ALTERNATING CURRENT

Unit IV 2nd part:

Alternating Current
Alternating Voltage:
• The voltage whose magnitude varies
continuously and the polarity changes
periodically is called alternating voltage.
• The Alternating voltage at any instant ‘t’
is given by
Alternating Current:
i. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
• : The Current whose magnitude varies
ii. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
iii. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 continuously and the polarity changes
iv. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) periodically is called alternating voltage.
Where 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 • The Alternating Current at any instant ‘t’
𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2𝜋𝜈 is given by
𝜔𝑡 𝑜𝑟 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 v. 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝜙 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 vi. 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
vii. 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
• Graphical Representation Of viii. 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
i. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 Where I𝑚 = 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2𝜋𝜈
𝜔𝑡 𝑜𝑟 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝜙 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

• Graphical Representation Of
i. 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

ii. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡

ii. 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT

Let 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 be the instantaneous

voltage applied to a resistor of resistance R

𝑉
So Instantaneous Current,𝐼 = 𝑅
Roo 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
⟹𝐼= 𝑅
⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑚
t Mean Square Value(rms) value 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑚 =
𝑅
The value of steady current that would Thus in resistor V and I are in same phase.
have produced same amount of heat in • Average Power Suplied in one cycle
same time as that produced by the AC in If 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 is the instantaneous
one time period is called RMS value of the voltage applied to a resistor of
AC.
𝑉 resistance R
• 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚2 = 0.707𝑉𝑚 Then Instantaneous Current
√
𝐼𝑚
• 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707𝐼𝑚 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
√2
So, Instantaneous power,
Average value over a time period ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
1. Average in 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 over a time period, ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝐼𝑚. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
〈 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡〉 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚. 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
2. 〈 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡〉 = 0 So Average power
3. 〈 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡〉 = 0 𝑃̅ = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃
4. 〈 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡〉 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈𝑃〉
1
5. 〈 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡〉 = ⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚. 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡〉
2
2
6. 〈 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡〉 = 2
1 ⟹ 𝑃̅ = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚. 〈𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡〉
1
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚. . 2
𝑉𝑚 .𝐼𝑚.
Alternating Voltage Applied to a ⟹ 𝑃̅ = 2
resistor ⟹ 𝑃̅ = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
• Expression for Current:
• Phasor Diagram:

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
Let 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 be the instantaneous
voltage applied to a inductor of inductance
L.
Now induced emf in the inductor
𝑑𝐼
𝜖 = −𝐿 𝑑𝑡…………………………….(1)
By applying loop rule in the given circuit,
𝑉+𝜖 =0
𝑑𝐼
⟹ 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝐿 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
⟹ 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐼
⟹𝐿 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑚
⟹ 𝑑𝐼 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
Integrating both side, we have
𝑉𝑚
∫ 𝑑𝐼 = ∫ 𝐿
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑚
⟹ ∫ 𝑑𝐼 = ∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
𝑉𝑚 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
⟹𝐼= ( )
𝐿 𝜔
𝑉𝑚 𝜋
⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐿𝜔 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 2 )
𝜋
⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 2 )
𝑚 𝑉
Where 𝐼𝑚 = 𝐿𝜔
Thus Current lags behind the voltage by and
𝜋
angle of 2
Alternating Voltage Applied to an
Inductor.
• Expression for Current • Opposition Offer by Inductor:
✓ Inductive Reactance(XL): The
opposition offer by the inductor to the
flow of current is called Inductive
reactance
We have
𝑚𝑉
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐿𝜔 ……………………………(1)
But
𝑚 𝑉
𝐼𝑚 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑋 )
…………..(2)
𝐿
Thus Inductive Reactance 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿𝜔

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
✓ Unit Of Inductive Reactance: −𝑉𝑚 .𝐼𝑚
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡 〉
2
Ohm(𝛀) −𝑉𝑚 .𝐼𝑚
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡 〉
2
−𝑉 .𝐼
✓ Values of Inductive reactance: ⟹ 𝑃̅ = 𝑚 𝑚 × 0
2
i. For DC or Steady Current: ⟹ 𝑃̅ = 0
For DC, Frequency • Phasor Diagram
𝜈=0
So , 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿𝜔
⟹ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿2𝜋𝜈
⟹ 𝑋𝐿 = 0
Thus inductor offer no
opposition to the flow of DC or
steady current.
ii. For AC
For AC , Frequency
𝜈 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
So, Inductive reactance,
𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿𝜔
⟹ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿2𝜋𝜈
⟹ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.
Thus inductor offer finite
opposition to the flow of AC.

