20:48 12/6/24
about:srcdoc Trang 1 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 0a017199
Some animal-behavior studies involve observing wild animals in their natural habitat, and
some involve capturing wild animals and observing them in a laboratory. Each approach has
advantages over the other. In wild studies, researchers can more easily presume that the
animals are behaving normally, and in lab studies, researchers can more easily control
factors that might affect the results. But if, for example, the results from a wild study and a
lab study of Western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica) contradict each other, one or both
of the studies must have failed to account for some factor that was relevant to the birds’
behavior.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. When the results of a natural-habitat study and those from a lab study of a wild animal
such as the Western scrub-jay conflict, the study in the natural habitat is more likely than
the lab study to have accurate results.
B. Studying wild animals such as the Western scrub-jay in both their natural habitat and lab
settings is likely to yield conflicting results that researchers cannot fully resolve.
C. Wild animals such as the Western scrub-jay can be effectively studied in their natural
habitat and in the lab, but each approach has drawbacks that could affect the accuracy
of the findings.
D. Differing results between natural-habitat and lab studies of wild animals such as the
Western scrub-jay are a strong indication that both of the studies had design flaws that
affected the accuracy of their results.
about:srcdoc Trang 2 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: ff953239
The recovery of a 1,000-year-old Chinese shipwreck in the Java Sea near present-day
Indonesia has yielded a treasure trove of artifacts, including thousands of small ceramic
bowls. Using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer tool, Lisa Niziolek and her team were
able to detect the chemical composition of these bowls without damaging them. By
comparing the chemical signatures of the bowls with those of the materials still at old
Chinese kiln sites, Niziolek and her team can pinpoint which Chinese kilns likely produced
the ceramic bowls.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Because of a new technology, researchers can locate and recover more shipwrecks than
they could in the past.
B. Researchers have been able to identify the location of a number of Chinese kilns in
operation 1,000 years ago.
C. With the help of a special tool, researchers have determined the likely origin of bowls
recovered from a shipwreck.
D. Before the invention of portable X-ray fluorescence, researchers needed to take a small
piece out of an artifact to analyze its components.
about:srcdoc Trang 3 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 4d671b68
Algae living within the tissues of corals play a critical role in keeping corals, and the marine
ecosystems they are part of, thriving. Some coral species appear brown in color when
healthy due to the algae colonies living in their tissues. In the event of an environmental
stressor, the algae can die or be expelled, causing the corals to appear white. To recover the
algae, the bleached corals then begin to produce bright colors, which block intense sunlight,
encouraging the light-sensitive algae to recolonize the corals.
What does the text most strongly suggest about corals that produce bright colors?
A. These corals have likely been subjected to stressful environmental conditions.
B. These corals are likely more vulnerable to exposure from intense sunlight than white
corals are.
C. These corals have likely recovered from an environmental event without the assistance
of algae colonies.
D. These corals are more likely to survive without algae colonies than brown corals are.
about:srcdoc Trang 4 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: e4466b2f
The following text is adapted from Countee Cullen’s 1926 poem “Thoughts in a Zoo.”
They in their cruel traps, and we in ours,
Survey each other’s rage, and pass the hours
Commiserating each the other’s woe,
To mitigate his own pain’s fiery glow.
Man could but little proffer in exchange
Save that his cages have a larger range.
That lion with his lordly, untamed heart
Has in some man his human counterpart,
Some lofty soul in dreams and visions wrapped,
But in the stifling flesh securely trapped.
Based on the text, what challenge do humans sometimes experience?
A. They cannot effectively tame certain wild animals because of a lack of compassion.
B. They cannot focus on setting attainable goals because of a lack of motivation.
C. They quickly become frustrated when faced with difficult tasks because of a lack of self-
control.
