Table 6.1 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles Table 6.

Table 6.1 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles (1 of 2)

Chapter 6
The Muscular
System

Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College

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Table 6.1 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles (2 of 2)

Functions of the muscular system Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

▪ Body movement ▪ Sarcolemma—specialized plasma membrane

▪ Maintenance of posture ▪ Myofibrils—long organelles inside muscle cell
▪ Respiration ▪ Light (I) bands and dark (A) bands give the muscle its
striated (banded) appearance
▪ Production of body heat
▪ Communication
▪ Constriction of organs and vessels
▪ Heart beat

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Figure 6.3a Anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell). Figure 6.3b Anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell).

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Sarcolemma ▪ Banding pattern of myofibrils

Z disc H zone Z
▪ I band = light band disc
▪ Contains only thin filaments Thin (actin)

Myofibril ▪ Z disc is a midline interruption myofilament

Thick (myosin)
▪ A band = dark band
myofilament
▪ Contains the entire length of the thick filaments
▪ H zone is a lighter central area (b) Myofibril or fibril I band A band I band M
(complex organelle line
▪ M line is in center of H zone composed of bundles
Dark Light Nucleus
of myofilaments)
(A) band (I) band
(a) Segment of a muscle fiber (cell)

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 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

▪ Sarcomere—contractile unit of a muscle fiber ▪ Thick filaments = myosin filaments ▪ Thin filaments = actin filaments
▪ Structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle ▪ Composed of the protein myosin ▪ Composed of the contractile protein actin
▪ Organization of the sarcomere ▪ Contain ATPase enzymes to split ATP to release ▪ Actin is anchored to the Z disc
energy for muscle contractions
▪ Myofilaments produce banding (striped) pattern ▪ At rest, within the A band there is a zone that
▪ Possess projections known as myosin heads
▪ Thick filaments = myosin filaments lacks actin filaments called the H zone
▪ Thin filaments = actin filaments ▪ Myosin heads are known as cross bridges when they
link thick and thin filaments during contraction ▪ During contraction, H zones disappear as actin
and myosin filaments overlap

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Figure 6.3c Anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber (cell).

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Stimulation and Contraction of Single

Skeletal Muscle Cells
▪ Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ▪ Special functional properties of skeletal muscles
Sarcomere
▪ Specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum ▪ Irritability (also called responsiveness)—ability to
Z disc
M line
Z disc ▪ Surrounds the myofibril receive and respond to a stimulus
Thin (actin) ▪ Contractility—ability to forcibly shorten when an
myofilament ▪ Stores and releases calcium
adequate stimulus is received
Thick (myosin) ▪ Extensibility—ability of muscle cells to be stretched
myofilament
▪ Elasticity—ability to recoil and resume resting length
after stretching
(c) Sarcomere (segment of a myofibril)

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Figure 6.4a Motor units. Figure 6.4b Motor units.

Axon terminals at Axon terminals at Muscle

The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential neuromuscular junctions neuromuscular junctions fibers
Spinal cord

Motor Motor
▪ Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor unit 1 unit 2
neuron (nerve cell) to contract
Nerve
▪ Motor unit—one motor neuron and all the skeletal
muscle cells stimulated by that neuron Axon of
Motor motor
neuron neuron
cell bodies

Muscl Muscle fibers

e
Branching
axon to
motor unit
(b)
(a)
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 The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential

▪ Neuromuscular junction ▪ Synaptic cleft ▪ When a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal
▪ Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron ▪ Gap between nerve and muscle filled with interstitial of the motor neuron,
and sarcolemma of a muscle fluid Step 1: Calcium channels open, and calcium ions enter
▪ Neurotransmitter ▪ Although very close, the nerve and muscle do not the axon terminal
make contact Step 2: Calcium ion entry causes some synaptic
▪ Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve
impulse in the axon terminal vesicles to release acetylcholine (ACh)
▪ Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter that Step 3: ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and
stimulates skeletal muscle attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle
cell

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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential

Step 4: If enough ACh is released, the sarcolemma Step 5: Depolarization opens more sodium channels ▪ Cell returns to its resting state when:
becomes temporarily more permeable to sodium ions that allow sodium ions to enter the cell 1. Potassium ions (K+) diffuse out of the cell
(Na+) ▪ An action potential is created
2. Sodium-potassium pump moves sodium and
▪ Potassium ions (K+) diffuse out of the cell ▪ Once begun, the action potential is unstoppable potassium ions back to their original positions
▪ More sodium ions enter than potassium ions leave ▪ Conducts the electrical impulse from one end of the cell
▪ Establishes an imbalance in which interior has more to the other
positive ions (depolarization), thereby opening more Step 6: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down
Na+ channels acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline
▪ AChE ends muscle contraction
▪ A single nerve impulse produces only one contraction

