 Chapter: 11

 Early problems of Pakistan:

 Describe the refugee crisis of 1947. [4]

 The summers of 1947 saw rioting and many deaths because of violence between
Muslims and non-Muslim communities across India.
 After the Boundary Award, things got worse with millions of people in the 'wrong
country.
 The largest migration then took place with Muslims moving into Pakistan and non-
Muslims moving into India.
 10 million people were involved in this migration accompanied by violence and
mass slaughter in some places.
 1 million were estimated to be killed and 20 million people got homeless.
 Karachi received 2 million refugees alone.

 Source A
If we are to exist as a nation and give shape to the dream of Pakistan, we will have
to face the problems with determination and force. Our people are disorganised
and disheartened by the difficulties we face. Their morale is low and we will have
to work harder to pull them out of their despondency and galvanise them to action.
All this throws a greater responsibility on government servants, to whom our
people look for guidance.

From a speech by Jinnah to government officials

in October 1947.
 According to Source A, what problems faced Pakistan in 1947? [3]
 They are disheartened and disorganized.
 People have low morale.
 Government will need to work hard to motivate the people and have to become
more responsible.

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 Source B:

 What does Source B tell us about Muslim refugees in 1947? [5]

 In Source B, it can be seen the train is crowded and people are sitting on the roof
from which it can be inferred that a lot of people are moving and migrating
towards Pakistan.
 It can also be seen that the refugees are clinging to the sides of the train and they
may fall off when the train moves from which it can be inferred that refuges are
facing a lot of dangers but still have a strong will power.

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  The Canal Water Dispute was the most important problem facing the newly
established government of Pakistan in 1947.' Do you agree? Explain your
answer. [14]

Outline:
i. Canal Water Dispute.
Link-statement
ii. Refugee Issue --- Settlement of 10 million migrants.
iii. Refugee Issue --- Communal Violence.
iv. Geographical problem --- Long Distance between East and West
Pakistan.
v. Administrative Issue -- Lack of Government machinery.
vi. Issue of Division of Financial Assets.
vii. Issue of Division of Military Assets.
viii. Kashmir Issue.
ix. Pakhtunistan Issue.
x. Constitutional problem.
Judgment

i. Firstly, giving Ferozpur to India by British caused a dispute as India argued it had
the full right over water. Ferozpur headworks controlled canal system of Sutlej River
of Pakistan. Due to unreliable rainfall, Pakistan's most of the plain areas were
dependent of irrigation. Main network of barrages and sources of eastern
tributaries of river Indus like Ravi, Chenab and Sutlej remained in India. India
threatened to stop water supply to Pakistan. Hence, this brought tensions to a
head between the two countries as Pakistan had to depend on India for
its water supply.
ii. It was one of the biggest migration in world history in which more than 10 million
people migrated. It posed a challenge for government of Pakistan to settle these
refugees and to provide then basic necessities of life like food, cloth and shelter.
Pakistan had poor economic resources since it was newly established. Hence,
refugee crisis was an important issue for new government because it lacked
resources which caused security and safety of its citizens at stake.
iii. Moreover, due to the Radcliffe award, Muslim refugees were attacked and killed
by the Hindus and Sikhs. Those who managed to reach Pakistan wanted revenge

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 and with the help of other fellow Muslims, started carrying out organised attacks
on Non-Muslims living in Pakistan. As a result, communal violence spread. Hence,
this was a challenge for Pakistan as Pakistan did not have enough police,
administrative staff and security officers to control the situation.
iv. Furthermore, East Pakistan was located 1000 miles away from West Pakistan with
India in between. This led to difficult administration and communication problems.
There was difference of culture and language. It was hard for unity to be
maintained. East Pakistan also required constant relief activities since it was
frequently hit by cyclones and floods. Hence, the geographical distances meant
that all the major communication depended upon India's permission
which caused hurdles.
v. Additionally, Pakistan lacked official buildings, government machinery and trained
officials as most of the administrative structure of the British was located in
Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi which was inherited by India. A new capital was needed
along with efficient officials. There was a shortage of administrative structure.
Hence, it was very difficult to run the government affairs and administer
without a capital and proper infrastructure.
vi. British had decided a ratio of 17:5 of the division of assets between India and
Pakistan respectively. According to it, India had to pay 750 million Rupees to
Pakistan. India paid 200 million Rupees in the first instalment but when war broke
out in 1948 on Kashmir, Nehru refused to pay the rest. It was due to the hunger
strike of Mr Gandhi that India released 500 million Rupees. 50 million Rupees were
still due. Hence, shortage of money caused an economic crisis in Pakistan and
almost led it to default.
vii. Pakistan also faced the division of military assets problem. It was agreed that
armed forces and military assets were to be divided as such that 36% to Pakistan
and 64% India. The soldiers were given the liberty to decide whichever country
they wish to join. Muslim soldiers came to Pakistan and non-Muslims chose India.
As a result, Pakistan's armed forces accumulated 150,000 men with 2,500 trained
Muslim officers only but Pakistan needed 4000 officers to close the gap, Jinnah
hired 500 British Officers. Moreover, All 16 artillery factories were in India's
territory and they were unwilling to hand over any. Hence, Pakistan had security
issues right from the start and had to import weapons causing a strain on its
economy.

