TITLE PAGE

THE EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION ON POOR SERVICE DELIVERY IN

THE PUBLIC SERVICE OF NIGERIA
(A STUDY OF BIDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NIGER STATE)

BY:
MATHIAS LYDIA
MATRIC NO: 2021/142876BP

SUBMITTED TO:

THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINSTRATION,

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION AND MANAGEMENT,
THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BIDA,
PMB 55 BIDA, NIGER STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

OCTOBER, 2023

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project work entitled “The Effects of Corruption on Poor Service

Delivery in The Public Service of Nigeria (A Study of Bida Local Government Area)” has

been prepared by me and under the guidance of Mr. Sabo Micah, Department of Public

Administration, School of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnic Bida

in partial fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma in Public Administration.

I also declare that this project is the outcome of my own effort, that it has not been submitted to

any other Higher Institution of Learning for the award of any Higher Certificate. Information

from the sources (published or unpublished) has been duly acknowledged.

MATHIAS LYDIA _____________________

Matric No: 2021/142876BP Signature

ii
 CERTIFICATION

The project titled: “THE EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION ON POOR SERVICE DELIVERY

IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE OF NIGERIA (A STUDY OF BIDA LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA)” by MATHIAS LYDIA with Matric No: 2021/142876BP meets the

regulation governing the award of Higher National Diploma of Federal Polytechnic Bida, and its

approval for its presentation.

Mr. Sabo Micah _____________________

Project Supervisor Signature/Date

Mr. Abdulrahman Ahmed Shuaibu _____________________

Head of Department Signature/Date

External Examiner _____________________

Signature/Date

iii
 DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to God Almighty, My Parents Mr./Mrs. Mathias.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My profound gratitude goes to God Almighty for His endless mercies and grace, for the six years

spent in this institution and the successful completion of my Higher National Diploma program,

to Him alone be all the glory.

To my supervisor, Mr. Sabo Micah, you more than just a supervisor to me, you were a father, a

friend and a guardian to me. Thanks for your relentless efforts towards me; for you love and

support, for being there for me when the wind of life was boisterous against me, I want to say a

very big thank you sir.

To the Head of Department of Public Administration Mr. Abdulrahman Ahmed Shuaibu and the

entire lecturers, words are never enough to say how grateful for the knowledge you all have

impacted me with. You all are part of my success story and that story is never complete until

your names are mentioned.

To my mother Mrs. Margret Mathias who never relented in her support and dedication in

ensuring that I emerge as a graduate in my field of study, with a deep heart of appreciation, I

want to say a very big thank you.

To Mr /Mrs Hillary Isah for always coming through for me financially and to my siblings,

blessing, Elizabeth, Sarah, Mercy, Emmanuel and Favour, and Mr. Moses Momoh for all your

love and support I'm truly grateful to God for giving me an amazing family like you all. Thank

y'all so much, May God bless you all for your love, prayers and support, I love y'all.

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 ABSTRACT

Corruption had remained a persistent issue in Nigeria, particularly in local and state
governments, with Bida, situated in Niger State, being no exception. Reports of corruption
scandals had impeded effective public service delivery, resulting in inadequate provision of
basic services. Despite existing literature on corruption's impact on service delivery in Nigeria,
a research gap had existed concerning the extent of corruption in Bida, Niger State, and its
effect on public service delivery. This research aimed to investigate the forms of corruption
exhibited in Bida Local Government Administration from 2015 to 2022, explore how corruption
affected service delivery in the public sector of Bida Local Government, and identify measures to
combat corruption and improve service delivery. The study's population consisted of 150
government employees in Bida Local Government Council, and it addressed various aspects of
corruption within this context, encompassing its root causes, impact on public service delivery,
and potential recommendations. Root causes of corruption encompassed internal control issues,
political interference, cultural norms, and job dissatisfaction, with respondents' opinions
varying. Corruption was found to have hindered efficient public service delivery, negatively
affecting the quality and efficiency of services. Specific public services most affected by
corruption were identified. Respondents widely supported recommendations such as
strengthening internal controls, mitigating political interference, promoting a culture of
integrity, addressing job dissatisfaction, and implementing anti-corruption measures from
successful organizations. In conclusion, this study underscored the need to address specific
issues within Bida Local Government Council to combat corruption and improve service
delivery while maintaining public trust. The recommendations provided offered a roadmap for
enhancing governance, accountability, and public service quality in Bida, Niger State.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page..........................................................................................................................................i
Declaration......................................................................................................................................ii
Certification....................................................................................................................................iii
Dedication.......................................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................v
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................vi
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study........................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................3
1.3 Research Questions................................................................................................................4
1.4 Objectives of the Study..........................................................................................................4
1.5 Statement of Hypotheses.......................................................................................................5
1.6 Justification of the Study.......................................................................................................5
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study.......................................................................................5
1.8 Conceptual Definitions..........................................................................................................6
1.9 Chapter Presentation..............................................................................................................6
References........................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Historical Background of the Study......................................................................................9
2.2 Review of Related Literature...............................................................................................10
2.2.1 Concept of Corruption......................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Concept of Service Delivery.............................................................................................12
2.2.3 Concept of Local Government..........................................................................................13
2.3 The Multi-Dimensional Concept of Local Government......................................................14
2.4 Corruption in Nigerian Local Government Administration.................................................16
2.4.1 Types of Corruption that Occur in Local Government.....................................................20
2.4.2 Demographic Factors Causing Corruption.......................................................................21

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 2.5 Reasons for the Establishment of Local Governments........................................................23
2.6 Roles of Local Government:................................................................................................25
2.7 Corruption and Service Delivery in Nigeria's Local Government System..........................26
2.8 Theoretical Framework (Principal Agent Theory)...............................................................27
References......................................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sources of Data Collection..................................................................................................32
3.2 Research Population and Sampling.....................................................................................32
3.2.2 Sampling Techniques........................................................................................................32
3.3 Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments................................................................33
3.4 Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis........................................................................33
3.5 Methods of Testing Hypotheses...........................................................................................34
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis...........................................................................................35
4.1.1 Background Characteristics of the Respondents..............................................................35
4.1.2 Root Causes and Contributing Factors of Corruption......................................................37
4.1.3 Impact of Corruption on Public Service Delivery............................................................40
4.1.4 Recommendations and Strategies.....................................................................................43
4.2 Test of Hypothesis...............................................................................................................45
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings..........................................................................................................50
5.2 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................51
5.3 Recommendations................................................................................................................52
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................54

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Corruption is a major challenge and threat to the long-term economic health of any country

(Abdulwaheed & Ohida, 2022). Although it is a global problem, it is especially prevalent in

Africa and other developing nations. Corruption discourages investment and trade, which can

reduce a country's wealth. According to Nageri, Umar, and Abdul (2013), corruption is one of

the biggest problems hindering Nigeria's economic development. This problem has persisted

across different historical periods, from pre-colonial times to the present (Nageri, Umar, &

Abdul, 2013).

Corruption involves seeking to acquire wealth or power dishonestly for personal gain at the

expense of the public good, or abusing one's position of public trust for private gain

(Abdulwaheed & Ohida, 2022). It affects different aspects of society, including the economy,

government, society, or culture. According to Ajao, Dada, and Olaoye (2013), corruption can be

assessed based on the pervasive orientation in a given society that dictates how people ought to

act in relation to other people and the economy, politics, and culture.

Political corruption, as defined by the World Bank and Transparency International (TI), is any

form of dishonesty that undermines the established political order (Ajao, Dada, & Olaoye, 2013).

Corrupt practices in governance and other sectors primarily harm the poor and distort public

policy (Abdulwaheed & Ohida, 2022; Ajao et al., 2013). Therefore, tackling corruption is crucial

for promoting economic development and ensuring the welfare of citizens.

According to Abdulwaheed & Ohida (2022), citing Rao, corruption at the state and local

government levels cannot be eliminated as the state serves as a root or training school for all

1
political leaders in the country. To ensure a comprehensive anti-corruption crusade in the

country, it is necessary to emphasize or investigate corruption at the state level. Indicators of

corruption at the state level are typically linked to public financial management among civil

servants and government personnel in general, which has led to the recent abandonment of

public projects and contributed to the economic retardation of the country (Abdulwaheed &

Ohida, 2022).

Public projects play a critical role in the political and economic progress of any nation or state as

they receive funding from the government with the intention that it will eventually be owned and

operated by that government on behalf of the general public. Buildings for drinking water,

transportation, communications, schools, administrative offices, libraries, community centers,

and sports and recreation complexes are all examples of such endeavors (Nageri, Umar, &

Abdul, 2013). According to Ajao et al., (2013), public projects are defined by the World Bank as

a coordinated effort to improve a country's economic and social conditions. They argued that

public works projects should serve as "engines of growth and glue to economic development",

and therefore, public infrastructure is crucial to the economic development of any nation or state.

Public works projects are driven by the ever-increasing wants and possibilities of humanity.

Typically, governments start these projects and provide the funding necessary for their

completion, as the private sector may not be able to manage and administer such large-scale

projects (Oyinlola, 2018). Given the substantial funding required, it is the government's

responsibility to provide the necessary funding from generated revenue and ensure the prudent

allocation, uniform distribution, and stable pricing of such projects.