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Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction. Slide 1 Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction. Slide 2 Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction. Slide 3

Myelinated axon
Nerve of motor neuron
impulse Axon terminal of Myelinated axon
Nucleus neuromuscular
Nerve of motor neuron
junction
Sarcolemma of impulse Axon terminal of
the muscle fiber Nucleus
neuromuscular
junction Synaptic vesicle containing ACh
Sarcolemma of
1 Nerve impulse reaches axon
the muscle fiber terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron
Synaptic vesicle containing ACh
1 Nerve impulse reaches axon
terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels Ca2 Ca2
2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels Ca2 Ca2
open, and Ca2+ enters the + +
Synaptic open, and Ca2+ enters the + +
Synaptic
axon terminal. cleft Sarcolemma
axon terminal. Sarcolemma
cleft
Fusing synaptic Synaptic vesicle containing ACh
vesicle
1 Nerve impulse reaches axon Fusing synaptic
Sarcoplasm
3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron vesicle
synaptic vesicles to release their
ACh Folds of Sarcoplasm
contents (the neurotransmitter sarcolemma Mitochondrion of muscle fiber
acetylcholine) by exocytosis.
receptor ACh
4 Acetylcholine diffuses across Ca2 Ca2 ACh Folds of
the synaptic cleft and binds to
receptors in the sarcolemma. + +
Synaptic receptor sarcolemma
cleft Sarcolemma
Ion channel in
5 ACh binds and opens channels Na K+ sarcolemma opens;
that allow simultaneous passage + ions pass. Fusing synaptic
of Na+ into the muscle fiber and
K+ out of the muscle fiber. More vesicle
Na+ ions enter than K+ ions leave, Sarcoplasm
producing a local change in the
electrical conditions of the
ACh of muscle fiber
membrane (depolarization). This
ACh Folds of
eventually leads to an action ACh Degraded ACh Ion channel closes;
potential. Na+ ions cannot pass. receptor sarcolemma
6 The enzyme acetylcholinesterase
breaks down ACh in the synaptic
cleft, ending the process.
Acetylcholinesterase
K
+
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Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction. Slide 4 Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction. Slide 5 Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction. Slide 6

Synaptic vesicle containing ACh Synaptic vesicle containing ACh

1 Nerve impulse reaches axon 1 Nerve impulse reaches axon
terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron
Mitochondrion Mitochondrion

2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels Ca2 Ca2 2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels Ca2 Ca2 Ion channel in
5 ACh binds and opens channels Na+
open, and Ca2+ enters the + +
Synaptic open, and Ca2+ enters the + +
Synaptic sarcolemma opens;
Sarcolemma Sarcolemma that allow simultaneous passage K+
axon terminal. cleft axon terminal. cleft ions pass.
of Na+ into the muscle fiber and
Fusing synaptic Fusing synaptic
K+ out of the muscle fiber. More
vesicle vesicle
Sarcoplasm Sarcoplasm Na+ ions enter than K+ ions leave,
3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber 3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber producing a local change in the
synaptic vesicles to release their Folds of synaptic vesicles to release their Folds of electrical conditions of the
ACh ACh
contents (the neurotransmitter sarcolemma contents (the neurotransmitter sarcolemma membrane (depolarization). This
receptor receptor
acetylcholine) by exocytosis. acetylcholine) by exocytosis. eventually leads to an action
4 Acetylcholine diffuses across potential.
the synaptic cleft and binds to
receptors in the sarcolemma.

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Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction. Slide 7 Figure 6.5 Events at the neuromuscular junction. Slide 8 Figure 6.6 Comparing the action potential to a flame consuming a dry twig.