• Average power supplied in a time

period:
If
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 is the instantaneous voltage
applied to an inductor of inductance L.
𝜋
And 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 2 )
So, Instantenous Power,𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
𝜋
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − )
2
𝜋
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 2 )
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡) ALTERNATING VOLTAGE APPLIED TO
𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚 {− } AN CAPCITOR
2
⟹𝑃=
−𝑉𝑚 .𝐼𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡 • Expression for Current:
2
And Average power supplied in a time
period, 𝑃̅ = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈𝑃〉

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
1
Capacitive reactance 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑐𝜔
✓ Values of Capacitive Reactance:
i. For DC or steady current:
For DC, 𝜈 = 0
1
So, 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑐𝜔
1
⟹ 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑐2𝜋𝜈
1
⟹ 𝑋𝐶 = 0
Let 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 be the instantaneous ⟹ 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒
voltage applied a capacitor of capacitance Thus Capacitor offer infinte
C opposition to the flow of DC and
𝑞
We know that 𝐶 = 𝑉 hence capactor block DC or
⟹ 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 steady current.
⟹ 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 ………………………….(1) ii. For AC
𝑑𝑞 For AC,
Bur 𝐼 =
𝑑𝑡 𝜈 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1
𝑑
⟹ 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑡 {𝐶𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡} 1
So, 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑐𝜔
𝑑
⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑉𝑚 𝑑𝑡 {𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡} ⟹ 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑐2𝜋𝜈
1

⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑉𝑚 𝜔. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 ⟹ 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒.

𝜋
⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐶𝑉𝑚 𝜔. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2 ) Thus capacitor offer smaller
𝑉𝑚 𝜋
⟹𝐼= 1 . 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2 ) opposition to the flow of AC.
𝑐𝜔
𝜋 • Average power Supplied in one time
⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 . 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2 ) period:
𝑉𝑚 If
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑚 =
1/𝑐𝜔 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 is the instantaneous
Thus Current leads the voltage by angle of voltage applied to an capacitor of
𝜋
in capacitive circuit. capacitance C.
2
𝜋
• Opposition Offer by Capacitor Then, 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2 )
✓ Capacitive reactance (Xc): The So, Instantenous Power,𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
opposition offer by the capacitor to 𝜋
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + )
the flow of current is called 2
𝜋
capacitive reactance. ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 2 )
✓ We have ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)
𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
𝐼𝑚 = 1/𝑐𝜔 ……………………………….(1) ⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 . 𝐼𝑚 { }
2
𝑉𝑚 .𝐼𝑚
⟹𝑃= 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
2
But And Average power supplied in a time
𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑚 = 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛………………….(2) period, 𝑃̅ = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃
Thus from eqn 1 and 2, we get ⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈𝑃〉

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
−𝑉𝑚 .𝐼𝑚
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡 〉
2
−𝑉𝑚 .𝐼𝑚
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡 〉
2
−𝑉 .𝐼
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 𝑚 𝑚 × 0
2
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 0
• Phasor Diagram
Let us consider a cirtcuit containing
inductance L, capacitance C and Resistance
R connected across an alternating voltage
V.
If 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔t be the alternating current
flowing throught the circuit then

Potential drop across the Inductor,

𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 …. (1)
And VL leads the current by an
𝜋
angle of 2

And,
Potential Drop across the Capacitor
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝑐 ….(2)
And 𝑉𝐶 lags behind the current by
𝜋
an angle of 2 .

Also,
Potential Drop across the resistor
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 …..(3)
And 𝑉𝑅 and I are in same phase.

