A group of researchers is interested in determining whether a new teaching method improves the test scores of high school st

To test this, they select a random sample of 25 students from a local high school who have been taught using the new method
The researchers have historical data showing that, prior to the new teaching method, the average test score of students at thi
After six weeks of instruction using the new method, the researchers administer the same test to the 25 students. The individu
Test Scores:
80, 85, 90, 77, 83, 80, 89, 84, 91, 82, 79, 86, 88, 90, 87, 85, 82, 90, 84, 83, 81, 89, 85, 78, 88.
The researchers want to determine if the new teaching method has led to a statistically significant improvement in test scores
Use a significance level of 0.05 to conduct a one-sample t-test to determine if the new teaching method has significantly impr

Scores Mean X-M (X-M)^2 Ho:

80 84.64 -4.64 21.5296 Ha:
85 84.64 0.36 0.1296 Standard Deviation:
90 84.64 5.36 28.7296 Population Mean:
77 84.64 -7.64 58.3696 Sample Mean:
83 84.64 -1.64 2.6896 Sample Size:
80 84.64 -4.64 21.5296 Degrees of Freedom:
89 84.64 4.36 19.0096 Level of Significance:
84 84.64 -0.64 0.4096 T-tabular/Critical Value:
91 84.64 6.36 40.4496 Computed T-Value:
82 84.64 -2.64 6.9696
Decision:
79 84.64 -5.64 31.8096
86 84.64 1.36 1.8496 Interpretation:
88 84.64 3.36 11.2896

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛=∑▒𝑥/𝑛
90 84.64 5.36 28.7296
87 84.64 2.36 5.5696

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑠)=√∑▒(𝑥−𝑥 ̅)^2/𝑛−1

85 84.64 0.36 0.1296
82 84.64 -2.64 6.9696
90 84.64 5.36 28.7296
84 84.64 -0.64 0.4096

𝑡−𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝑡)=𝑥 ̅−𝜇/𝑠/√𝑛
83 84.64 -1.64 2.6896
81 84.64 -3.64 13.2496
89 84.64 4.36 19.0096
85 84.64 0.36 0.1296
78 84.64 -6.64 44.0896
88 84.64 3.36 11.2896 Decision
2116 405.76 Computed T > Critical T Reject Ho
84.64 4.1117717 Computed T < Critical T Accept Ho
the test scores of high school students. 1. One-Sample t-Test
n taught using the new method. Use When: You want to compar
age test score of students at this high school was 75 out of 100. or hypothesized population mean
to the 25 students. The individual test scores of the 25 students are as follows:
Example: Testing if the average
different from the national avera
ant improvement in test scores, compared to the historical average score of 75.
g method has significantly improved the test scores.

𝑥 ̅)^2/𝑛−1
mple t-Test
You want to compare the mean of a single sample to a known
ized population mean.
Testing if the average test score of a class is significantly
m the national average.
A researcher wants to determine if a new teaching strategy improves students' math performance.
Thirty students were selected for the study. Each student completed a pre-test and a post-test. The test scores are as follows:

Student Pre-test Post-test

D D^2
1 68 72 4 16 Ho:
2 75 79 4 16 Ha:
3 70 76 6 36 Standard Deviation:
4 82 86 4 16 Variance:
5 60 63 3 9 Sample Size:
6 76 80 4 16 Significance level:
7 85 90 5 25 Degrees of Freedom:
8 78 81 3 9 Critical T-Value:
9 69 74 5 25 Computed T-Value:
10 72 75 3 9
Decision:
11 74 77 3 9
12 71 74 3 9
Interepretation:
13 80 83 3 9
14 66 71 5 25
15 73 76 3 9
16 62 65 3 9 Computed T > Critical T
17 81 86 5 25 Computed T < Critical T
18 67 70 3 9

𝑆_𝑑^2=𝑛∑▒𝐷^2−
19 77 82 5 25

(∑▒𝐷)^2/𝑛−1
20 79 83 4 16
21 63 66 3 9

𝑡=∑▒𝐷/√𝑛∑▒𝐷^2−
22 84 89 5 25

(∑▒𝐷)^2/𝑛−1
23 65 70 5 25
24 74 77 3 9
25 83 87 4 16
26 70 74 4 16
27 61 65 4 16
28 64 68 4 16
29 78 83 5 25
30 75 80 5 25
120 504

t= 0.82758621
t= 25.154
VARIANCE 24.827586
ath performance.
d a post-test. The test scores are as follows:

There is no improvement of student's math performance in new teaching strategy

4.98272877046303
24.827586
30
5%
29 (30-1)
one tailed right
24.0831892579312

Decision
Reject Ho
Accept Ho

^2=𝑛∑▒𝐷^2−
2. Dependent (Paired) t-Test
𝐷)^2/𝑛−1
Use When: You have paired or matched

/√𝑛∑▒𝐷^2−
samples (e.g., pre-test and post-test) and want to

2/𝑛−1
compare the means of the two related groups.
Example: Evaluating the effect of a training
program by comparing employees' performance
scores before and after training.
 comparing the result of
the same group
compare pretest of group 1 and 2 independent sample t test

30(504( - SQTRT(120) / 30-1𝑆_𝑑^2=𝑛∑▒𝐷^2−

paired sample t-test pretest and post test (compare)