Myelinated axon
Nerve
impulse
of motor neuron Small twig
Axon terminal of
Nucleus neuromuscular
junction
Sarcolemma of
the muscle fiber

Match
Synaptic vesicle containing ACh
flame
1 Nerve impulse reaches axon
terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron
Mitochondrion
1 Flame ignites 2 Flame spreads
2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels Ca2 Ca2 the twig. rapidly along the twig.
ACh Degraded ACh +
Ion channel closes; open, and Ca2+ enters the + Synaptic
Na+
ions cannot pass.
axon terminal. cleft Sarcolemma
(a)
Fusing synaptic
vesicle
6 The enzyme acetylcholinesterase Sarcoplasm
breaks down ACh in the synaptic cleft, 3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber

ending the process.

synaptic vesicles to release their
ACh Folds of Neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholinesterase
contents (the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine) by exocytosis.
receptor sarcolemma Muscle fiber
K 4 Acetylcholine diffuses across
Nerve (cell)
+
the synaptic cleft and binds to Striations
fiber
receptors in the sarcolemma.

Ion channel in
5 ACh binds and opens channels Na K+ sarcolemma opens;
that allow simultaneous passage +
ions pass.
of Na+ into the muscle fiber and
K+ out of the muscle fiber. More
Na+ ions enter than K+ ions leave,
producing a local change in the

1 Na+ diffuses
electrical conditions of the
membrane (depolarization). This
eventually leads to an action ACh Degraded ACh
into the cell.
Ion channel closes;
Na+
2 Action potential spreads
potential. ions cannot pass.
6 The enzyme acetylcholinesterase
breaks down ACh in the synaptic
cleft, ending the process.
Acetylcholinesterase
rapidly along the sarcolemma.
K
+
(b)
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Figure 6.7 Diagrammatic views of a sarcomere.

Myosin Actin
A&P Flix™: Events at the Neuromuscular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The
Junction Sliding Filament Theory
▪ What causes filaments to slide?
▪ Calcium ions (Ca2+) bind regulatory proteins on thin
filaments and expose myosin-binding sites, allowing Z H Z
the myosin heads on the thick filaments to attach I A I
▪ Each cross bridge pivots, causing the thin filaments to (a) Relaxed sarcomere
slide toward the center of the sarcomere
▪ Contraction occurs, and the cell shortens
▪ During a contraction, a cross bridge attaches and
detaches several times
▪ ATP provides the energy for the sliding process, which
continues as long as calcium ions are present Z Z
I A I
(b) Fully contracted sarcomere
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Figure 6.8a Schematic representation of contraction mechanism: the sliding filament theory. Figure 6.8b Schematic representation of contraction mechanism: the sliding filament theory. Figure 6.8c Schematic representation of contraction mechanism: the sliding filament theory.

Regulatory proteins In a relaxed muscle fiber, the regulatory proteins Myosin-binding site The flood of calcium acts as the final trigger for
forming part of the actin myofilaments prevent Ca2+
contraction, because as calcium binds to the The free myosin heads are “cocked,” much like an
myosin binding (see a). When an action potential
(AP) sweeps along its sarcolemma and a muscle regulatory proteins on the actin filaments, the proteins oar ready to be pulled on for rowing. Myosin attachment
fiber is excited, calcium ions (Ca2+) are released undergo a change in both their shape and their to actin causes the myosin heads to snap (pivot) toward
from intracellular storage areas (the sacs of the position on the thin filaments. This action exposes the center of the sarcomere in a rowing motion. When
sarcoplasmic reticulum). myosin-binding sites on the actin, to which the myosin this happens, the thin filaments are slightly pulled
(c)
heads can attach (see b), and the myosin heads toward the center of the sarcomere
Upper part of thick filament only immediately begin seeking out binding sites. (see c). ATP provides the energy needed to release and
Myosin myofilament Actin myofilament
recock each myosin head so that it is ready to attach to
(b) a binding site farther along the thin filament.
(a)

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A&P Flix™: The Cross Bridge Cycle Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole

▪ Graded responses ▪ Graded responses can be produced in two ways

▪ Muscle fiber contraction is “all-or-none,” meaning it will ▪ By changing the frequency of muscle stimulation
contract to its fullest when stimulated adequately ▪ By changing the number of muscle cells being
▪ Within a whole skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated at one time
stimulated during the same interval
▪ Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions
may give differing responses
▪ Graded responses—different degrees of skeletal
muscle shortening

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Figure 6.9a A whole muscle’s response to different stimulation rates.

Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole

▪ Muscle response to increasingly rapid stimulation ▪ Muscle response to increasingly rapid stimulation
▪ Muscle twitch T (continued)
e
▪ Single, brief, jerky contraction n ▪ In most types of muscle activity, nerve impulses are
▪ Not a normal muscle function s delivered at a rapid rate
i
o ▪ As a result, contractions are “summed” (added)
n together, and one contraction is immediately followed
(
g by another
)
(Stimuli)

(a) Twitch

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Figure 6.9b A whole muscle’s response to different stimulation rates. Figure 6.9c A whole muscle’s response to different stimulation rates.

Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole

▪ Muscle response to increasingly rapid stimulation

T (continued) T
e e
n ▪ When stimulations become more frequent, muscle n
s s
i contractions get stronger and smoother i
o ▪ The muscle now exhibits unfused (incomplete) tetanus o
n n
( (
g g
)
(Stimuli) )
(Stimuli)

(b) Summing of (c) Unfused

contractions (incomplete) tetanus

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Figure 6.9d A whole muscle’s response to different stimulation rates.

Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole

▪ Muscle response to increasingly rapid stimulation ▪ Muscle response to stronger stimuli

(continued) T
e ▪ Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers
▪ Fused (complete) tetanus is achieved when the muscle n stimulated
s
is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation i ▪ Contraction of more fibers results in greater muscle
is seen o tension
n
▪ Contractions are smooth and sustained ( ▪ When all motor units are active and stimulated, the
g muscle contraction is as strong as it can get
)
(Stimuli)

(d) Fused (complete)

tetanus

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Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction

▪ ATP ▪ Three pathways to regenerate ATP ▪ Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine

▪ Only energy source that can be used to directly power 1. Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)—fastest
muscle contraction phosphate ▪ Muscle cells store CP, a high-energy molecule
▪ Stored in muscle fibers in small amounts that are 2. Aerobic pathway ▪ After ATP is depleted, ADP remains
quickly used up 3. Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation ▪ CP transfers a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate
▪ After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized to ATP
produce ATP ▪ CP supplies are exhausted in less than 15 seconds
▪ 1 ATP is produced per CP molecule

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Figure 6.10a Methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity. Figure 6.10b Methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity.

(a) Direct phosphorylation (b) Aerobic pathway

Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction
Coupled reaction of creatine Aerobic cellular respiration
phosphate (CP) and ADP
Energy source: CP Energy source: glucose; pyruvic acid;
▪ Aerobic respiration free fatty acids from adipose tissue;
amino acids from protein catabolism
▪ Supplies ATP at rest and during light/moderate
P Creatine ADP exercise Glucose (from
glycogen breakdown or
▪ A series of metabolic pathways, called oxidative delivered from blood)

Creatine ATP phosphorylation, use oxygen and occur in the Pyruvic acid
Fatty
mitochondria acids O2
Aerobic respiration
▪ Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, Amino
acids
in mitochondria

releasing energy (about 32 ATP) 32 ATP

CO2
▪ This is a slower reaction that requires continuous H2O net gain
per
Oxygen use: None
delivery of oxygen and nutrients Oxygen use: Required
glucose

Products: 1 ATP per CP, Products: 32 ATP per glucose,

creatine CO2, H2O
Duration of energy provision: 15 Duration of energy provision: Hours
seconds
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Figure 6.10c Methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity.

(c) Anaerobic pathway

Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
Glycolysis and lactic acid
formation
Energy source: glucose
▪ Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation ▪ If muscle activity is strenuous and prolonged,
▪ Reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen muscle fatigue occurs
Glucose (from
▪ Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce glycogen breakdown or ▪ Suspected factors that contribute to muscle
about 2 ATP delivered from blood)
fatigue include:
▪ Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which causes Glycolysis
in cytosol ▪ Ion imbalances (Ca2+, K+)
muscle soreness
2 ATP ▪ Oxygen deficit and lactic acid accumulation
▪ This reaction is not as efficient, but it is fast Pyruvic acid
net gain ▪ Decrease in energy (ATP) supply
▪ Huge amounts of glucose are needed Released
Lactic acid
to blood
▪ After exercise, the oxygen deficit is repaid by
Oxygen use: None rapid, deep breathing
Products: 2 ATP per glucose,
lactic acid
Duration of energy provision: 40
seconds, or slightly more
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Types of Muscle Contractions Muscle Tone Effect of Exercise on Muscles

▪ Isotonic contractions ▪ Muscle tone ▪ Exercise increases muscle size, strength, and
▪ Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during ▪ State of continuous partial contractions endurance
contractions ▪ Result of different motor units being stimulated in a ▪ Aerobic (endurance) exercise (biking, jogging) results
▪ The muscle shortens, and movement occurs systematic way in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater
▪ Example: bending the knee; lifting weights, smiling ▪ Muscle remains firm, healthy, and constantly ready for resistance to fatigue
action ▪ Makes body metabolism more efficient
▪ Isometric contractions ▪ Improves digestion, coordination
▪ Muscle filaments are trying to slide, but the muscle is
▪ Resistance (isometric) exercise (weight lifting)
pitted against an immovable object
increases muscle size and strength
▪ Tension increases, but muscles do not shorten ▪ Individual muscle fibers enlarge
▪ Example: pushing your palms together in front of you

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Figure 6.11 The effects of aerobic training versus strength training.

Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

• Aponeurosis – broad sheath like tendons. • Prime mover – the muscle that carries out the
• Retinaculum – band of CT that hold down the movement.
tendon at each wrist and ankle. • Fixator – prevents movement of movable point
• Origin – or head most stationary end of the of attachment.
muscle. • Synergist – muscles that inhibits the
• Insertion – end of the muscle attached to bone movements that are not needed.
that occur greatest movement. • Antagonist – opposes the action of prime
• Belly – part of the muscle between the origin mover.
(a) (b) and insertion.
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Types of body movement Types of body movement Types of body movement

• 1. flexion • 9. elevation • 17. inversion
• 2. extension • 10 depression • 18. eversion
• 3. abduction • 11. pronation • 19 opposition
• 4. adduction • 12. supination • 20 reposition
• 5. rotation • 13. protraction • Study and practice to demonstrate the ff. types
• 6. circumduction • 14 retraction of movement.
• 7. lateral rotation • 15. dorsiflexion • What combination of movement is required at
• 8. medial rotation • 16. plantarflexion the shoulder and elbow joints for a person to
perform crawl stroke in swimming?

5 Golder rules of skeletal muscle activity Classification of muscle according to form Classification of muscle according to form

• 1. all muscles cross at least one joint with few • 1. Unipennate – appear like a wing feather. Ex. • 5. Longitudinal/Parallel – long and straplike.
exception. EDL, Tibialis posterior. Ex. Sartorius.
• 2. the bulk of a muscle lies proximal to the joint • 2. Bipennate – resembles a symmetrical tail • 6. Triangular/Convergent – fan shaped. Ex.
crossed. feather. Ex. FHL, Rectus femoris. Pectoralis major.
• 3. all muscles have at least two attachment, the • 3. Multipennate – multiple tendons with muscle • 7. Quadrate/ Quadrilateral – four sided. ex.
origin and insertion fibers running between them. Ex. Pronator quadratus, Rhomboids.
• 4. muscles can only pull they never push. Subscapularis. • 8. circular – round ex. Orbicularis oris
• 5. muscles insertion moves toward the origin • 4. Fusiform/Spidle shaped – usually rounded &
during contraction. tapered at ends. Ex. Brachialis.
 Classification of muscle according to form Classification of muscle according to form Naming of skeletal muscle

• 1. shape
• Triangular – deltoid
• Round – teres
• Straight – rectus femoris
• 2. size
• Large – major, small – minor
• Broadest – latissimus
• Longest - longissimus

Naming of skeletal muscle Naming of skeletal muscle Naming of skeletal muscle

• 3. number of heads or bellies • 5. Depth • 7. action

• Two heads – biceps brachii • Deep – profundus (FDP) • Extend – extensor carpi ulnaris
• Three heads – triceps • Superficial - superficialis (FDS) • Flex – flexor carpi ulnaris
• Four heads – quadriceps femoris • External/ internal – ext. and int. oblique • Levator – levator scapulae
• Two bellies – digastric • 6. attachment • Based on their names, deduce some
• 4. position • From sternum to clavicle to mastoid process- characteristics of the ff. muscles
• Chest – pectoralis major and minor Sternocleidomastoid muscle • tibialis anterior, Erector spinae, rectus
• Above spine of scapula – supraspinatus • From coracoid process to arm - abdominis, extensor radialis longus, depressor
coracobrachialis labii inferioris
• Arm – biceps brachii, triceps brachii