D. They have aspirations that cannot be fulfilled because of certain limitations.
about:srcdoc Trang 5 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: aefb6235
NASA’s Aspera mission, led by Carlos Vargas, will investigate the circumgalactic medium
(CGM), the huge swaths of low-density gas that fill and surround galaxies. Specifically, the
team will focus on portions of the gas that exist in a “warm-hot” phase: these portions
haven’t previously been observable but are thought to fuel new star formation and hold most
of the mass that makes up a galaxy. Using a telescope capable of revealing these parts of
the CGM, the Aspera mission should help answer long-standing questions about how
galaxies emerge, change, and even interact.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. As the leader of NASA’s Aspera mission, Vargas will be the first person to investigate the
makeup of the CGM.
B. Although galaxies that are surrounded by the CGM have been studied, researchers have
been unable to directly observe low-density gas in the CGM in the “warm-hot” phase.
C. Researchers don’t yet have a complete understanding of the process of galaxy evolution
but have raised the possibility that galaxies interact with each other at times.
D. The Aspera mission is expected to produce the first direct observations of CGM gas in
the “warm-hot” phase, which likely has an important role in the evolution of galaxies.
about:srcdoc Trang 6 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 15c0ed26
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is projected to maintain operation until at least 2030,
but it has already revolutionized high-resolution imaging of solar-system bodies in visible
and ultraviolet (UV) light wavelengths, notwithstanding that only about 6% of the bodies
imaged by the HST are within the solar system. NASA researcher Cindy L. Young and
colleagues assert that a new space telescope dedicated exclusively to solar-system
observations would permit an extensive survey of minor solar-system bodies and long-term
UV observation to discern how solar-system bodies change over time. Young and
colleagues’ recommendation therefore implies that the HST ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. will likely continue to be used primarily to observe objects outside the solar system.
B. will no longer be used to observe solar system objects if the telescope recommended by
Young and colleagues is deployed.
C. can be modified to observe the features of solar system objects that are of interest to
Young and colleagues.
D. lacks the sensors to observe the wavelengths of light needed to discern how solar
system bodies change over time.
about:srcdoc Trang 7 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 7b249420
Biologist Natacha Bodenhausen and colleagues analyzed the naturally occurring bacterial
communities associated with leaves and roots of wild Arabidopsis thaliana, a small
flowering plant. The researchers found many of the same bacterial genera in both the plants’
leaves and roots. To explain this, the researchers pointed to the general proximity of A.
thaliana leaves to the ground and noted that rain splashing off soil could bring soil-based
bacteria into contact with the leaves. Alternatively, the researchers noted that wind, which
may be a source of bacteria in the aboveground portion of plants, could also bring bacteria
to the soil and roots. Either explanation suggests that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. bacteria carried by wind are typically less beneficial to A. thaliana than soil-based
bacteria are.
B. some bacteria in A. thaliana leaves and roots may share a common source.
C. many bacteria in A. thaliana leaves may have been deposited by means other than rain.
D. A. thaliana leaves and roots are especially vulnerable to harmful bacteria.
about:srcdoc Trang 8 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: a0120582
Economic Policy Uncertainty in
the United Kingdom, 2005–2010
(larger values = more uncertainty)
200
150
Uncertainty
100
50
0
005 006 007 008 009 010
2 2 2 2 2 2
Year
tax and public spending policy
trade policy
general economic policy
High levels of public uncertainty about which economic policies a country will adopt can
make planning difficult for businesses, but measures of such uncertainty have not tended to
be very detailed. Recently, however, economist Sandile Hlatshwayo analyzed trends in news
reports to derive measures not only for general economic policy uncertainty but also for
uncertainty related to specific areas of economic policy, like tax or trade policy. One
revelation of her work is that a general measure may not fully reflect uncertainty about
specific areas of policy, as in the case of the United Kingdom, where general economic
policy uncertainty ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to illustrate the claim?
A. aligned closely with uncertainty about tax and public spending policy in 2005 but differed
from uncertainty about tax and public spending policy by a large amount in 2009.
B. was substantially lower than uncertainty about tax and public spending policy each year
from 2005 to 2010.
about:srcdoc Trang 9 / 29
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C. reached its highest level between 2005 and 2010 in the same year that uncertainty about
trade policy and tax and public spending policy reached their lowest levels.