From the Phasor diagram,

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑰⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑶𝑴
𝑶𝑴 ̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑰
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑵 𝑽𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑶𝑵 ̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑽𝑳
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑽𝑪 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ̅̅̅̅
𝑶𝑷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑶𝑷 == 𝑽𝑪
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑸 𝑽𝑹 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ̅̅̅̅̅𝑶𝑸 = 𝑽𝑹
From the figure, resultant of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝑳 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑽𝑪 is
given by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑶𝑺 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ̅̅̅̅
𝑶𝑺 = 𝑽𝑳 − 𝑽𝑪
LCR Series Circuit

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
𝑉
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑍 = = 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼
If ∅ = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼
Then 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
And , from △ 𝑂𝑇𝑀,
𝑉
𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ = 𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅
⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = 𝐼𝑍
𝑅
⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ = 𝑍
𝑅
⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑠∅ =
√𝑅 2 +(𝑋𝐿 2 −𝑋𝐶 2 )

• Impedance and Impedance

triangle
The affective opposition offer by the LCR
series circuit is called impedence(Z)

And 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 2 − 𝑋𝐶 2 )

i. Impedence triangle for LCR
circuit

Again, by parallelogram laws of vector

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
addition resultant , 𝑶𝑺 𝑽𝑹 is given by
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑉
So 𝑉 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑇 And 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 2 − 𝑋𝐶 2 )
̅̅̅̅̅̅2
̅̅̅̅2 + 𝑂𝑇
𝑉 = √𝑂𝑄
ii. Impedence triangle for LR
⟹ 𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅 2 + (𝑉𝐿 2 − 𝑉𝐶 2 ) circuit:

⟹ 𝑉 = √𝑅2 + 𝐼2 (𝑋𝐿 2 − 𝑋𝐶 2 )

⟹ 𝑉 = 𝐼 √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 2 − 𝑋𝐶 2 )
𝑉
⟹ = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 2 − 𝑋𝐶 2 )
𝐼
⟹
Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol
Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 Power and Power Factor in
LCR
If 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 is the instantaneous
iii. Impedence triangle for LC
current then,
circuit:
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) is the
instantaneous votltage.
So, Instantaneous power, 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + ∅). 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + ∅). 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 +
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙). 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
⟹ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 [𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 +
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐶 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙]
Average power supplied in a time
➢ period, 𝑃̅ = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 〈𝑃〉
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 〈[𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 +
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙]〉
⟹ 𝑃̅ =
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 〈𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙〉〈𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙〉
⟹ 𝑃̅ = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚

And thus the power depend on the value of

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 and hence 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 is known as power
factor
• Power Factor
𝑅
Power factor 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 𝑍
i. Power Factor for LCR
𝑅
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 =
𝑍

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 =
𝑅 ➢ Under resonance, the opposition is
√𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 2 − 𝑋𝐶 2 ) minimum and hence the effective
opposition is equal to resoistance
i.e under resonance, 𝑍 = 𝑅
and the current is maximum
ii. Power factor LR circuit under resonance.
𝑅
Power factor , 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 𝑍 ➢ Current vs Supplied Frequency graph in
𝑅
⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 = LCR
√𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 2
iii. Power factor for LC circuit:

𝑅
Power factor , 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 𝑍
𝑅
⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 =
√𝑅2 + 𝑋𝑐 2
iv. Power Factor for pure resistive circuit:
For pure resistive circuit, 𝜙 = 0
So 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 1

v. Power factor for pure inductive or

capacitive circuit.
For Pure Capacitive circuit or
𝜋 Transformer:
inductive circuit,𝜙 = 2
Transformer is a device that convert
So, power factor, 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 0
higher alternating voltage to lower
• RESONANCE IN LCR alternating voltage and vice versa.
Resonance is said to takes placed in LCR ➢ Principle of transformer: It is based on
series circuit if inductive reactance is mutual induction.
equal to capacitive reactance of the
circuit.
i.e under resonance
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
1
⟹ 𝐿𝜔0 =
𝐶𝜔0
1
⟹ 𝜔0 2 =
𝐿𝐶
1
⟹ 𝜔0 = √
𝐿𝐶
Resonant Frequency
bUnder resonance, natural
frequency of the circuit is equal to
frequenct of the supply.
Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol
Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
𝑉𝑝 𝐼
⟹ = 𝐼𝑠 ……………………………………………………..(4)
𝑉𝑠 𝑝