However, due to Nigeria's cultural and linguistic diversity, various forms of corruption, such as

tribalism, nepotism, and favoritism, are common in the public sector (Oyinlola, 2018).

2
There is a widespread perception that government projects are poorly managed, resulting in

budget and schedule overruns (Likpe & Henderson, 2016, p. 22). Corruption has been identified

as the primary cause of slow development in Nigeria (ICPC, 2022). While eradicating corruption

may be impossible, Lipsky (2010) argues that reducing it can increase the government's honesty

and reliability, allowing it to carry out its core responsibilities more effectively and fairly.

However, Ibietan (2013) asserts that Nigeria's punishments for serious offenses like corruption

are too lenient and do not deter criminals. He also notes that bureaucratic discretion, or the

authority to decide how policies should be implemented, is granted to public officials. However,

if this authority is abused, it can amount to corruption. The public bureaucracy plays a crucial

role in ensuring the equitable distribution and delivery of public goods and services. Yet a

corrupt bureaucracy can reduce the quality of government services and programs (Likpe &

Henderson, 2016).

The poor project management that leads to economic stagnation in Nigeria, Niger State and Bida

Local Government Area, in particular, can be attributed to poor governance.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Corruption continues to be a pervasive issue in Nigeria, and the local and state governments are

known to be major hotspots. Bida, located in Niger State, is no exception, as reports of

corruption affecting both the local government and state abound in the media. This situation has

contributed to poor service delivery in the public sector, with citizens receiving inadequate

provision of basic services.

For instance, in 2021, the media reported that the former Chairman of Bida Local Government,

Mohammed Kuduru, was arraigned by the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related

Offences Commission (ICPC) for allegedly misappropriating funds meant for the council's

3
development. Also, there have been reports of embezzlement of funds meant for public projects

such as road construction and renovation of public schools.

Several authors have studied the issue of corruption and its impact on public service delivery in

Nigeria. Okonkwo (2017) argues that corruption has been a significant barrier to effective public

service delivery, particularly at the local government level. Adegbite and Osabuohien (2016)

assert that corruption has negative effects on service delivery in Nigeria's public sector and slows

down the country's economic development. Similarly, Ogunrinde et al. (2019) found a significant

negative relationship between corruption and public service delivery in Nigeria.

However, despite the existing literature on corruption and public service delivery in Nigeria,

there appears to be a research gap regarding the extent of corruption in the local government and

state in Bida, Niger State, and how it affects service delivery in the public sector. Therefore, this

study aims to explore the extent of corruption in the local government and state in Bida, Niger

State, and its effect on service delivery in the public sector.

1.3 Research Questions

1. What are the forms of corruption exhibited in Bida Local Government Administration

from 2015 to 2022?

2. How does corruption affect service delivery in the public service of Bida Local

Government?

3. What measures can be implemented to curb corruption and improve service delivery in

the public service of Bida Local Government?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1. To investigate the extent and nature of corruption in Bida Local Government

Administration from 2015 to 2022.

4
 2. To assess the impact of corruption on service delivery in the public sector of Bida Local

Government.

3. To identify and evaluate measures that can effectively address and reduce corruption in

the public sector of Bida Local Government

1.5 Statement of Hypotheses

H0: There is no significant relationship between corruption and poor service delivery in the

public service of Bida, Niger State.

H1: There is a significant relationship between corruption and poor service delivery in the public

service of Bida, Niger State.

H0: The implementation of measures to curb corruption will not lead to an improvement in

service delivery in the public service of Bida, Niger State.

H1: The implementation of measures to curb corruption will lead to an improvement in service

delivery in the public service of Bida, Niger State.

1.6 Justification of the Study

Corruption in the public sector of Nigeria is a widespread and persistent problem that has

significant negative effects on economic growth, social welfare, and sustainable development.

Niger State, in particular, has been identified as one of the states with high levels of corruption in

the country. Bida, a local government area in Niger State, is not exempt from this problem.

Therefore, there is a need to investigate the issue of corruption in the public service of Bida,

Niger State, to understand its impact on service delivery and identify measures to address it. The

study aims to provide policymakers, public officials, and the general public with evidence-based

information that can aid policy formation

5
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will focus on exploring the effect of corruption on poor service delivery in the public

service of Nigeria, specifically in Bida, Niger State. The study will investigate the causes and

effects of corruption on public service delivery from the year 2015 to 2022, as well as identify

the measures that can be taken to reduce corruption and improve service delivery. The study will

be limited to Bida, Niger State, and will not cover other areas of Nigeria or other countries.

1.8 Conceptual Definitions

Corruption: the abuse of public office for private gain, including bribery, embezzlement,

nepotism, and other forms of unethical behavior.

Service Delivery: the provision of public goods and services by the government to citizens,

including healthcare, education, infrastructure, and other services.

Public Service: the sector of government responsible for providing public goods and services to

citizens, including government agencies, departments, and other institutions.

Accountability: the obligation of public officials to be answerable for their actions, decisions,

and policies to the public and other oversight bodies.

Transparency: the degree to which government activities, decisions, and policies are open and

accessible to the public.

Good Governance: the principles and practices that promote ethical, effective, and accountable

government, including transparency, participation, rule of law, and responsiveness.

Public Trust: the confidence and belief that citizens have in the government to act in the best

interests of the public and to provide quality public goods and services.

6
Economic Development: the process of improving the economic well-being and quality of life

of citizens through sustainable economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and other

measures.

1.9 Chapter Presentation

This study is divided into five chapters.

Chapter One provides the introduction to the study, giving an overview of the research problem,

research objectives, research questions, and the significance of the study.

Chapter Two reviews the relevant literature on corruption in the public service and its effect on

service delivery in Nigeria. It also examines the theoretical frameworks that will guide the study.

Chapter Three presents the research methodology adopted for the study, including the research

design, population and sampling technique, data collection and analysis methods, and ethical

considerations.

Chapter Four presents the findings of the study, including the analysis of data collected from the

survey and interviews conducted with relevant stakeholders.

Chapter Five summarizes the study's findings, draws conclusions, and makes recommendations

based on the research objectives and questions. It also highlights the study's contributions,

limitations, and suggests areas for future research.

7
 References

Abdulwaheed, I. A., & Ohida, L. D. (2022). Effects of Corruption on Service Delivery In

Nigeria: A Study Of Osun State Public Service. Zamfara Journal of Politics and
Development, 3(3), 1-19.
Adegbite, E., & Osabuohien, E. (2016). Corruption and service delivery in Nigeria. International
Journal of Social Economics, 43(7), 794-805.
Ajao, O. E., Dada, A. O., & Olaoye, R. A. (2013). Political corruption in Nigeria: Causes, effects
and remedies. Journal of Politics and Law, 6(1), 128-137.
Ibietan, J. (2013). Corruption and national development in Nigeria: The way forward. African
Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 7(3), 46-56.
Likpe, N., & Henderson, H. (2016). Public sector management in Nigeria. Commonwealth
Secretariat.
Nageri, S. S., Umar, S. U., & Abdul, A. M. (2013). Corruption and its effect on the Nigerian
economy. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(26), 39-46.
Ogunrinde, R., Ogunrinde, O., & Adenuga, A. O. (2019). Corruption and public service delivery
in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 9(2), 302-321.
Okonkwo, O. R. (2017). Corruption and public service delivery in Nigeria. International Journal
of Public Administration and Management Research, 5(3), 14-24.
Oyinlola, M. A. (2018). Corruption in the Nigerian public sector. European Journal of
Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research, 6(2), 64-74.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Historical Background of Bida Local Government Area

Bida, a traditional emirate and town located in Niger state, situated in west-central Nigeria, is

positioned alongside the Bako River, a minor tributary of the Niger River. It stands at the

crossroads of roads connecting Jebba, Zungeru, and Agaie. Originally a modest settlement

inhabited by the Beni people, a subset of the Nupe ethnic group, Bida was captured around 1531

by Tsoede (Edegi), who founded the Nupe kingdom and became its inaugural etsu Nupe, or

"king of the Nupe people." In 1806, Fulani warriors conquered the Nupe kingdom, assimilating

its central region into the Nupe emirate within the Fulani empire. Emir Usman Zaki, in 1835,

declared himself etsu Nupe and designated Bida as the new emirate capital, succeeding the

former capital at Raba (Rabba), located 67 miles (110 km) to the west.

The construction of Bida's town wall, which currently encloses an area of 5 square miles (13

square km), commenced during the 1850s. During Emir Masaba's second reign (1859–73), Bida

flourished as the dominant kingdom in central Nigeria, witnessing the establishment of three

royal palaces, the central mosque, and the night market. Trade ties with the British Royal Niger

Company were established in 1871, but disputes over trade and slave dealings led to British

military action against the Nupe people, resulting in the defeat of the Fulani army in Bida in

1897. British occupation followed in 1901 after the Nupe reinstated the deposed Fulani emir.

Under British rule, the Nupe emirate became known as the Bida emirate and was integrated into

9
the newly created Niger province in 1908. The emir of Bida resides in a palace located outside

the western gate of the town.

