a point, the project didn’t work and it requires
starting afresh.
VII. Writing the program for the project was not easy. It
required going to a programmed for assistant.

4.4 SOLUTIONS
In the course of this project, several efforts were made to
overcome the problems they include;
1. With the help of parents, guidance, and relations we were
to finance the project.
[Link] came from friends who were willing to help.
3 professionals were consulted for guidance.
4. We worked as group and the group work was carried out
well and the cost of expenditures was reduced.
5. God Almighty was our stronghold.
 CHAPETR FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
From the on-going it has been extensively deduced that an
infrared controlled security light is an application of Science
and Technology used in controlling security light at night. The
device has no side effect to the inhabitance of a building; rather
it helps to provide security for the inhabitance of a building.
The operation of the device is easy and straight forward. The
device is durable when handled carefully and the maintenance
is cheap.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project sets a foundation that could be easily taken up as a
future project. It covers the design process of the detective
system and describes the problems encountered during
implementation. Later sections suggest possible solutions to
each of the problems and make recommendations for future
improvements. A future project topic could be to conduct a
design analysis of the system and to fully construct and test
the redesign system.

Due to the adaptability of this system many other applications

can stem from the design. This system is modular in design and
can be easily changed to suit almost any application. Another
possible project topic that could include sections of this design
would be includes camera to capture events once the light
turns ON.

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Evans, W.G. (1966). "Infrared receptors in Melanophila
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