ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE

STRESSES
Objectives:
After completing this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. To identify the different types of stresses
2. To know and appreciate the different equations pertaining to the
different types of stresses.
3. To solve problems related to stresses.
Stress

1. Stress (S) - a total resistance that a material offers to an applied load, lb/in2, kg/cm2, KN/m2

2. Ultimate stress (Su) - is the stress that would cause failure

3. Yield stress (Sy) - maximum stress without causing deformation

4. Allowable stress (Sall) - Ultimate stress/Factor of Safety

5. Design stress (Sd) - stress used in determining the size of a member.

A. Tensile Stress,
Tensile stress (σ) is the resistance of an object to a force that
could tear it apart. It is calculated with the highest tension endured by
the object in question without tearing, and is measured in
Newtons/mm2, but was originally denoted in tons/inch2.
A. Tensile Stress,
Tensile stress can be defined as the magnitude of force applied
along an elastic rod, which is divided by the cross-sectional area of the
rod in a direction perpendicular to the applied force. Tensile means the
material is under tension and that there are forces acting on it trying to
stretch the material.
A. Tensile Stress,
Tensile Stress, , (F is perpendicular to A)

English Metric SI
𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑔 𝑁
𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎
𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 𝑚

Where:
F = Applied Load
A = Cross-sectional Area
A= (for circular cross-section)
A = b x t (for rectangular cross-section)
A =  (Do2  Di2 ) for hollow cross-section
B. Compressive Stress,
Compressive stress (σ) is a force that causes a material to deform
to occupy a smaller volume. When a material is experiencing a
compressive stress, it is said to be under compression. A high amount
of compressive stress, such as tensile stress, leads to failure due to
tension. A compressive stress causes a material to compress or
shorten.
B. Compressive Stress,
Compressive Stress, , (F is perpendicular to A)

English Metric SI
𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑔 𝑁
𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎
𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 𝑚

Where:
F = Applied Load
A = Cross-sectional Area
A= (for circular cross-section)
A = b x t (for rectangular cross-section)
C. Shear Stress,
Shear stress, (tau) is defined as a stress that is applied parallel
or tangential to a face of a material, as opposed to a normal stress
which is applied perpendicularly.
C. Shear Stress,
Shear Stress, , (F is parallel to A)

Where:
F = Applied Load
As = sheared area
As =
C. Shear Stress,
Shear Stress, , (F is parallel to A)
C. Shear Stress,
Shear stress, (tau) is also torsional stress. The stress produced
when we apply the twisting moment to the end of a shaft about its axis
is knows as torsional stress.

Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque.

 C. Shear Stress,
Shear Stress, , (F is parallel to A)

𝜋𝑑
𝐽=
32

𝜋
𝐽= 𝐷 −𝑑
32

Where:
English SI
T = Torque ft-lb (in-lb) N-m
J = Polar moment of inertia in4 mm4
𝜌 = 𝑟 = 𝑟ℎ𝑜 farthest fiber from in mm
the centoidal axis.
 C. Shear Stress,
Shear Stress, , (F is parallel to A)

𝜋𝑑
𝐽=
32

( ) 𝜋
= 𝐽=
32
𝐷 −𝑑

For Solid shaft: For Hollow shaft:

𝑑 𝑑
𝑇( ) 𝑇( )
𝜏= 2 = 𝟏𝟔𝑻 𝜏= 𝜋 2 =
𝟏𝟔𝑻𝒅
𝜋𝑑 𝝅𝒅𝟑 𝝅 𝑫𝟒 − 𝒅𝟒
32 32 𝐷 − 𝑑
D. Bearing Stress, Sb
Where: A = DL
E. Thermal Elongation and Stress
 From Hooke’s Law
- Stress is directly proportional to strain
a) = strain (angular)

where:

𝛿 = linear deformation
𝑜𝑟
ℓ
where: English SI
For Wrought steels, E = 30 x 106 psi
E = modulus of Elasticity psi Pa (N/m2) For Wrought irons, E = 28 x 106 psi
𝐹 𝛿 𝑭ℓ
=𝐸 𝜹=
𝐴 ℓ 𝑨𝑬
 From Hooke’s Law
- Stress is directly proportional to strain
b) = strain (angular)

where: English SI
For Wrought steels, G = 11.5 x 106 psi
G = modulus of rigidity psi Pa (N/m2) For Wrought irons, G = 10 x 106 psi
where:
English SI
𝜃 = angular deformation or angle of twist radians radians
T = torque applied ft-lb (in-lb) N-m 𝑻ℓ
𝜽=
ℓ = length in m 𝑱𝑮
J =polar moment of inertia in4 m4
G = modulus of rigidity Psi N/m2
 From Hooke’s Law
- Stress is directly proportional to strain

T n, rpm

Shaft – is used to transmit power

P = T𝜔 → general equation of power transmitted
where:
English SI
𝑇 = Torque transmitted ft-lb (in-lb) N-m
P = Power transmitted hp W (n-m/s)
𝜔 = angular velocity, 2𝜋𝑛 Rad/sec Rad/sec
 D. Bending Stress,
Bending Stress, , -also called flexural stress
Consider a simply supported beam

𝑀
𝜎=
𝑧 𝑀 𝟑𝟐𝑴
𝜎= where z = 𝜎= 𝝈=
𝜋𝑑 𝝅𝒅𝟑
where: 32
M = moment
z = section modulus
𝑀
𝜎= where z = 𝐷 −𝑑 𝜎= 𝜋
𝐷 −𝑑
𝟑𝟐𝑴𝑫 32𝐷
𝝈=
𝝅 𝑫𝟒 − 𝒅 𝟒
Example
• A steel rod 30mm and 800mm long has an allowance elongation not
to exceed 1.5mm, find the allowable load in kN.
Example
• Determine the minimum mean diameter of a taper pin for use to fix a
lever to a shaft, if it is to transmit a maximum torque of 700 in-lbs.
The shaft diameter is 2 inches and the material allowable stress is
15,000 psi. Use factor of safety of 2.
Example:
An Aluminum rod, dia. x 48’’ long, and a steel rod, in
dia. X 32’’ long, are spaced 60’’ apart and fastened into a horizontal
beam which carries a 2000 lb load. The beam is to remain horizontal
after the load is applied. For the purposes of this problem, we assume
the beam is weightless and absolutely rigid.
a) Find the location “x” of the load
 𝐸 = 10 𝑥 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐸 = 30 𝑥 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Consider the FBD of the beam

2000 60 − 𝑥 − 60𝑅 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
𝛿 = 𝛿 → 𝑒𝑞. 2
𝑅 = 2𝑅 → 𝑒𝑞. 3
𝑅 + 𝑅 = 2000 → 𝑒𝑞. 4