In the contemporary era, Bida is renowned for its artisanal crafts, particularly brass and copper

goblets, metal items, glass beads and bangles, raffia products like hats and mats, and locally dyed

cotton and silk fabrics. Craftsmen operate individually within distinctive wards, organized into

close-knit guilds. The predominantly Nupe population of Bida primarily lives in traditional mud

houses grouped into customary compounds. The town serves as a primary collection point for

swamp rice cultivated in the floodplains of the Niger and Kaduna rivers. Bida is also engaged in

the trade of various agricultural products including yams, sorghum, millet, shea nuts, tobacco,

cotton, peanuts, palm oil and kernels, onions, indigo, sugarcane, fruits, goats, sheep, and pottery.

Bida hosts a federal polytechnic and other educational institutions, contributing to its modern

landscape.

2.2 Review of Related Literature

(Akindele & Adeyemi, 2011) posits that for financially independent local governments to exist,

responsibilities and functions must be allocated in accordance with their taxing power and ability

to generate funds internally. The Nigerian 1999 constitution attempts to do this by granting each

tier of government stipulated powers in this regard. These measures, coupled with a review of

revenue sharing, the granting of fiscal autonomy and fiscal discipline as well as making local

government responsive, responsible and accountable to the people will set local government free

from the fiscal stress promoted and strengthened by the 1999 constitution.

According to the 1976 local government reforms, local government is the government at the

local level, exercised through representative council established by law to exercise specific

powers within a defined area. These powers would give the council substantial control over local

10
affairs as well as the staff and also institutional and financial powers to initiate and direct the

provision of services and determine the activities of the state and federal government in their

areas, and ensure through devolution of functions to these councils and through the active

participation of the people and their traditional institutions, that local initiative and response to

local needs and conditions are maximized.

2.2.1 Concept of Corruption

According to research presented by Nagari, Guru, and Abdul (2013), corruption significantly

hinders economic development and growth. According to Adebayo (2013), corruption

undermines democracies by undermining their electoral processes, subverting the rule of law,

spawning bureaucratic traps, and discouraging FDI. When corruption permeates the democratic

institutions of a state, not only will that country be politically and economically stagnant, but it

will also be a political backwater. While Adebayo (2011) acknowledges that corruption exists

everywhere, he argues that in Nigeria it is more pervasive and has longer- lasting consequences.

According to Tolu and Qgunro (2012), the government's futile fight against the cankerworm is

due to the fact that the government is itself heavily infected with the virus, and the average

Nigerian is viewed as corrupt around the world.

Corruption is described as the abuse of power for personal benefit (Transparency, 2022).

Corruption is a complicated social, political, and economic issue that affects all nations.

according to the United Nations. It undermines democratic institutions, hinders economic

growth, and leads to the instability of governance (Nations, 2021). According to Nweke (2019),

corruption enables a few privileged individuals to convert what belongs to the public into their

personal property, resulting in widespread poverty and deteriorating infrastructure, among other

societal issues. Salihu (2020) said that corruption by Nigeria's public personnel manifests in

11
activities like as bribery, embezzlement, fraud, forgery, pilfering, and inflation of contracts and

procurements, among others, in the course of carrying out their mandates. According to

jewereme (2015), corruption in Nigeria's public sector manifests as misappropriation, kickbacks,

overbilling, bribery, embezzlement, tribalism, nepotism, money laundering, open theft of the

treasury, etc. Nweke (2019) stated that corruption has become a culture to the extent that people

no longer view corruption as evil in the society. As a result, corrupt public office holders are now

highly regarded in public activities, making corruption a recurrent decimal in the community.

According to Transparency International, corruption may occur anywhere, can involve anyone,

and nearly always occurs in the shadows (Transparency, 2022).

2.2.2 Concept of Service Delivery

Service Delivery refers to the provision of tangible and intangible goods and services by the

government with the aim of improving the well-being of the citizens. It encompasses the

relationship between policy makers, service providers, and the underprivileged, as described by

Kayode et al (2013) and Carlson et al. (2005) in Kayode et al (2013). Service Delivery includes

various services and systems that are typically considered the responsibility of the government,

such as social services (primary education and basic healthcare) and infrastructure (water,

sanitation, roads, and bridges), as mentioned by Kayode et al (2013) and Bello-Imam & Roberts

(2001) quoted in Agba et al (2013).

Zakari (2010) as quoted by Agba et al (2013) states that the original intention of Nigeria's local

government system was to positively impact the lives of people at the grassroots level. However,

the system has unfortunately been corrupted by politicians and senior bureaucrats who exploit it

for personal gain. Consequently, local government in Nigeria has become a place where the

chairman and other officials meet to distribute money among themselves on a monthly basis.

12
Agba (2006) in Agba et al (2013) argues that the provision of basic social services, such as

education, healthcare, road maintenance, and public utilities within most local government areas,

is merely a myth and illusion. The primary focus of local government chairmen is seen as

accumulating wealth rather than delivering services to the people. As a result, despite 70% of

Nigeria's population residing in rural areas, as acknowledged by Effiom (2001) quoted in Agba

et al (2013), the average residents at the grassroots level continue to suffer from issues like lack

of clean water, inadequate healthcare facilities, poor hygiene conditions, and unemployment.

2.2.3 Concept of Local Government

Local government is a government at the grassroots level. According to (Akindele & Adeyemi,

2011) the word “local” connotes that councils are meant for small communities and the word

“government” means that they have certain attributes of government. Thus, local government can

therefore be defined as a political sub-division of a nation (a federal system, a state) which is

constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs including the power to impose

taxes or to demand labour for prescribed purposes. The governing body of local government

councils like the state and the central governments are elected for a fixed tenure, it is executed

that the federal, state and local governments have in them some degree of administrative

autonomy.

However, in Nigeria, local government autonomy is a myth rather than a reality. There are three

separate standards to local autonomy which are the amount of responsibility involved, the size

and number of resources assigned and the degree of discretion conferred (Onibokun, 2009). It is

argued that corruption is caused in local government administration by some problems such as

dependence on statutory allocations from the federal and state governments, deliberate evasion

by the local citizenry and creation of non-viable local government areas, differences in the status

13
of local governments in terms of rural-urban dimensions, and inadequate revenue and restricted

fiscal jurisdiction.

2.3 The Multi-Dimensional Concept of Local Government.

The aforementioned definitions of local government listed, clearly shows that local government

is a multi-dimensional concept. These dimensions are:

SOCIAL DIMENSION:

From the social dimension local government is basically a social institution. It is an organized

social entity based on the feelings of oneness. This emanates from the fact that man is a social

animal and must of necessity interact with other people (Ola & Tonwe, 2014). Local government

provides a platform for people in a locality to express and fulfill their human urge to interact

with one another and in the process of interaction, the feeling of convergence brings to the fore

the commonality of basic needs of the people in the neighborhood of food shelter, clothing,

water etc. It is those facets of their feeling of oneness that are a binding force, not only among

themselves but also between the local authority and the local people (Ola & Tonwe, 2014).

ECONOMIC DIMENSION:

Local government is basically an economic institute with a foremost role to play in promoting

the economic well-being of the people of its locality. The economic dimension of the concept of

local government relates to its economic viability. Thus, revenue generation becomes a primary

function of local government. A local government that is not economically viable cannot do

much to improve the economic conditions of the people in its locality (Ola & Tonwe, 2014).

GEOGRAPHIC DIMENSION:

Local government also has a geographical dimension. From the perspective of a specific and

defined territorial jurisdiction over a particular human habitation, the local government may be

14
conceptualized in geographic terms. The geography of local government which includes the

demographic, physical and economic features have its impact on its policies, administration and

law. These various features are of universal characters. The geographical dimension of local

government stems from the fact that among the inhabitants of a given area, there is a

consciousness that they are differentiated from the inhabitants of other areas in the same country.

This is what is called the concept of neighborhood which makes the inhabitants of an area

automatically aware of the interests which infringe upon them more directly upon others (Ola &

Tonwe, 2014).

LEGAL DIMENSION:

Local government is a legal institute in the sense that it is established by law of a competent and

higher authority. This makes local government a miniature body politic and a corporate body. In

its former capacity, it is the agent of state and as such, it represents public interest. In that

capacity, it exercises a part of the power of the state legally delegated to it within specified

geographical boundaries (Ola & Tonwe, 2014).

POLITIAL DIMENSION:

Local government is seen as a political institution. It is basically a political mechanism for

governance at the grass root level.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIMENSION:

Local government has an administrative dimension. In other words, it has its local bureaucracy

like other higher levels of government that co-ordinate the activities and the operations of the

day-to-day running of the system.

On the whole, it may be said that local government is basically an organized social entity based

on the feelings on oneness. In political terms, it is concerned with the governance of a specific

15
local area, constituting a political sub-division of a nation, state or other major political units

(Ola & Tonwe, 2014).