D. was substantially lower than uncertainty about trade policy in 2005 and substantially
higher than uncertainty about trade policy in 2010.
about:srcdoc Trang 10 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: ae51efb8
The Post Office is a 1912 play by Rabindranath Tagore, originally written in Bengali. The
character Amal is a young boy who imagines that the people he sees passing the window of
his home are carefree even when engaged in work or chores, as is evident when he says to
the daughter of a flower seller, ______
Which quotation from The Post Office most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “I see, you don’t wish to stop; I don’t care to stay on here either.”
B. “Oh, flower gathering? That is why your feet seem so glad and your anklets jingle so
merrily as you walk.”
C. “I’ll pay when I grow up—before I leave to look for work out on the other side of that
stream there.”
D. “Wish I could be out too. Then I would pick some flowers for you from the very topmost
branches right out of sight.”
about:srcdoc Trang 11 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 1d6e96f3
For a 2020 exhibition, photographer and neurobiologist Okunola Jeyifous ______ a series of
new images based on a series of alphabet posters from the 1970s known as the “Black
ABCs,” which featured Black children from Chicago. Jeyifous photographed the now-adult
models and layered the photos over magnified images of the models’ cells, resulting in what
he called “micro and macro portraiture.”
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. validated
B. created
C. challenged
D. restored
about:srcdoc Trang 12 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 5c38a6d5
In studying the use of external stimuli to reduce the itching sensation caused by an allergic
histamine response, Louise Ward and colleagues found that while harmless applications of
vibration or warming can provide a temporary distraction, such ______ stimuli actually offer
less relief than a stimulus that seems less benign, like a mild electric shock.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. deceptive
B. innocuous
C. novel
D. impractical
about:srcdoc Trang 13 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 101e69de
The following text is from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby.
[Jay Gatsby] was balancing himself on the dashboard of his car with that
resourcefulness of movement that is so peculiarly American—that comes, I suppose,
with the absence of lifting work in youth and, even more, with the formless grace of our
nervous, sporadic games. This quality was continually breaking through his punctilious
manner in the shape of restlessness.
As used in the text, what does the word “quality” most nearly mean?
A. Standard
B. Prestige
C. Characteristic
D. Accomplishment
about:srcdoc Trang 14 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: bfcbec2d
A number of Indigenous politicians have been elected to the United States Congress since
2000 as members of the country’s two established political parties. In Canada and several
Latin American countries, on the other hand, Indigenous people have formed their own
political parties to advance candidates who will advocate for the interests of their
communities. This movement has been particularly successful in Ecuador, where Guadalupe
Llori, a member of the Indigenous party known as Pachakutik, was elected president of the
National Assembly in 2021.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To trace the history of an Indigenous political movement and speculate about its future
development
B. To argue that Indigenous politicians in the United States should form their own political
party
C. To highlight two approaches to achieving political representation for Indigenous people
D. To consider how Indigenous politicians in the United States have influenced Indigenous
politicians in Canada and Latin America
about:srcdoc Trang 15 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 99022257
Archeological excavation of Market Street Chinatown, a nineteenth-century Chinese
American community in San Jose, California, provided the first evidence that Asian food
products were imported to the United States in the 1800s: bones from a freshwater fish
species native to Southeast Asia. Jinshanzhuang—Hong Kong–based import/export firms—
likely coordinated the fish’s transport from Chinese-operated fisheries in Vietnam and
Malaysia to North American markets. This route reveals the (often overlooked) multinational
dimensions of the trade networks linking Chinese diaspora communities.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
A. It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items mentioned in the
previous sentence remain inconclusive.
B. It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery’s significance that is
presented in the following sentence.
C. It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are described in
the previous sentence.
D. It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following sentence
casts some doubt on.
about:srcdoc Trang 16 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 35bc6898
The following text is from the 1924 poem “Cycle” by D’Arcy McNickle, who was a citizen of
the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes.
There shall be new roads wending,
A new beating of the drum—
Men’s eyes shall have fresh seeing,
Grey lives reprise their span—
But under the new sun’s being,
Completing what night began,
There’ll be the same backs bending,
The same sad feet shall drum—
When this night finds its ending
And day shall have come.....