Comparing equation 3 and 4

𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑝
= =
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑠

Case-1: Step-up Transformer

i. In step-up transformer, output
alternating voltage is higher than
input alternating voltage.
ii. 𝑉𝑠 > 𝑉𝑝
So, 𝑁𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑝 > 𝐼𝑠
iii. Number of turn in secondary coil
is greater than number of turn
iv. Current in primary coil is greater
than current in secondary coil.
Transformer consist of two set of coil, a
primary coil having negligible resistance
and a secondary coil.
Let Np= no. of turn in primary coil.
Ns= no. of turn in secondary coil.
Ip= current in primary coil.
Vp= input voltage in primary coil.
𝜙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡
By Mutual Induction, Induced emf in
𝑑∅
secondary coil 𝜖𝑠 = −𝑁𝑠 𝑑𝑡 …………(1)

But self-induced emf in primary coil

𝑑∅
𝜖𝑝 = −𝑁𝑝 𝑑𝑡 …………………(2)
Since primary coil has negligible resistance,
𝑉𝑝 =∈𝑝
And output voltage 𝑉𝑠 =∈𝑠
𝑉 ∈𝑝
Thus 𝑉𝑝 =
𝑠 ∈𝑠
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑠
⟹ 𝑉 = 𝑁 ……………………………..(3)
𝑠 𝑝

If the efficiency of the transformer is 100%,

Then, 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
⟹ 𝐼𝑝 𝑉𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠
Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol
Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
Case-2: Step-down Transformer
i. In step-down transformer, output NCERT QUESTION:-
alternating voltage is less than 1. A 100 Q resistor is connected to a 220 V,
input alternating voltage 50 Hz ac supply.
ii. 𝑉𝑠 < 𝑉𝑝 a. What is the rms value of current in
So, 𝑁𝑠 < 𝑁𝑝 the circuit?
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑝 < 𝐼𝑠 b. What is the net power consumed
iii. Number of turn in secondary coil over a full cycle?
is less than number of turn 2. a. The peak voltage of an ac supply is
iv. Current in primary coil is less than 300 V. What is the rms voltage?
current in secondary coil. c. The rms value of current in an ac
circuit is 10 A. What is the peak
Q. Explain the certain factor on which current
energy is lost in transformer and how they 3. A 44 mH inductor is connected to 220 V,
can be minimized. 50 Hz ac supply. Determime the rms
1. Flux Leakage: There is always some flux value of the current in the circuit.
leakage; that is, not all of the flux due to Calculate the average power.
4. A 60 pF capacitor is connected to a 110
primary passes through the secondary due V, 60 Hz ac supply. Determine the rms
to poor design of the core or the air gaps in value of the current in the circuit.
the core. It can be reduced by winding the Calculate the average power.
primary and secondary coils one over the 5. A series LCR circuit R = 20 Ω, L = 1.5 H
other. and C = 35 µF is connected to a variable-
frequency 200 V ac supply. When the
2. Resistance of the windings: The wire frequency of the supply equals the
used for the windings has some resistance natural frequency of the circuit, what is
and so, energy is lost due to heat produced the average power transferred to the
in the wire . In high current, low voltage circuit in one complete cycle?
windings, these are minimised by using
6. Figure shows a series LCR circuit
thick wire. connected to a variable frequency 230 V
3. Eddy currents: The alternating magnetic source. L = 5.0 H, C = 80µF, R = 40𝛀.
flux induces eddy currents
in the iron core and causes heating. The
effect is reduced by using a laminated core.
4. Hysteresis: The magnetisation of the
core is repeatedly reversed by the
alternating magnetic field. The resulting (a) Determine the source frequency which
expenditure of energy in the core appears drives the circuit in resonance.
as heat and is kept to a minimum by using (b) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the
a magnetic material which has a low amplitude of current at the resonating
hysteresis loss. frequency.
(c) Determine the rms potential drops across
the three elements of the circuit. Show that
the potential drop across the LC
Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol
Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
combination is zero at the resonating
frequency
Other Important Question:
1. A chock coil (inductor) and a bulb are
connected in series to a DC source. The
bulb shine brightly. How does the
brightness of the bulb changes when
an iron core is inserted in the choke.
Ans: Brightness will not change.
As inductor offer no opposition to the
flow of DC, change in inductive reactance
will not affect the brightness of the bulb.