In performance of its functions, local government acts as an agent of the state. In other words,

local government is an integrant of the political mechanism for governance in a country, the

geography, demography and economic factors of a local area, offer important dimensions in the

conceptual articulation of local government (Ola & Tonwe, 2014)

2.4 Corruption in Nigerian Local Government Administration

According to Akanbi (2015), corruption, the greatest bane of our society today, will be tackled

head on. No society can achieve anything near its full potential if it allows corruption to become

the full-blown cancer it has become. The above statement illustrates the state of pervasion, rot or

decay within the Nigerian state arising from widespread of corruption. Along this line,

(Familoni, 2015) depicted thus: becoming corrupt in Nigeria is almost unavoidable as morality is

lax, because to survive, people have to make money. One of the fundamental problems of

contemporary Nigeria is corruption. It has thrived, progressed and flourished unabated.

Corruption has been institutionalized to the point of accepting it as part of our system. Although

corruption is ubiquitous, it is found all over the world, but the degree of its manifestation varies

from system to system (Lawal & Oladunjoye, 2010).

In another dimension, the widespread of the phenomenon of corruption in Nigeria has been

pointed out by Nwabueze while trying to illustrate the prevalence of corruption in Nigeria. He

opines that: Corruption in Nigeria is endemic and anomic, somewhat systemic. In terms of

dimensions, corruption is moral-cum-ethical, on the one hand and structural on the other, and its

explanation and attempts to find solution must address these two sources. It manifests as

political, economic, bureaucratic, judicial and even moral corruption. For example, when an

16
official as a result undue bribe or promise in any of these spheres, abuses his or another person’s

office by putting aside due process and compromising fairness and equity in distribution of

scarce resources within his jurisdiction or authority to allocate, this is corruption.

In Nigeria, ethnicity (nepotism), lust for power, poverty and personal monetary gains are also

major factors in corruption in public offices. Corruption has been described as a major cause of

comatose state of local government administration in Nigeria, and also a major hindrance to

good government (Onwuemenyi, 2010) It has been identified as one of the problems confronting

effective local government administration in Nigeria, also non-adherence to provisions of the

financial memorandum (FM), conspicuous consumption on the parts of local government

officials, lifestyles that are not similar with official sources of income, imposition of leaders on

the local government through corrupted political process and low wages of local government

officials (Ali 2008). Along this line, Farida Waziri, former chairperson of the Economic and

Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), alongside (Onwuemenyi, 2010) lamented that; waste of

government resources at the council level had reached monumental proportions. The local

government council in the country could not explain the mismanagement of over N3.313 trillion

allocated to them in the last eight years. Unfortunately, local government officials have not left

their hands unsoiled in this regard. She said “it is with great regard that I am forced to observe

that the local governments of the good old days have become a mere memory of times gone by”.

The paralysis (corruption) that pervades local governments today is widespread.

Local government have become so far removed from the lives of the people to a point where

some chief executives of local council no longer reside in the domains they were elected

administer. They drive to the council headquarters in their jeeps from the state capitals, pay

salaries and share other monetary funds and disappear. Waziri went further to emphasize that the

17
disconnection between the government of the people and the grassroots was happening at a time

huge volumes of public funds were allocated to local government councils. According to her, the

old argument that services cannot be delivered to the grassroots because of shortage of funds

does not hold water anymore in the face of much subvention. (Onwuemenyi, 2010).

However, contrarily, Omoiguiokavio, the chairman of Federal Inland Revenue Service in

(Onwuemenyi, 2010) observed that the high rate of corruption at local government level is as a

result of over dependence on oil revenue, with its attendant laxity on the part of the three tiers of

government to explore other sources of revenue. Revenue generations and its effective

management are critically important for the survival of local government councils. According to

her, local government administration has abused the weak tax regulatory system for personal

gains, a situation which had complicated the tax system and led to cases of multiple taxation in

the economy. Omoiguiokavio also condemned some local government officials for instituting

personal and unofficial revenue generation machinery, thereby encouraging multiple taxation

and placing heavy burden on tax payers. She noted that many local government chairmen

generate personal taxes for personal gain using the so-called levy collectors who themselves

have multiple receipts.

Also, along this line Arowolo (2008) opined that hard earned and limited resources accrued to

and raised by local governments are always mismanaged. Priorities are misplaced, projects are

done not according to or as demanded by the people but regrettably in tune with the selfish end

and exalted in honour of the political leadership in collaboration with senior bureaucrats at the

local government level of administration. This reform empowered the local administration to

collect rates and levy pools and income taxes. However, according to Adedokun (2012) these

local government administrations lacked self-determination, hence their resources were

18
inadequate. Comparatively, local authorities were partially successful in the north but

unsuccessful in the eastern and western regions.

Nevertheless Adedeji (2010), blames the ineffectiveness of local government administration on

the following reasons:

1. Lack of mission or lack of comprehensive functional role.

2. Lack of proper structures (i.e the role of local governments in the development process

was not known).

3. Low quality of staff; and

4. Low funding.

Accordingly, these local authorities could hardly perform their requisite responsibilities, and for

these reasons among others, the local governments in the country underwent fundamental

transformation, through the enactment of the 1976 local government reform, which for the first

time, established a single tier structure of local government as a substitute for the different

structure in various states. The national assembly was empowered by the 1979 constitution to

determine what proportion of the federation account and from the revenue of the state to be

allocated to the local governments. This allocation from the state was mandatory. Accordingly,

in 1981, the national assembly fixed these proportions at 10 percent of the federal account and 10

percent of the total revenue at the state. In 1985, the state’s proportion was reduced to 10 percent

of the internally-generated revenue; local government’s allocation from the federation account

was later adjusted to 20 percent. This was increased to 35 percent apparently because local

governments are expected to take on larger developmental responsibilities. Presently, local

governments receive 20 percent of the federation account.

19
2.4.1 Types of Corruption that Occur in Local Government

There are several types of political corruption that occur in local government administration.

Some are more common than others, and some are more prevalent to local governments than to

larger tiers of government. Local governments may be more susceptible to corruption because

interactions between private individual and officials happen at greater levels of intimacy and

with more frequency at more decentralized levels. Forms of corruption that concerns are bribery,

extortion, embezzlement etc are found in local government systems. Other forms of corruption

are nepotism and patronage systems.

1. Bribery is the offering of something which is most often money as well as goods and

services in order to gain an unfair advantage. Common advantages can be to sway a

person’s opinion actions or decisions, reduce amounts of fees collected, speed up

government grants, or change outcomes of legal processes.

2. Extortion is threatening or inflicting harm to a person, their reputation property in order

to unjustly obtain money, actions, services or other goods from that person. Blackmail is

a form of extortion.

3. Embezzlement is the illegal taking or appropriation of money or property that has been

entrusted to a person but is actually owned by another. In political terms, this is called

graft, which is when a political office holder unlawfully uses public funds for personal

purposes.

4. Nepotism is the practice or inclination to favor a group or a person who is a relative when

giving promotions, jobs raises and other benefits to employees. This is often based on the

concept of familism which believes that a person must always respect and favor family in

all situations including those pertaining to politics and business. This leads some political

20
 officials to give privileges and positions of authority to relatives based on relationships

and regardless of their actual abilities.

A patronage system consists of the granting favors, contracts or appointments to positions by a

local public office holder or candidate for a political office in return for political support. Many

times, patronage is used to gain support and votes in elections or in passing legislation.

Patronage systems disregards the formal rules of a local government and use personal instead of

formalized channels to gain advantage.

2.4.2 Demographic Factors Causing Corruption

Socio-economic characteristics and the size of the population of people that make up a

municipality can be encouraging factors for local government officials to engage in corrupt

practices. Patterns of political corruption can be found in places that have a similar demographic

make-up. Demographic factors that have been known to lead or to increase the likelihood of

corruption in a local system are religion, race, class, size of the municipality, local economic

conditions, education, political cultural and gender. Some factors are interrelated or can lead to

other factors which may cause more corruption.

SIZE OF A MUNICIPALITY:

Smaller municipalities tend to encourage corruption to take place within a local government.

Smaller municipalities require more local officials to represent and run the local government.

With more officials, it is more difficult to keep watch on each one and establish a decent

administration and to supervise their activities. Small municipalities may also have inadequate or

insufficient policing and prosecution of corrupt local officials. This also encourages corruption in

local governments because there is less likelihood of getting caught or prosecuted, therefore

more officials may become dishonest.

21
CONDITIONS OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY:

Low economic development has been found to be an encouraging factor for political corruption.

Economic practices like dependence on raw materials, industries are characteristics of poorer

cities and areas with increased amount of corruption. Economic dependence on certain industries

will also lead to less stable governments and less money available to fund government. Fragile

economy leads to increased levels of poverty and less opportunities to get out of poverty. Poverty

is a known factor that encourages corruption in local governments. Places with failing economies

and poverty sometimes get loans or start aid programs to support the local economy and people,

and public officials are often able to unlawfully take the money or goods for private gain. With

less money available, local officials are more likely to get lower wages, which is seen as another

factor that leads to corruption. Officials who get lower wages, which is not enough to provide for

their necessities, will become more corrupt and try embezzling money from the local government

treasury. Low wages can also cause economic insecurity and encourage politicians to take

advantage of current opportunities as public figures of authority. On the other hand, some

researchers argue that the more money a local government has to spend, the more tendency it

will have to do so inefficiently, which can lead to suspicions of corruption. Above all, smaller

municipalities are more often perceived to have corrupt local governments than bigger

municipalities.