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viii. At the time of partition, there were around 560 Princely states that were given the
option to join either India or Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir was a Hindu
but the population was Muslim majority who wanted to join Pakistan. He went
against the wishes of the locals and decided to join India. When locals resisted,
Indian troops entered Kashmir which led to Indo-Pak war in 1948. Hence, this led
to hostility with India right from the start which was a serious problem.
ix. Lastly, Afghanistan refused to accept the Durand Line which was their border with
Pakistan. They advocated for a homeland called Pakhtunistan for all the Pakhtuns
living both side of the border as they shared same language, traditions and
customs. Pakhtuns started demanding NWFP to be a part of Afghanistan. Hence,
Pakistan faced existential threat due to the Pakhtunistan Movement and its
relations with Afghanistan deteriorated right from the start.
x. The formation of a Constitution was one of the most serious problems faced by
Pakistan. After independence in 1947, Pakistan was run under amended version of
the Indian Independence Act. A new constitution was to be framed by the
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The reports presented by the Basic Principle
Committee appointed by the Constitutional Assembly in 1950 and 1952 faced
criticism and forced to review. In 1954, the constituent assembly was dissolved
which further delayed this issue. Hence, this issue could not be solved until 1956.

 Why was Pakistan faced with the refugee problem in 1947? [7]
Outline:
i. Settlement of 10 million migrants.
ii. Communal violence.
iii. Radcliff Award made division without proper homework.
iv. Against the interest of Hindus.

i. It was one of the biggest migration in world history in which more than 10 million
people migrated. It posed a challenge for government of Pakistan to settle these
refugees and to provide then basic necessities of life like food, cloth and shelter.
Pakistan had poor economic resources since it was newly established. Hence,
refugee crisis was an important issue for new government because it lacked
resources which caused security and safety of its citizens at stake.

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 ii. Moreover, due to the Radcliffe award, Muslim refugees were attacked and killed
by the Hindus and Sikhs. Those who managed to reach Pakistan wanted revenge
and with the help of other fellow Muslims, started carrying out organised attacks
on Non-Muslims living in Pakistan. As a result, communal violence spread. Hence,
this was a challenge for Pakistan as Pakistan did not have enough police,
administrative staff and security officers to control the situation.
iii. Further, the Boundary Award had made the problems worse between the two.
The boundary award which was announced on 16 August 1947 two days after the
creation of Pakistan, things became even worse. Millions of people found
themselves living in the wrong country because few Muslim majority areas both in
Bengal and Punjab e.g. Calcutta, Firozpur and Gurdaspur were given to India.
Hence, the people of these areas also became victims of communal attacks
and were forced to migrate to Pakistan.
iv. It was said that India deliberately made difficulties for the new Pakistani
government. As partition was against the interest of many Hindus, so majority did
not accept this partition whole heartedly. They wanted to see Pakistan a failed
state. Therefore, rather to protect Muslim community in India, Indian government
forced Muslims across the borders. Hence, Muslims were forced to move to
Pakistan to find a safe place to live which created settlement problems in
Pakistan.

 Why was there Canal water dispute? [7]

Outline:
i. Partition of Punjab.
ii. Water needed for agriculture.
iii. Huge wave of refugee.

i. The Canal Water Dispute arose during the partition of Punjab, the rivers in Pakistan
were controlled by a series of headworks that lay in the part of Indian Punjab, major
issues occurred over the headwork of Ferozpur. Initially India had committed that
it won't interfere with Pakistan’s water supply but it later did. Hence, interference
of India with Pakistan’s water aroused this issue between India and Pakistan.
ii. This was a problem for Pakistan because it was a new country and high dependent
on agriculture. It threatened more than 1.65 million acres of agricultural land.
Water being the main raw material for growth was required. Hence, abruption in

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 supplied meant that Pakistan's economic growth would completely pause and
the newborn nation won't survive.
iii. The partition also saw a huge wave of refugees and to supply them with food,
agricultural development was needed which wasn't possible without water,
Stopping of clean water would also increase the death rate and might as well lead
of famines since Agriculture was stopped and the country didn't have enough
money for import of food. Hence, it was a major problem as lack of water
created food crisis in the country which was not enough to meet the food
requirement of the country.