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To consider how the repetitiveness inherent in human life can be both rewarding and
challenging
B. To question whether activities completed at one time of day are more memorable than
those completed at another time of day
C. To refute the idea that joy is a more commonly experienced emotion than sadness is
D. To demonstrate how the experiences of individuals relate to the experiences of their
communities
about:srcdoc Trang 17 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: da17503b
Space scientists Anna-Lisa Paul, Stephen M. Elardo, and Robert Ferl planted seeds of
Arabidopsis thaliana in samples of lunar regolith—the surface material of the Moon—and,
serving as a control group, in terrestrial soil. They found that while all the seeds germinated,
the roots of the regolith-grown plants were stunted compared with those in the control
group. Moreover, unlike the plants in the control group, the regolith-grown plants exhibited
red pigmentation, reduced leaf size, and inhibited growth rates—indicators of stress that
were corroborated by postharvest molecular analysis.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. It describes an experiment that addressed an unresolved question about the extent to
which lunar regolith resembles terrestrial soils.
B. It compares two distinct methods of assessing indicators of stress in plants grown in a
simulated lunar environment.
C. It presents evidence in support of the hypothesis that seed germination in lunar habitats
is an unattainable goal.
D. It discusses the findings of a study that evaluated the effects of exposing a plant species
to lunar soil conditions.
about:srcdoc Trang 18 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 841a15d0
Text 1
Films and television shows commonly include a long list of credits naming the people
involved in a production. Credit sequences may not be exciting, but they generally ensure
that everyone’s contributions are duly acknowledged. Because they are highly standardized,
film and television credits are also valuable to anyone researching the careers of pioneering
cast and crew members who have worked in the mediums.
Text 2
Video game scholars face a major challenge in the industry’s failure to consistently credit
the artists, designers, and other contributors involved in making video games. Without a
reliable record of which people worked on which games, questions about the medium’s
development can be difficult to answer, and the accomplishments of all but its best-known
innovators can be difficult to trace.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely respond to the discussion in
Text 2?
A. By recommending that the scholars mentioned in Text 2 consider employing the
methods regularly used by film and television researchers
B. By pointing out that credits have a different intended purpose in film and television than
in the medium addressed by the scholars mentioned in Text 2
C. By suggesting that the scholars mentioned in Text 2 rely more heavily on credits as a
source of information than film and television researchers do
D. By observing that a widespread practice in film and television largely prevents the kind of
problem faced by the scholars mentioned in Text 2
about:srcdoc Trang 19 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 362e987f
Text 1
In a study of the benefits of having free time, Marissa Sharif found that the reported sense
of life satisfaction tended to plateau when participants had two hours of free time per day
and actually began to fall when they had five hours of free time per day. After further
research, Sharif concluded that this dip in life satisfaction mainly occurred when individuals
spent all their free time unproductively, such as by watching TV or playing games.
Text 2
Psychologist James Maddux cautions against suggesting an ideal amount of free time. The
human desire for both free time and productivity is universal, but Maddux asserts that
individuals have unique needs for life satisfaction. Furthermore, he points out that there is
no objective definition for what constitutes productivity; reading a book might be considered
a productive activity by some, but idleness by others.
Based on the texts, how would Maddux (Text 2) most likely respond to the conclusion Sharif
(Text 1) reached after her further research?
A. By acknowledging that free time is more likely to enhance life satisfaction when it is
spent productively than when it is spent unproductively
B. By challenging the reasoning in Text 1, as it has not been proved that productivity
commonly contributes to individuals’ life satisfaction
C. By warning against making an overly broad assumption, as there is no clear consensus in
distinguishing between productive and unproductive activities
D. By claiming that the specific activities named in Text 1 are actually examples of
productive activities rather than unproductive ones
about:srcdoc Trang 20 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: ebbfbd5e
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.
Many readers have singled out Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise for praise.
Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa.
The student wants to introduce Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with the novel and its
author. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Abdulrazak Gurnah, who wrote Paradise and later was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Literature, was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the United Kingdom.