EDUCATION:

Lower levels of education which are often caused by poverty are seen as factors which

encourage corrupt government practices. Those with less education are not well informed on

how the government works or what rights they have under the government. It is easier for

corrupt office-holders to conceal corrupt activities from a poorly educated society. Uneducated

22
citizens are unaware of the corruption taking place in their society and also don’t know how to

stop it, therefore corruption remains in such society and spreads. Without some form of political

awareness, citizens will not know which candidates to elect during elections. This often leads

municipalities to be continually governed by one or more corrupt local officials who use

patronage or nepotistic practices to stay in office or keep influence in the government for a long

period of time. When local political leaders are less educated, they will be less likely to find

legitimate ways to make the municipality well-structured, productive and successful.

POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE MUNICIPALITY:

Many local governments have an established political culture with certain expectations and

practices that often determine what is seen as acceptable in local politics. In municipalities with

an undeveloped political culture accountability and legitimacy is usually low and principles of

ethics in government are not established. This can encourage corruption to take hold in the local

government because citizens do not know what is considered corrupt because of the low

accountability.

In some places the local governments have been corrupt for so long that the citizens think that is

how it is supposed to work because that is all they have been exposed to. Long periods of

political instability will also lead to corruption in the government because people are unsure of

how the government should operate, and thus do not know that practices are corrupt or how to

stop them if they are corrupt.

2.5 Reasons for the Establishment of Local Governments

A lot of reasons have been given for the evolution and creation of local governments in Nigeria.

These range from political, social and economic reasons. Over the years, there has not been a

general consensus as to the precise role local governments should play, this singular factor

23
makes the problem regarding the objectives of local governments most important. The following

are seen as some of the purpose for the creation of local governments in Nigeria.

1. To bring governance closer to the people;

Local government functions to bring democracy to the local citizens as well as to educate and

help them socialize politically; participation of the citizens in governance is one of the

underlying percepts of democracy. Due to vast nature of the country (Nigeria), the presence of

governments whether at the federal or state level is not well felt by the people, and this led to

neglect and distrust of government by the people. In a bid to bring the activities of government

closer to the people, local governments were created to serve as conduits through which

government policies are communicated to the people (Aigbakoba and Ogbonna 2014).

2. For Administrative Convenience:

Local government serves as a channel through which policies and programes from the state and

the federal government are communicated and implemented. This is because there are many

functions that will be cumbersome for the state and federal governments to perform because of

the distance separating them and the people e.g Collection of rates, radio and television licenses;

3. Registration of births, deaths and marriage registry etc.

The local government was also created to serve as the representative of both the federal and state

governments amongst the local people.

It is a channel through which policies are communicated and implemented (Gboyega, 2009)

To ensure that resources are effectively mobilized:

This is to arouse in the citizens the zeal or willingness to contribute financially, materially and

morally to the management of local affairs. Local governments are created to bring about

meaningful development in the rural areas through the effective mobilization of resources. Local

24
government uses funds made available to it by both federal and state governments and their

internally generated revenue to improve on the lives of the people within their areas of

operations (Gboyega, 2009).

2.6 Roles of Local Government:

Local governments in Nigeria have enormous responsibilities to perform. These includes the

mobilization of local resources, promoting social and economic developments and improvements

as well as national integration. In addition, they are expected to carry out regional policies with

respect to agriculture and selected industries, thereby helping to ameliorate unemployment

(Gboyega, 2009).

(Odey, 2012) added that local governments at work also revolve round revenue generation,

budgeting, development planning, provision of services and community mobilization. Others are;

1. Collection of rates, radio and television licenses;

2. Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries;

3. Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, street lights, drains and other public

highways.

4. Naming of roads and streets and numbering of houses

5. Provision and maintenance of public conveniences, sewages and refuse disposals.

6. Registration of all births, deaths and marriages.

7. Provision and maintenance of education, health services amongst others.

8. Formulation of economic planning and development schemes for the local government

area.

9. Establishment, maintenance and regulation of slaughter houses, markets and motor parks.

25
 10. Assessment of privately owned houses or tenements for the purpose of levying such rates

as may be prescribed by the house of assembly of a state.

2.7 Corruption and Service Delivery in Nigeria's Local Government System

The primary purpose of government is to deliver services that enhance the quality of life.

However, it is widely agreed among scholars and professionals that local governments in Nigeria

have failed to fulfill their purpose by providing effective services to rural communities. This

sentiment was expressed by former President Obasanjo in 2003, as cited in Agba et al (2013),

where he criticized the local government system for its abysmal performance and

underwhelming delivery of responsibilities, despite receiving substantial funding from the

federal government.

This observation highlights that local governments have failed to achieve their original

objectives. Ukiwo (2006) in Agba et al (2013) argues that instead of bringing government and

development closer to the people, local governments have produced absentee chairmen who only

appear at council headquarters when the monthly allocations arrive. These chairmen then swiftly

disappear with their luxury vehicles and police escorts after overseeing the distribution of funds

among relevant stakeholders.

The Nigerian state is plagued by prebendalism, a system where public office is primarily used to

serve the interests of the officeholder rather than the public. This environment has fostered

widespread corruption at every level of government in Nigeria. Corruption entails a lack of

accountability, transparency, and citizen engagement. It involves self-serving actions in public

affairs. An example of corruption within local government is the misuse of funds intended for

local development to finance political parties.

26
Oviasuyi et al (2010) made the observation that corruption in the local government system in

Nigeria is pervasive, unapologetic, and persistent, much like in other levels of government. The

prevalence of corruption in the system contributes to its ineffectiveness in governance.

According to Oviasuyi et al (2010), corruption thrives in various areas within local government,

including the inflation of prices for purchased items, overestimation of project costs, the

existence of ghost workers, the awarding of contracts followed by abandonment, and the

payment of large sums of money to political figures.

Lawal & Oladunjoye (2010) stated that corruption has detrimental effects on the political

landscape, leading to the erosion of democratic values. When corruption flourishes, values such

as responsiveness, accountability, participation, and human development are suppressed or

neglected. Corruption hinders development as resources that should be utilized for the betterment

and progress of the local government are diverted for personal gain. The rule of law is

undermined, giving way to the misuse of power. Local government officials who engage in

corruption manipulate rules and regulations to ensure that their illicit activities go unnoticed

during their tenure in office. These actions have serious implications for service delivery, as

developmental projects may be abandoned without repercussions. Additionally, corruption

facilitates inflated contracts, bribery, kickbacks, and the awarding of contracts to fictitious

companies. Manpower development and capacity building suffer in an environment plagued by

corruption, as these practices discourage progress and growth.

2.8 Theoretical Framework (Principal Agent Theory)

The principal-agent theory provides a valuable framework for analyzing the dynamics of

corruption and its impact on service delivery in local government systems. This theory explores

the relationship between the principal (the citizens) and the agent (the local government officials)

27
and the challenges that arise due to information asymmetry, conflicting interests, and limited

accountability.

Information Asymmetry: In the local government context, citizens often lack complete

information about the actions and decisions taken by government officials. This information

asymmetry gives rise to opportunities for corruption, as officials can exploit their positions to

engage in corrupt practices without being detected or held accountable. As a result, the delivery

of services to the citizens is compromised.

Conflicting Interests: Local government officials may have their own self-interests, such as

personal enrichment or political gains, which may deviate from the best interests of the citizens

they are supposed to serve. This misalignment of interests creates incentives for corruption,

where officials prioritize their personal gains over delivering efficient and effective services to

the community.

Limited Accountability: In local government systems, the mechanisms for holding officials

accountable for their actions and decisions are often weak or insufficient. This lack of

accountability allows corrupt practices to thrive, as officials face minimal consequences for their

misconduct. Consequently, service delivery suffers, as resources intended for public welfare are

misappropriated or misused.

Based on the principal-agent theory, the following dynamics can be observed:

a. Moral Hazard: The existence of corruption creates a moral hazard situation, wherein local

government officials have the opportunity to exploit their authority for personal gain, knowing

that the risks and costs of detection and punishment are relatively low.

28
b. Adverse Selection: The prevalence of corruption attracts individuals who are more likely to

engage in unethical behavior into positions of power within the local government. This adverse

selection process further perpetuates corrupt practices, hindering effective service delivery.

c. Incentive Structures: Designing appropriate incentive structures is crucial in combating

corruption and improving service delivery. Aligning the interests of local government officials

with the welfare of citizens through transparent and performance-based incentives can help

mitigate corruption risks and promote better service outcomes.

d. Monitoring and Oversight: Strengthening mechanisms for monitoring and oversight is

essential in curbing corruption. Implementing robust systems for citizen participation,

independent audits, and accountability mechanisms can enhance transparency and detect corrupt

activities, thereby improving service delivery.

Overall, the principal-agent theory provides insights into the underlying mechanisms that

contribute to corruption and its detrimental effects on service delivery in local government

systems. By addressing information asymmetry, aligning interests, improving accountability, and

implementing effective monitoring mechanisms, it is possible to mitigate corruption and promote

better governance practices for the benefit of citizens and overall development.