 Why was there Kashmir Issue? [7]

Outline:
i. Partition was against the wishes of Kashmiri people.
ii. Fear of losing water.
iii. Oppression of Hari Singh.

i. Firstly, at the time of partition, there were around 560 Princely states that were
given the option to join either India or Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir
was a Hindu but the 78% population was Muslim majority who wanted to join
Pakistan. He went against the wishes of the locals and decided to join India. When
locals resisted, Indian troops entered Kashmir which led to Indo-Pak war in 1948.
Hence, this led to hostility with India right from the start which created
Kashmir Issue.
ii. Secondly, major irrigational river Chenab flowed from Kashmir, if India controlled
Kashmir, Pakistan would be under constant threat of losing its agricultural output
and this could damage Pakistan's economy. Hence, in order to protect its
agriculture and to make sure the regular supply of water Kashmir issue was
aroused.
iii. Thirdly, around 78% people were Muslim and wanted to join Pakistan but the ruler
was Maharaja Hari Singh. Muslims were oppressed by Hari Singh. Pakistan sent
troops to help Kashmiri which caused tension between India and Pakistan over
Kashmir. Hence, the oppression by Kashmiri ruler on Muslims created Kashmir
issue between India and Pakistan.

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 Who was General Gracey? [4]
 Second Commander in Chief of Pakistan Army.
 Appointed in 1948 by Jinnah.
 He declined to send Pakistani troops to the Kashmir front when Jinnah ordered.
 This delay allowed Indian forces to gain an advantage in the conflict and secure
more territory in Kashmir.
 He retired from Pakistan army in 1951.

 What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]

 In 1948, India stopped the water supply to Pakistan from Ferozpur headworks.
 This threatened millions of acres of agricultural land on Pakistan.
 All the agriculture system of Punjab was depended upon rivers and canals that
originated in India.
 Pakistan even had to pay for water to India for some time.
 At last, it was resolved in 1960 in the Indus Water Treaty.

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  Successes and failures of Government of Pakistan:

 How successful was Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during 1947
and 1948? Explain your answer. [14]
Outline:
Failure i. Kashmir issue remains unresolved.
Failure ii. Canal water dispute couldn’t be solved till 1960.
Failure iii. Refugee problem was not solved completely.
Failure iv. Issue of division financial assets could not be solved.
Link-statement
Success v. Relief fund for refugee.
Success vi. Brought unity.
Success vii. Resolved economic problem by establishing State Bank.
Success viii. Set up Karachi as new capital.

i. Firstly. Kashmir had Muslim majority population but India wanted to have it by
force. This attack of India led to a war with Pakistan but United Nations called for
a ceasefire in Kashmir. UN asked for a plebiscite to be held in Kashmir for locals to
choose which country they want to be part of. Unfortunately, India never let the
plebiscite (referendum) happen till today. Hence, this is a failure as 3 wars were
fought over Kashmir later and still it remained unresolved.
ii. Secondly, India stopped water supply of Pakistan in 1948 when war broke out on
Kashmir. This led to food shortages and economic crisis as Pakistan was an
agricultural based country which relied heavily on constant water supply. Then
again in 1958, India threatened to stop water supply. This event was finally resolved
in 1960 when Indus Water Treaty was signed. Hence, Pakistan was unable to sort
out its Canal Water Dispute in its early years which led to the uncertainty
of water supply.
iii. Third, the refugee problem was not fully solved. Although they were settled
temporarily in barracks and flats, they could not be provided with permanent
homes as Pakistan lacked resources. Many were homeless and unemployment rate
in refugees remained high. They proved to be a burden on Pakistan's economy.
Hence, Pakistan was not able to solve refugee problems completely and cater
to their needs.

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 iv. British had decided a ratio of 17:5 of the division of assets between India and
Pakistan respectively. According to it, India had to pay 750 million Rupees to
Pakistan. India paid 200 million Rupees in the first instalment but when war broke
out in 1948 on Kashmir, Nehru refused to pay the rest. It was due to the hunger
strike of Mr Gandhi that India released 500 million Rupees. 50 million Rupees were
still due. Hence, shortage of money caused an economic crisis in Pakistan and
almost led it to default.