Head and neck muscle Head and neck muscle Head and neck muscle
• Muscle of facial Expression:
• Muscle of facial Expression: • 6. Depressor anguli oris – protrudes lower lip
• 1. Occipitofrontalis – raises the eyebrow, • 7. Levator labii superioris – elevate upper lips
surprise muscle.
• Muscle of mastication
• 2. Orbicularis Oculi – closes the eye, squint,
• 1. temporalis – elevates and retract mandible
blink and wink.
• 2. maseter – elevates and protract mandible.
• 3. orbicularis Oris – kissing muscle
• 3. Lat. Pterygoids – protract and depresses
• 4. Buccinator – compresses the check as in
mandible. Opening of the mouth.
blowing, sucking and whistling,
• 4. medial Pterygoids – protracts and elevates
• 5. zygomaticus major/minor – smiling muscle
mandible.
 Head and neck muscle Neck muscle Trunk muscle
• Anterior muscles
• 1. Pectoralis major – important in pushing,
• 1. platysma – pull the corner of the mouth throwing and punching activities.
inferiorly, horror expression or sad clown face. • 2. Intercostal muscle – deep muscles found
• 2. sternocleidomastoid – paired muscle, between the ribs. Ext. intercostal muscle help to
individually rotate head and together flex or raise the rib cage during inhalation while Int.
extend head. Prayer muscle. intercostal muscle help to depress the rib cage
• 3. Trapezius – 3 heads sup. Intermediate and inf. during exhalation.
fibers extend head and neck, suspend and rotation • 3. Rectus Abdominis – paired strap like muscle,
of the scapula. Involve in lat. Winging of scapula. flex the trunk or lumbar spine, compress the
abdominal content during defecation & childbirth

Trunk muscle Trunk muscle Superficial muscle of abdominal wall

• 4. External oblique – paired superficial muscle, • Posterior muscle • .
compress the abdomen, flex the thoracolumbar • 1. Latissimus dorsi – 2 large flat muscle, involve
spine against gravity or resistance, unilateral in extension and adduction of arm and aids in
contraction ill cause lat. flex. On the same side lifting the pelvis.
and rotation to the opposite side. • 2. Erector Spinae – group of deep muscle act as
• 5. Internal Oblique – paired deep to ext. oblique the prime mover of back extension ( iliocostalis,
muscle, same action as ext. oblique but most longissimus and spinalis)
active in trunk rotation among the abdominal • 3. Quadratus Lumborum – flat muscle , bilateral
muscles. contraction will stabilize the pelvis and lumbar
• 6. transversus abdominis – deepest muscle, spine,unilateral contraction will flex th lumbar
compresses the abd. Content like a wide belt. spine to the same side.

Posterior muscles of the neck & trunk. Intramuscular site injection Intramuscular site injection
• . • 1. deltoid – multipenniform muscle, responsible • .
for the roundness of the shoulder, favorite
injection site (less than 5ml), consist of 3 parts
• Anterior deltoid – shoulder flexion, horizontal
adduction and internal rotation of the humerus.
• Middle deltoid – act with supraspinatus in
shoulder abduction most active between 90 120°
• Posterior deltoid – contract in hyperextension and
resisted horizontal abduction.
 Intramuscular site injection Intramuscular site injection Intramuscular site injection
• 2. Gluteus medius – main hip abductor runs from • . • .
the ilium to the femur, important in steadying the
pelvis during walking more than 5 ml.
• 3. Quadriceps muscles – , important site for
intramuscular injection
• Rectus femoris – superficial , 2 jointed muscle
cross the hip and knee. Flexes hip and extend
knee , site for IM injection also vastus lateralis.
• Vastus medialis &lateralis – middle , extend knee
• Vastus intermedius – deep , extend knee.

Superficial anterior muscle. Superficial posterior muscles. Homeostatic imbalance

• . • . • muscular dystrophy—a group of inherited
muscle-destroying diseases that affect specific
muscle groups. The muscles appear to enlarge
because of fat and connective tissue deposits, but
the muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy. The
most common and serious form is Duchenne’s
muscular dystrophy. which is expressed almost
exclusively in boys. This tragic disease is usually
diagnosed between the ages of 2 and 7 years.
Active, normal-appearing children become
clumsy and fall frequently as their muscles
weaken

Homeostatic imbalance
• One rare autoimmune disease that can affect
muscles during adulthood is myasthenia gravis
(weakness; gravi = heavy), a disease
characterized by drooping upper eyelids,
difficulty in swallowing and talking, and
generalized muscle weakness and fatigability. The
disease involves a shortage of acetylcholine
receptors at neuromuscular junctions caused by
• antibodies specific for acetylcholine receptors.
Antibodies are immune molecules that will mark
the receptors for destruction.