29
 References

Abdulwaheed, I. A., & Ohida, L. D. (2022). Effects of Corruption on Service Delivery In

Nigeria: A Study Of Osun State Public Service. Zamfara Journal of Politics and
Development, 3(3), 1-19.

Adegbite, E., & Osabuohien, E. (2016). Corruption and service delivery in Nigeria. International
Journal of Social Economics, 43(7), 794-805.

Ajao, O. E., Dada, A. O., & Olaoye, R. A. (2013). Political corruption in Nigeria: Causes, effects
and remedies. Journal of Politics and Law, 6(1), 128-137.

Akindele, T., & Adeyemi, O. O. (2011). Corruption and the Nigerian State: A Critical
Discourse, Saarbrucken Germany. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing:.

Familoni, K. (2015). Political Economy of corruption.

Gboyega, A. (2009). Political Values and Local Government in Nigeria. Ibadan: Malthouse
Press Ltd.

Harsh, H. C. (2013). Accumulators and Democrats: Challenging State Corruption.

Ibietan, J. (2013). Corruption and national development in Nigeria: The way forward. African
Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 7(3), 46-56.

Lawal, T., & Oladunjoye, A. (2010). Local Government, Corruption and politics Democracy in
Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, Volume 12, No. 5. Retrieved from
[Link]

Likpe, N., & Henderson, H. (2016). Public sector management in Nigeria. Commonwealth
Secretariat.

Nageri, S. S., Umar, S. U., & Abdul, A. M. (2013). Corruption and its effect on the Nigerian
economy. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(26), 39-46.

Odey, O. J. (2012). Democracy, Our Lofty Dreams and Crazy Ambitions. . Enugu.

Ogunrinde, R., Ogunrinde, O., & Adenuga, A. O. (2019). Corruption and public service delivery
in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 9(2), 302-321.

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Okonkwo, O. R. (2017). Corruption and public service delivery in Nigeria. International Journal
of Public Administration and Management Research, 5(3), 14-24.

Ola, R. O., & Tonwe, D. A. (2014). Local Administration and Local Government in Nigeria.
Lagos: Amfitop Books.

Onibokun, A. G. (2009). Community Based Organisations in Nigerian Urban Centres.

Onwuemenyi, O. (2010). Tackling Corruption in Local Councils.

Oyinlola, M. A. (2018). Corruption in the Nigerian public sector. European Journal of

Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research, 6(2), 64-74.

31
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Sources of Data Collection

For this research on "Effects of Corruption on Poor Service Delivery in the Public Service of

Nigeria” structured questionnaires will be designed and distributed to the population of Bida

Local Government Area of Niger State to gather their perspectives on corruption and public

service delivery. The questionnaire for the study will be administered to the respondents

personally by the researcher. This approach was adopted to have the advantage of revealing the

views and perceptions of majority of the different cadres in the case of study.

3.2 Research Population and Sampling

3.2.1 Research Population

Population is described as the entire member of object that needs to be studied. The population in

this research work is 150 total population of government employees in the Bida Local

Government Council

3.2.2 Sampling Techniques

The stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting the population of Bida Local

Government Area staff used for the study. The sample size is very necessary for a clear

understanding of the population in question. Therefore, given the total population to be 150, the

researcher adopted the Yamane Yaro formula for finite population (Yamane, 1973:723). The

formula is stated below as follows:

32
 N
n= 2
1+ N (e)

Where

n = the required sample size

N = total population

e = error margin

I = constant

Therefore, substituting in the formula

n=150

150
n=
1+0.375 (0.0025)

150
n=
1.375

n = 109.09

n = 110

3.3 Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments

To enhance the validity and reliability of the research instruments (questionnaires and interview

guides), a pilot study will be conducted prior to data collection. This will involve testing the

instruments on a small sample of Public Servants in Bida and making necessary adjustments

based on their feedback.

3.4 Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis

Collected data will be organized, categorized, and presented using appropriate methods such as

tables, charts, and graphs. Qualitative data from interviews will be analyzed thematically,

33
identifying patterns and themes related to corruption and public service delivery. Quantitative

data from surveys will be analyzed using statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics.

3.5 Methods of Testing Hypotheses

Hypotheses will be tested using statistical methods such as correlation analysis, regression

analysis, or other relevant statistical tests based on the nature of the research questions and data

collected. The results of these tests will help to draw conclusions and make evidence-based

recommendations.

34
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis

In this chapter, we provide an examination of the data collected and engage in a conversation

about the results. To achieve this, the researcher distributed 110 questionnaires to the relevant

region, and 100 questionnaires were completed and sent back. This indicates that 91% of the

distributed questionnaires were returned.

4.1.1 Background Characteristics of the Respondents

The chosen sample sizes were supplied with questionnaires. The responses given were

subsequently presented and interpreted. The data that had been collected were analyzed using

percentages and described through tables.

Table 4.1: Gender Distribution of the Respondents.

GENDER NO OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

Male 76 76.0%
Female 24 24.0%

Total 100 100%

Source: Field Study (2023)

The participants comprised 76 males and 24 females, as indicated in the table above. In terms of

percentages, males make up 76%, while females make up the remaining 24%. Based on this

analysis, it's evident that there are more male respondents than female respondents.

Table 4.2: Age Distribution of the Respondents

Age (years) No of Respondents Percentage

20 – 29 15 15.0%
30 – 39 43 43.0%
40 – 49 27 27.0%
50 and above 15 15.0%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Study (2023)

35
According to the data presented in the table above, 15% of the respondents fall within the age

range of 20-29 years, 43% fall within the age range of 30-39 years, 27% fall within the age range

of 40-49 years, and 15% fall within the age group of 50 years and above. This indicates that the

age group with the highest percentage of respondents is between 30 and 39 years old.

Table 4.3: Length of Service of the Respondents

Length of Service No of respondents Percentage

Less than 1 year 8 8.0%
1-5 years 18 18.0%
6-10 years 44 44.0%
More than 10 years 30 30.0%
Total 100 100.0%
Source: Field Study (2023)

According to the earlier examination, it was determined that 8% of the total respondents,

equivalent to 8 staff members, had a tenure of less than one year. Roughly 18% of the

respondents had a work history ranging from one to five years, while 44% had served in the

Local Government Council for approximately six to ten years. The remaining 30% had

accumulated over a decade of service. This data suggests that a significant portion of the staff

had tenures within the range of six to ten years and beyond.

Table 4.4: Religion Distribution of the Respondents

Religion No of Respondents Percentage

Christians 21 21.0%
Muslims 79 79.0%
Others - -
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Study (2023)
Based on the analysis provided, it's evident that 79% of the respondents adhere to the Muslim
faith, while 21% of the respondents identify as Christians. Therefore, the majority of the
questionnaire respondents are Muslim, comprising 79% of the total.

36
Table 4.5: Educational Qualification of Respondents

Educational Qualification No of respondents Percentage

SSCE 12 12.0%
OND 33 33.0%
HND/BSc 45 45.0%
Others 10 10.0%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Study (2023)
Based on the analysis presented above, it can be observed that 12% of the respondents held an

SSCE school certificate, 33% completed their education with an OND certificate, 45% possessed

an HND/BSc certificate, and 10% held various other forms of certificates.

4.1.2 Root Causes and Contributing Factors of Corruption

Table 4.6 Inadequate Internal Controls

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 48 48.0
Disagree 23 23.0
Undecided 2 2.0
Agree 7 7.0
Strongly Agree 20 20.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Based on the result in Table 4.6 above, majority (71%) of the respondents disagreed with the

notion of inadequate internal controls, indicating a general confidence in the organization's

control mechanisms. However, 27% expressed agreement with inadequacies, highlighting

significant concerns that warrant attention and potential improvements. These findings

underscore the importance of addressing and enhancing internal controls to maintain stakeholder

confidence within the Local Government Council.

37
Table 4.7 Influence of Political Interference on Corruption Level

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 20 20.0
Disagree 26 26.0
Undecided 5 5.0
Agree 18 18.0
Strongly Agree 31 31.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Table 4.7 presents findings examining the perceived influence of political interference on the

level of corruption. The data reveals that 46% of respondents either strongly disagree (20%) or

disagree (26%) with the idea that political interference significantly contributes to corruption.

This suggests a notable portion of participants do not consider political interference as a major

factor. However, 31% strongly agree and 18% agree that it does, indicating a substantial portion

holds the view that political interference plays a significant role in corruption. These results

highlight a significant divergence in opinions and emphasize the importance of addressing the

issue of political interference in relation to corruption within the Local Government

Administration Council.

Table 4.8 Cultural Norms and Practices

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 29 29.0
Disagree 9 9.0
Undecided 4 4.0
Agree 40 40.0
Strongly Agree 18 18.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Based on the data provided in Table 4.8, it's clear that a combined 58.0% of the total

respondents, which corresponds to 58 individuals, believe that the organization's cultural norms

38
and practices inadvertently promote corrupt behavior. In contrast, 38.0% of the respondents

disagree with this notion. As a result, it is evident that cultural norms and practices within the

organization do have an influence that unintentionally creates an environment conducive to

corrupt behaviour.