v. Firstly, Millions of people had migrated towards Pakistan after partition. This had
led to not only economic problems for Pakistan but also to the shortage of food,
water and medicines Pakistan did not have enough resources to host and facilitate
such a large number of refugees. Jinnah set up a relief fund and appealed for
donations. Hence, it was due to these donations that the government was able
to find and facilitate the rehabilitation of millions of refugees which was a
success.
vi. Secondly, Pakistan consisted of different cultures, languages, customs and races.
These differences created a possibility of disunity. Jinnah paid visits to different
parts of East and West Pakistan and gave speeches emphasizing unity. He asked
people to leave aside their other identities and be Pakistani first. This is why he
chose Urdu as official language of Pakistan in the hope of uniting people. Hence,
these measures of Jinnah were successful in reducing gaps among ethnic
groups.
vii. Thirdly, Jinnah established State Bank for Pakistan in 1948. The purpose behind
establishment of State Bank was to check growth and motivate investors to invest
in Pakistan. A new currency was also prepared by State Bank. State Bank also
developed Banking channels to promote Trade and Business. Hence, Pakistan
was able to get up economically with the help of the policies of State Bank
which was a success.
viii. Lastly, Jinnah selected Karachi as the new capital of Pakistan. Experienced Muslim
officials were invited to Karachi through special flights. Orient Airways was also
hired by government for bringing civil servants from India to Pakistan. Temporary
offices were established for civil servants at Karachi. Hence, this ensured smooth
functioning of government affairs and resolved administration crisis
which was a success.

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  How successful was Quaid-e-Azam in establishing the new Pakistan in 1947?
Explain your answer. [14]
Outline:
Success i. Relief fund for refugee.
Success ii. Brought unity.
Success iii. Resolved economic problem by establishing State Bank.
Success iv. Set up Karachi as new capital.
Link-statement
Failure v. Kashmir issue remains unresolved.
Failure vi. Canal water dispute couldn’t be solved till 1960.
Failure vii. Refugee problem was not solved completely.
Failure viii. Issue of division financial assets could not be solved.

i. Firstly, Millions of people had migrated towards Pakistan after partition. This had
led to not only economic problems for Pakistan but also to the shortage of food,
water and medicines Pakistan did not have enough resources to host and facilitate
such a large number of refugees. Jinnah set up a relief fund and appealed for
donations. Hence, it was due to these donations that the government was able
to find and facilitate the rehabilitation of millions of refugees which was a
success.
ii. Secondly, Pakistan consisted of different cultures, languages, customs and races.
These differences created a possibility of disunity. Jinnah paid visits to different
parts of East and West Pakistan and gave speeches emphasizing unity. He asked
people to leave aside their other identities and be Pakistani first. This is why he
chose Urdu as official language of Pakistan in the hope of uniting people. Hence,
these measures of Jinnah were successful in reducing gaps among ethnic
groups.
iii. Thirdly, Jinnah established State Bank for Pakistan in 1948. The purpose behind
establishment of State Bank was to check growth and motivate investors to invest
in Pakistan. A new currency was also prepared by State Bank. State Bank also
developed Banking channels to promote Trade and Business. Hence, Pakistan
was able to get up economically with the help of the policies of State Bank
which was a success.
iv. Lastly, Jinnah selected Karachi as the new capital of Pakistan. Experienced Muslim
officials were invited to Karachi through special flights. Orient Airways was also

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 hired by government for bringing civil servants from India to Pakistan. Temporary
offices were established for civil servants at Karachi. Hence, this ensured smooth
functioning of government affairs and resolved administration crisis
which was a success.
v. Firstly. Kashmir had Muslim majority population but India wanted to have it by
force. This attack of India led to a war with Pakistan but United Nations called for
a ceasefire in Kashmir. UN asked for a plebiscite to be held in Kashmir for locals to
choose which country they want to be part of. Unfortunately, India never let the
plebiscite (referendum) happen till today. Hence, this is a failure as 3 wars were
fought over Kashmir later and still it remained unresolved.
vi. Secondly, India stopped water supply of Pakistan in 1948 when war broke out on
Kashmir. This led to food shortages and economic crisis as Pakistan was an
agricultural based country which relied heavily on constant water supply. Then
again in 1958, India threatened to stop water supply. This event was finally resolved
in 1960 when Indus Water Treaty was signed. Hence, Pakistan was unable to sort
out its Canal Water Dispute in its early years which led to the uncertainty
of water supply.
vii. Third, the refugee problem was not fully solved. Although they were settled
temporarily in barracks and flats, they could not be provided with permanent
homes as Pakistan lacked resources. Many were homeless and unemployment rate
in refugees remained high. They proved to be a burden on Pakistan's economy.
Hence, Pakistan was not able to solve refugee problems completely and cater
to their needs.
viii. British had decided a ratio of 17:5 of the division of assets between India and
Pakistan respectively. According to it, India had to pay 750 million Rupees to
Pakistan. India paid 200 million Rupees in the first instalment but when war broke
out in 1948 on Kashmir, Nehru refused to pay the rest. It was due to the hunger
strike of Mr Gandhi that India released 500 million Rupees. 50 million Rupees were
still due. Hence, shortage of money caused an economic crisis in Pakistan and
almost led it to default.

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