2. An electric lamb connected in series

with a capacitor and an ac sources is 6. Draw the graph showing the variation of
glowing with certain brightness. How XL with frequency of the AC.
does the brightness of the lamp Ans: We have 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿𝜔
changes on reducing the capacitance. 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐿. 2𝜋𝜈
Ans: As capacitive reactance increased 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑋𝐿 ∝ 𝜈
with decreased in capacitance , the
brightness of the bulb will reduced if
the capacitance decreased.
3. Why can’t transformer be used to step
up DC voltage.
Ans: Because transformer is based on
principal of mutual induction and DC in
primary cannot produced induced emf
in the secondary coil.
4. What is best method of reducing
current in AC and why?
Ans: By connecting an inductor in the
circuit because inductive reactance will
reduce the current in AC without any 7. What is the phase difference between
loss in power. voltage andcurrent in
5. Draw the graph showing the variation i. Inductive circuit
of Xc with frequency of the AC ii. Capacitive circuit
Ans:
i. 900
ii. 900
8. 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑺𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕 and 𝑰=
𝝅
𝟐𝟎(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 − 𝟐 ) are the voltage and
current at any instant t . What is the
average power dissipated in a cycle.
Ans: Since the given current lags behind the
𝜋
voltage by an angle of 2 , the given circuit is
inductive circuit , so the average power
dissipated in one cycle is zero

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
9. 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕 and 𝑰= 14. Define Impedance. Write down the
𝝅
𝟐𝟎(𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝟐 ) are the voltage expression for impedance. What is the
and current at any instant t . What is unit of impedance.
the average power dissipated in a 15. Write down the corresponding
cycle. impedance and draw the impedance
Ans: Since the given current leads the triangle for
𝜋 i. LCR circuit
voltage by an angle of 2 , the given circuit is
ii. LR circuit
capacitive circuit , so the average power iii. CR circuit.
dissipated in one cycle is zero. [Link] power factor.
What is the power factor for
10. 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕 and 𝑰 = 1. LCR circuit
𝟏𝟓𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 are the voltage and 2. LR circuit
current at any instant t . What is the 3. CR circuit
average power dissipated in a cycle. 4. Pure resistive circuit
Ans: Since V and I are in same phase, the 5. Pure Inductive Circuit
given circuit is resistive circuit and 6. Pure capacitive Circuit.
hence average power is given by [Link] resonance in LCR ciruit. Write
𝑽 𝑰
̅= 𝒎 𝒎
𝑷 down the rexpression for resonant
𝟐 frequency.
𝟏𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟓
⟹𝑷 ̅=
𝟐 [Link] the condition in which current is
⟹𝑷 ̅ = 𝟖𝟐𝟓𝑾
maximum in LCR circuit.
11. Define wattless current. What is
Ans: Under resonance.
nature of the circuit that produce
wattless current?
[Link] is the value of impedance under
Ans: Current is said to be wattless current
resonance?
if the average power is zero.
Ans: Under resonance, Impedance is
Pure Inductive and capacitive circuit
equal to the value of resistance.
produced wattless current.
[Link] a graph showing the variation of
[Link] Inductive reactance.
current and frequency of supply under
i. Write down the expression for
in LCR circuit.
inductive reactance?
Ans:
ii. What is the unit of inductive
reactance.
[Link] transformer. State the principle
iii. What is nature of the inductive
of transformer.
reactance for DC.
[Link] three point of difference between
Ans: ( refer to the above notes)
step-up and step-down transformer.
[Link] Capacitive reactance.
23. What are the factors due to which
i. Write down the expression for
energy is lost in transformer. Explain
Capacitive reactance?
how can it be reduced.
ii. What is the unit of capacitive
reactance.
iii. What is nature of the inductive
capacitive reactance for DC/
Ans: Refer to the above notes

Prepared by: Sir Bikesh Part-time Lecturer Bethel School Nambol

Lecturer Photon School, Kwakeithel Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School