Table 4.9 Job Dissatisfaction

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 12 12.0
Disagree 15 15.0
Undecided 1 1.0
Agree 37 37.0
Strongly Agree 35 35.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

In Table 4.9, the data highlights the perception of job dissatisfaction as a potential root cause of

corruption. Notably, 27% of the respondents either strongly disagree (12%) or disagree (15%)

with the idea that job dissatisfaction is a significant contributor to corruption, while 72% agree

(37%) or strongly agree (35%) with this notion. Only 1% of respondents remain undecided. This

suggests that a majority of respondents believe that job dissatisfaction has a substantial role in

fostering corruption within the organization, while a smaller percentage holds a different

viewpoint. These results emphasize the importance of addressing job satisfaction to mitigate

corruption risks.

Table 4.10 Inadequate Training and Awareness Program as A Root Cause of Corruption

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 55 55.0
Disagree 30 30.0
Undecided 4 4.0
Agree 3 3.0
Strongly Agree 8 8.0
Total 100 100.0

39
 Source: Field Study (2023)

Table 4.10 focuses on the perception of inadequate training and awareness programs as a root

cause of corruption. The data reveals that a substantial 85% of respondents either strongly

disagree (55%) or disagree (30%) with the notion that inadequate training and awareness

programs contribute significantly to corruption. Conversely, only 11% agree (3%) or strongly

agree (8%) with this statement, indicating a minority viewpoint. A small 4% of respondents

remain undecided. These findings highlight a clear consensus among the majority that the

organization's training and awareness programs are not seen as a major cause of corruption,

while a minority has concerns in this regard.

4.1.3 Impact of Corruption on Public Service Delivery

Table 4.11 Delivery of Essential Services

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 10 10.0
Disagree 16 16.0
Undecided 9 9.0
Agree 28 28.0
Strongly Agree 37 37.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Referring to the data provided in Table 4.11 above, it becomes clear that a collective 65% of the

survey participants, comprising a total of 65 individuals, agree with the idea that corruption

within the public service of Bida Local Government hinders the delivery of essential services to

the local population. In contrast, 26 respondents, making up 26% of the total, hold an opposing

view on this matter. Consequently, the data indicates that corruption is present in the study area

and as such can fully compromise the overall efficiency of public service delivery within the

institution.

40
Table 4.12 Quality and Efficiency of Public Services

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 7 7
Disagree 6 6
Undecided - -
Agree 28 28.0
Strongly Agree 59 59.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Analyzing the data presented in Table 4.12 above, it is apparent that a substantial majority of

59.0% of the surveyed participants, comprising 59 individuals, strongly agree with the notion

that there exists negative perceptions and experiences among local residents in Bida Local

Government regarding the quality and efficiency of public services, and they attribute this to

corruption. Moreover, an additional 28.0% of the respondents share this perspective.

Consequently, it is clear that negative perceptions and experiences related to the quality and

efficiency of public services in the study area are prevalent among local residents, as indicated

by the data.

Table 4.13 Patterns or Trends in the Types of Public Services Most Affected by Corruption

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 10 10.0
Disagree 18 18.0
Undecided 9 9.0
Agree 27 27.0
Strongly Agree 36 36.0
Total 100 100.0

41
 Source: Field Study (2023)

Referencing Table 4.13 presented above, a substantial 63% of the total respondents, comprising

63 individuals, express agreement with the assertion that there are patterns or trends in the types

of public services most affected by corruption within the Bida Local Government

Administration.

Table 4.14 Political Interference

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 10 10.0
Disagree 16 16.0
Undecided 14 14.0
Agree 21 21.0
Strongly Agree 39 39.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Based on the data provided in Table 4.14 above, it is evident that a significant segment, precisely

60% of the total respondents, equivalent to 60 individuals, agree that external factors, including

political interference, exert an influence on the level of corruption within Bida Local

Government Administration. Conversely, the remaining 40% of the respondents maintain a

different perspective on this matter.

Table 4.15 Job Dissatisfaction and Corruption Activities

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 10 10.0
Disagree 4 4.0
Undecided 2 2.0
Agree 18 18.0
Strongly Agree 66 66.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

42
Referring to the data presented in Table 4.15 above, it is clear that a substantial majority,

specifically 84% of the total respondents, which corresponds to 84 individuals, strongly believe

that job dissatisfaction or frustration plays a role in encouraging corrupt activities within Bida

Local Government Administration. This data underscores the significance of job dissatisfaction

as a contributing factor to corruption in the study area.

4.1.4 Recommendations and Strategies

This section highlights recommendations and Strategies for the Federal Road Safety Corps

Suleja.

Table 4.16 Reformed Measures and Policies

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 9 9.0
Disagree 2 2.0
Undecided 17 17.0
Agree 24 24.0
Strongly Agree 48 48.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Based on the data provided in Table 4.16 above, it is clear that a combined 72.0% of the total

respondents, amounting to 72 individuals, believe that reformed measures and policies have the

potential to effectively deter corruption and enhance public service delivery within the Bida

Local Government Council. Conversely, 11.0% of the respondents express dissenting views on

this matter. This suggests that there is an expectation for increased efforts from the government

and the Bida Local Government Council's governing body to consistently review and improve

policies and measures within the organization to combat corruption and enhance public service

delivery.

Table 4.17 Whistleblower Protection Mechanisms

43
 Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 8 8.0
Disagree 10 10.0
Undecided 3 3.0
Agree 18 18.0
Strongly Agree 61 61.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Based on the information provided in Table 4.17 above, it is clear that a significant majority,

specifically 79.0% of the total respondents, which amounts to 79 individuals, strongly agree that

the organization should prioritize the implementation of whistleblower protection mechanisms as

a means to combat corruption within the Bida Local Government Council.

Table 4.18 Culture of Integrity and Ethical Behaviour

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 20 20.0
Disagree 4 4.0
Undecided 7 7.0
Agree 23 23.0
Strongly Agree 46 46.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Drawing from the data presented in Table 4.18 above, it is evident that a significant majority,

precisely 69% of the total respondents, equivalent to 69 individuals, strongly agree that the Bida

Local Government Council should actively promote a culture of integrity and ethical behavior

among its employees. This perspective indicates that addressing corruption within different

branches of the Bida Local Government Council, along with potential restructuring of units and

departments, could lead to positive improvements and changes.

Table 4.24 Enhancing Salaries and Benefits

Frequency Percentage
%

44
 Strongly Disagree 14 14.0
Disagree 11 11.0
Undecided 2 2.0
Agree 33 33.0
Strongly Agree 40 40.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Based on the information provided in Table 4.19 above, it is clear that a significant proportion,

precisely 73.0% of the total respondents, which amounts to 73 individuals, strongly agree that

increasing the salaries and benefits of Bida Local Government Council personnel has the

potential to help reduce corruption within the organization.

Table 4.20 Anti-Corruption Practices

Frequency Percentage
%
Strongly Disagree 9 9.0
Disagree 2 2.0
Undecided 1 1.0
Agree 18 18.0
Strongly Agree 70 70.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Study (2023)

Referring to the data presented in Table 4.20 above, it is evident that a significant majority,

specifically 88.0% of the total respondents, equivalent to 88 individuals, strongly agree that

effective anti-corruption practices used by other organizations could be adapted and

implemented to benefit the Bida Local Government Council.

4.2 Test of Hypothesis

The following hypotheses will be tested:

H0: There is no significant relationship between corruption and poor service delivery in the
public service of Bida, Niger State.
H1: There is a significant relationship between corruption and poor service delivery in the public
service of Bida, Niger State.

45
H0: The implementation of measures to curb corruption will not lead to an improvement in
service delivery in the public service of Bida, Niger State.
H1: The implementation of measures to curb corruption will lead to an improvement in service
delivery in the public service of Bida, Niger State.

Test of Hypothesis One

H0: There is no significant relationship between corruption and poor service delivery in the

public service of Bida, Niger State.

H1: There is a significant relationship between corruption and poor service delivery in the public

service of Bida, Niger State.

Question: Reformed measures and policies could effectively deter corruption and enhance

public service delivery within Bida Local Government Administration

Decision rule: Accept Ho if p > 0.05, else reject and accept Hi

Observed N Expected N Residual

Strongly Disagree 10 20.0 -10.0

Disagree 16 20.0 -4.0

Undecided 9 20.0 -11.0

Agree 28 20.0 8.0

Strongly Agree 37 20.0 17.0

Total 100

Source: Field Study (2023)

46
 Test Statistics
Corruption within the public service of Bida Local
Government hinders the delivery of essential services to the
local population
Chi-Square 28.441a
Df 4
Asymp. Sig. <.001
Source: Field Study (2023)

The hypothesis test results indicate a chi-square value of 28.441 with 4 degrees of freedom and a

significant p-value of <0.001. Since the calculated p-value of 0.001 is less than the standard

significance level of 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is

accepted. Therefore, based on the research study conducted at a 5% level of significance, it can

be concluded that there is a significant relationship between corruption and poor service delivery

in the public service of Bida, Niger State.

Test of Hypotheses Two

H0: The implementation of measures to curb corruption will not lead to an improvement in

service delivery in the public service of Bida, Niger State.

H1: The implementation of measures to curb corruption will lead to an improvement in service

delivery in the public service of Bida, Niger State.