(∑▒𝐷)^2/𝑛−1
sd

1.699
 An educational researcher wants to compare the performance of two groups of students on a math test.
Group A used a new interactive learning app, while Group B used traditional classroom instruction.
After 6 weeks, both groups took the same standardized math test. The scores for each group are as follows:
Group A Scores:
78, 85, 88, 92, 84, 79, 91, 87, 83, 90
Group B Scores:
72, 81, 77, 79, 74, 68, 80, 76, 70, 73
Conduct an independent samples t-test to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two groups’ perfor
Assume equal variances and a significance level of α=0.05

Students Group A Group B M1 M2 x1-m1 x2-m2 (x1-m1)^2 (x2-m2)^2

1 78 72 85.7 75 -7.7 -3 59.29 9
2 85 81 85.7 75 -0.7 6 0.49 36
3 88 77 85.7 75 2.3 2 5.29 4
4 92 79 85.7 75 6.3 4 39.69 16
5 84 74 85.7 75 -1.7 -1 2.89 1
6 79 68 85.7 75 -6.7 -7 44.89 49
7 91 80 85.7 75 5.3 5 28.09 25
8 87 76 85.7 75 1.3 1 1.69 1
9 83 70 85.7 75 -2.7 -5 7.29 25
10 90 73 85.7 75 4.3 -2 18.49 4
Total: 857 750 208.1 170
Mean: 85.7 75

̅_1−𝑥 ̅_2/√𝑠_1^2/𝑛_1+𝑠_2^2/𝑛_2
Assuming Unequal Variance Variance

𝑠^2=∑▒(𝑥−𝑥 ̅)^2/𝑛−1

Assuming Equal Variance

𝑡=𝑥 ̅_1−𝑥 ̅_2/√𝑠_𝑝^2(1/𝑛+1/𝑛)

Pooled Variance

𝑠_𝑝^2=(𝑛_1−1)𝑠_1^2+(𝑛_2−1)𝑠_2^2/𝑛_1+𝑛_2−2
 3. Independent t-Test
are as follows: Use When: You want to compare the means of two
independent groups (e.g., Group A vs. Group B).
Example: Comparing the average test scores of two different
classes or comparing male and female average heights.
between the two groups’ performances.

Ho:
Ha:
Mean A:
Mean B:
Sample size (n):
Variance A:
Variance B:
Standard Deviation A:
Standard Deviation B:
Pooled Variance:
Pooled Standard Deviation:
Computed T-value:
Degrees of Freedom:
Significance Level:
Critical T-value:
Decision:

Interpretation:

Computed T > Critical T

Computed T < Critical T
endent t-Test
en: You want to compare the means of two
dent groups (e.g., Group A vs. Group B).
e: Comparing the average test scores of two different
r comparing male and female average heights.

There is no significance differences between 2 math groups.

There is a significance differences between 2 math groups.

20 ( 10,10)
23.12
18.89

21.01

18
0.5
2.101

Decision
Reject Ho
Accept Ho
use if we are assuming if we have equal variances

10+10=2

table
 4. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Use When: You want to compare the means of three or more groups.
Example: Comparing the average exam scores of students across three
teaching methods (lecture, online, hybrid).

Let us assume that a researcher believed that children in three different conditions wo
Suppose that aggression was measured in number of physically aggressive acts (such
Group 1 has been shown an adult acting aggressively toward the toy (such as by hittin
Group 2 has been shown an adult playing non-aggressively with the toy (such as by pi
Group 3 is not shown the toy or any interactions with it. Assume that Data Set 10.1 inc

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 x1^2 x2^2 x3^2

5 3 0
7 1 1
6 2 0
4 4 3
8 2 1
6 2 1
6 0 1

𝑆𝑆𝐵=∑▒((∑▒𝑥)^2/𝑛)−(∑▒𝑥)^2/𝑛

𝑆𝑆𝑇=∑▒𝑥^2−(∑▒𝑥)^2/𝑛

𝑆𝑆𝑊=𝑆𝑆𝑇−𝑆𝑆𝐵

𝐹−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒=𝑀𝑆𝐵/𝑀𝑆𝑊
 Degrees of Freedom
re groups. Between: K-1 DFb
cross three Within: N-K DFw
Total: N-1 DFt
N = sample size
k = Total Number of groups
en in three different conditions would differ in their mean number of aggressive behaviors towa
physically aggressive acts (such as individual hits, kicks, and throws) towards a toy for three
y toward the toy (such as by hitting, kicking, and throwing it)
ssively with the toy (such as by picking it up, sitting it down, and pretending to share with it)
it. Assume that Data Set 10.1 includes data from the three independent samples.

Ho:
Ha:
Significance Level:
Degrees of freedom:
Critical F-value:
Source of Variance (SOVAR) Sum of Squares df Mean of the Squares
Sum of Squares Between Groups(SSB)
Sum of Squares Within Groups (SSW)
Sum of Squares of Total Groups (SST)
Computed F-Value:
Decision:
Interpretation:

Decision
Computed F > Critical F Reject Ho Mean of the squares

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑀𝑆𝐵)=𝑆𝑆𝐵/𝑑𝑓_𝑏

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑀𝑆𝑇)
Computed F < Critical F Accept Ho

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑀𝑆𝑊)=𝑆𝑆𝑊/𝑑𝑓_𝑤

essive behaviors toward a toy.
wards a toy for three different groups of children.

ing to share with it)

samples.

he squares

𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑀𝑆𝑇)=𝑆𝑆𝑇/𝑑𝑓_𝑡

𝑒𝑠 (𝑀𝑆𝑊)=𝑆𝑆𝑊/𝑑𝑓_𝑤