B. Many readers have singled out Abdulrazak Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise, a historical
novel about colonial East Africa, for praise.
C. A much-praised historical novel about colonial East Africa, Paradise (1994) was written
by Abdulrazak Gurnah, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
D. Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial East Africa,
Abdulrazak Gurnah’s homeland.
about:srcdoc Trang 21 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 29f5d8bd
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in
Norway.
The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding.
The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights.
It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam
on the Alta River in Norway that would disrupt local fishing and reindeer herding.
B. Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was ultimately built, the Alta
conflict had a lasting impact.
C. Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international attention and legal
protections as a result of the Alta conflict.
D. The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international attention and legal
protections for Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.
about:srcdoc Trang 22 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: a56a50e6
Historically, most conductors of major orchestras and opera companies have been
European men, but a new, more diverse generation of artists is stepping up to the podium.
Mexico’s Alondra de la Parra took over as conductor for the Queensland Symphony
Orchestra in 2017, ______ and Colombia’s Lina Gonzalez-Granados did the same for the Los
Angeles Opera in 2022.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. in addition,
B. lastly,
C. granted,
D. for instance,
about:srcdoc Trang 23 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 4e564c4f
With its clichéd imagery of suburban lawns and power lines, John Ashbery’s 2004 poem
“Ignorance of the Law Is No Excuse” may seem barren terrain for critical analysis. ______
cultural critic Lauren Berlant finds fertile ground in just its first two stanzas, devoting most
of a book chapter to deciphering the “weight of the default space” Ashbery creates in this
poem.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Likewise,
B. Nonetheless,
C. In turn,
D. That is,
about:srcdoc Trang 24 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 108fb9e7
“Wishcycling”—putting nonrecyclable items into recycling bins under the mistaken belief that
those items can be recycled—ultimately does more harm than good. Nonrecyclable items,
such as greasy pizza boxes, can contaminate recyclable materials, rendering entire batches
unusable. ______ nonrecyclable products can damage recycling plants’ machinery.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Fittingly,
B. On the contrary,
C. Moreover,
D. Nevertheless,
about:srcdoc Trang 25 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 550866d1
Eli Eisenberg, a genetics expert at Tel Aviv University in Israel, recently discovered that ______
have a special genetic ability called RNA editing that confers evolutionary advantages.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. cephalopods, ocean dwellers that include the squid, the octopus, and the cuttlefish
B. cephalopods—ocean dwellers—that include the squid, the octopus, and the cuttlefish,
C. cephalopods, ocean dwellers that include: the squid, the octopus, and the cuttlefish,
D. cephalopods—ocean dwellers that include the squid, the octopus, and the cuttlefish—
about:srcdoc Trang 26 / 29
20:48 12/6/24
ID: 6f873e68
In crafting her fantasy fiction, Nigerian-born British author Helen Oyeyemi has drawn
inspiration from the classic nineteenth-century fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. Her 2014
novel Boy, Snow, Bird, for instance, is a complex retelling of the story of Snow White, while
her 2019 novel ______ offers a delicious twist on the classic tale of Hansel and Gretel.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. Gingerbread—
B. Gingerbread,
C. Gingerbread
D. Gingerbread:
about:srcdoc Trang 27 / 29
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ID: bff1d6df
Planetary scientist Briony Horgan and her colleagues have determined that as much as 25
percent of the sand on Mars is composed of impact spherules. These spherical bits of glass
form when asteroids collide with the planet, ejecting bits of molten rock into the atmosphere
that, after cooling and solidifying into glass, ______ back onto Mars’s surface.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. to rain
B. raining
C. having rained
D. rain
about:srcdoc Trang 28 / 29
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ID: bec6af6d
Author Madeline L’Engle, ______ to create a suspenseful tone that draws the reader in, begins
her novel A Wrinkle in Time with descriptions of “wraithlike shadows” and “the frenzied
lashing of the wind.”
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. looked
B. looks
C. is looking
D. looking
about:srcdoc Trang 29 / 29