Question: Corruption within the public service of Bida Local Government hinders the delivery

of essential services to the local population

Decision rule: Accept Ho if p > 0.05, else reject and accept Hi

Observed N Expected N Residual

47
 Strongly Agree 9 20.0 -11.0

Agree 2 20.0 -18.0

Undecided 17 20.0 -3.0

Disagree 24 20.0 4.0

Strongly Disagree 48 20.0 28.0

Total 100

Source: Field Study (2023)

Test Statistics
Corruption within the public service of Bida Local
Government hinders the delivery of essential services to the
local population
Chi-Square 22.250a
Df 4
Asymp. Sig. <.001
Source: Field Study (2023)

The test of hypothesis reveals a chi-square value 22.250 a at a df of 4 with a significant figure of

<0.001. The tested significant value (p = 0.001) is a value less than 0.05, p value of = 0.001 <

0.05 and hence the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate is accepted and conclude from

research study conducted at a 5% level of significance that the implementation of measures to

curb corruption will lead to an improvement in service delivery in the public service of Bida,

Niger State.

Reliability Test for the Study

The researcher adopted Cronbach’s Alpha for the reliability test of questionnaire. Cronbach's

alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of items are as a

group. It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability.

Case Processing

48
 N %

Cases Valid 100 100.0

Excludeda 0 0

Total 100 100.0

Source: Field Study (2023)

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

0.985 20

Source: Field Study (2023)

Cronbach's
Scale
0.9 ≤ α Excellent
0.8 ≤ α < 0.9 Good
0.7 ≤ α < 0.8 Acceptable
Questionabl
0.6 ≤ α < 0.7 e
0.5 ≤ α < 0.6 Poor
Unacceptabl
α < 0.5 e

The reliability test for this research was done using the Cronbach’s Alpha Scale. The Cronbach’s

analysis for the 20 items questionnaire returned a value of 0.985 this result shows that the

questions and response from the questionnaire excellently passed the reliability test.

49
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

The study investigated several critical aspects related to corruption within the context of the Bida

Local Government Council, focusing on its root causes, impact on public service delivery, and

potential recommendations and strategies for combating it.

1. Notably, the findings from the root causes of corruption revealed a divergence in

opinions among respondents. While a significant majority had confidence in the

organization's internal controls and disagreed with the idea of inadequacies, there was

also a notable concern expressed by a minority that necessitated attention and

improvements in internal controls. Additionally, the influence of political interference on

corruption yielded varying perspectives, with some respondents highlighting its

significance, and others not perceiving it as a major factor contributing to corruption.

2. Cultural norms and practices were found to be perceived as inadvertently promoting

corrupt behavior by a majority of respondents, while job dissatisfaction was believed to

50
 play a substantial role in encouraging corruption, emphasizing the importance of

addressing job satisfaction to mitigate corruption risks. Inadequate training and

awareness programs, on the other hand, were not seen as a significant cause of

corruption, indicating differing viewpoints within the organization.

3. In terms of the impact of corruption on public service delivery, the study indicated that

corruption hinders the efficient delivery of essential services, with a majority of

respondents supporting this view. Negative perceptions and experiences regarding the

quality and efficiency of public services were prevalent among local residents, and these

were commonly attributed to corruption. Furthermore, patterns and trends in the types of

public services most affected by corruption were recognized by a substantial number of

respondents, underscoring the need to address specific issues within the organization.

4. The recommendations and strategies put forth in the study were met with substantial

support from respondents. Reformed measures and policies were considered crucial in

deterring corruption and enhancing public service delivery. Whistleblower protection

mechanisms were seen as a priority in the fight against corruption. A culture of integrity

and ethical behavior was endorsed as a means to drive positive change within the

organization, and enhancing salaries and benefits for personnel was viewed as a potential

way to reduce corruption. Importantly, the adaptation of anti-corruption practices from

other organizations garnered strong support, highlighting the need for learning from

successful anti-corruption strategies.

In conclusion, this study provided a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of corruption

within the Bida Local Government Council, shedding light on its root causes, impact on service

51
delivery, and potential solutions. The findings underlined the importance of addressing specific

issues related to internal controls, political interference, cultural norms, and job satisfaction,

while also emphasizing the need for robust anti-corruption measures and strategies to improve

service delivery and maintain public trust.

5.2 Conclusion

This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of corruption within the

Bida Local Government Council, shedding light on its root causes, impact on service delivery,

and potential solutions. The findings underlined the importance of addressing specific issues

related to internal controls, political interference, cultural norms, and job satisfaction, while also

emphasizing the need for robust anti-corruption measures and strategies to improve service

delivery and maintain public trust.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the comprehensive insights gained from this study regarding the dynamics of

corruption within the Bida Local Government Council, the following recommendations are put

forth to address the root causes and enhance service delivery while maintaining public trust:

1. Strengthen Internal Controls: The study highlighted the importance of addressing

issues related to internal controls. It is crucial for the Bida Local Government Council to

invest in enhancing its internal control mechanisms. This includes regular audits,

transparency in financial operations, and rigorous monitoring to minimize opportunities

for corruption.

2. Mitigate Political Interference: The differing perceptions of political interference's role

in corruption indicate a need for transparency and accountability in political decision-

making processes. It is recommended that the organization establish clear guidelines and

52
 boundaries to prevent undue political influence on administrative and service delivery

matters.

3. Promote a Culture of Integrity: Cultural norms and practices were seen as potential

contributors to corrupt behavior. The Council should proactively promote a culture of

integrity and ethical behavior among its employees. Training and awareness programs

should focus on ethics, emphasizing the importance of honesty and integrity in public

service.

4. Address Job Dissatisfaction: Job dissatisfaction was identified as a significant factor in

encouraging corruption. To mitigate this, the organization should take steps to improve

employee satisfaction. This includes fair compensation, opportunities for career growth,

and creating a positive work environment that values and recognizes the contributions of

its workforce.

5. Implement Anti-Corruption Measures: The study showed strong support for

implementing anti-corruption practices and measures from other successful

organizations. The Bida Local Government Council should establish a robust anti-

corruption framework, including whistleblower protection mechanisms, that encourages

employees to report corruption without fear of retaliation. Regular training on these

measures should be provided to all staff.

53
 Bibliography

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Adegbite, E., & Osabuohien, E. (2016). Corruption and service delivery in Nigeria. International
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Ajao, O. E., Dada, A. O., & Olaoye, R. A. (2013). Political corruption in Nigeria: Causes, effects
and remedies. Journal of Politics and Law, 6(1), 128-137.

Akindele, T., & Adeyemi, O. O. (2011). Corruption and the Nigerian State: A Critical
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Likpe, N., & Henderson, H. (2016). Public sector management in Nigeria. Commonwealth
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Odey, O. J. (2012). Democracy, Our Lofty Dreams and Crazy Ambitions. . Enugu.

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56
 QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION ONE: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

1. Gender:
a. Male [ ]
b. Female [ ]
2. Age:
a. 20-29 [ ]
b. 30-39 [ ]
c. 40-49 [ ]
d. 50 and above [ ]
3. Length of Service in Bida L.G.C:
a. Less than 1 year [ ]
b. 1-5 years [ ]
c. 6-10 years [ ]
d. More than 10 years [ ]
4. Religion
a. Christianity [ ]
b. Islam [ ]
c. Others [ ]
5. Educational Background
a. SSCE [ ]
b. OND [ ]
c. BSc / HND [ ]
d. Others [ ]

SECTION TWO: ROOT CAUSES AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF

CORRUPTION
Questions 1 2 3 4 5
6. Inadequate internal controls play in facilitating
corrupt practices within the Local Government
Council
7. External factors, such as political interference has

57
 influence on corruption level within the Local
Government Council
8. Cultural norms or practices within the organization
inadvertently encourage corrupt behaviour
9. Job dissatisfaction or frustration contribute to
engagement in corrupt activities within the Local
Government Council
10. Inadequate training and awareness programs
contribute to the prevalence of corrupt practices
within the Local Government Council

SECTION THREE: IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY

Questions 1 2 3 4 5
11. Corruption within the public service of Bida Local
Government hinders the delivery of essential
services to the local population
12. There is a negative perceptions and experiences of
local residents regarding the quality and efficiency
of public services in Bida Local Government due to
corruption
13. There are patterns or trends in the types of public
services most affected by corruption within the Bida
Local Government Administration
14. External factors, such as political interference has
influence on corruption level within Bida Local
Government Administration
15. Job dissatisfaction or frustration contribute to
engagement in corrupt activities within Bida Local
Government Administration

SECTION 5: RECOMMENDATIONS AND STRATEGIES

Questions 1 2 3 4 5
16. Reformed measures and policies could effectively
deter corruption and enhance public service
delivery within Bida Local Government
Administration
17. The organization should consider whistleblower
protection mechanisms in addressing corruption
within Bida Local Government Administration

58
18. The Bida Local Government Administration should
promote a culture of integrity and ethical behaviour
among its employees
19. Enhancing the salaries and benefits of Bida Local
Government Administration personnel could help
mitigate corruption
20. Successful anti-corruption practices from other
organizations could be adapted for Bida Local
Government Administration

59