D.

LRT

MODULE- 2

Solon emegy: fmdmental, sol|a yaia-fian

esfimafin of solo ahafian n hí2ertal
md Nclme Stace. So l ah'afin mco e
-mtt - pyheliomets, pyYOmtey,smAhine
ecodo, Solor Theral syfems: Flaf plafe cole
-ctor Solo dsllafiam, Solo pord electie powe
plert.
Sol eect'c power merafioni principle
of solY cll, phofouoltarc syfem foy electic
pocue gneratien, advtag, disoduentag
cnd ppltatigs of sol phofovoltac yfem.
 D :LRT 1

Solo negy'
imprtant, clecm nd
oyailable eneble
albmdonty
yatafhien, oftm called the
solr n aoce o
soly

jtt svnliehf, ik a gneal tedm for the eetro

- magmetic adafin emifed by the sm. The
fum ner9y fom utleo f i n eacten
that tokg place deep in the sn.
’ soloy nadiafien cm be captnd ond trmed
imto useful fonms of eney. Sueh ge heat
clecthicity.
’The Sum is a loc sphene of Uery hof gaf
TÆs mete ie I.9X\O° km, while hatof the eoy
-dt ie I27Xiot lem, The memtomce befeweern
the teo |.5X(o km,

’Solyconstnte The ote at which so]

merSH m at the top of the atmosphee
called solo c o n s t o . h s 8 the cmmont offeney
-ay ecejved nit fime ona umifnea
perpediculy to the sne Jicction art the
-aniztonce of the eth om the su.
The National aeionautiçs nd space Ami
-mistyafione CNASA stondd Nalue thesolo
Constont, peSse n tce commn mif, 9
follos: Ci) l.3S3 kwomt
G) G.5 Lenglee/b
(iiD 429.2 Btu/snfe .
 2
Sol Yahafin t the Eorthn Sface

->The mut F solo ahafion thatyea chee

my ne spof mthe eoth sface Veit aco
~org to
* Atmsphevic cffectr, hheudig abécþtion
nd caf-feving
* LocaA woniafions nthe atmophene,such
a coate wapo, clauz md poluten,
LatituWe, longitute of the location,
* The Seasen of the ycoy ond the trine fdy.
They ne tuoo typ of aafien from the
Sum cochse the coNth sface
8 i) Diyecf Beom adafion
i) Difuee soloy ahafion.

Sun
ckuJ
Dinecfor Dsf
yRlecfd
Beem

Eth sface.
T1777777 7
x The solon ahiafion that eache
Suyface cthof beng
tHhecorths
Ffyee s call ecf
becmsol adiafim.
* The SUm lihf passA thmogh the atmasph ese,
Some of if abson bed, Scatfered ndeecf by
ain mo\eulçe, ater vapen, clat,usf md polluta
mtx, ths iÁ calles ffse Yahaffom.
 3

>um of the Fuse d ect soloatiatin i

Called global sol ahati¡n.
Diiect adafin Ve DiFfyge yadiation
Directyatiaficm DiPfuse hiatien
Definifion DiYect vatafion ik
hatafin that ianotis the solon natia
Sco-ffee nthe at fiom thateache
mspheye, thue if sathe goud afte
dinectiemaly sraiScatfeving
-ghf.

Scatfering No Scattfeymg ScaftcAmg com

be oxerved.
pathefna centaih inecf
-afin
rmiect.
DNectiem Defmife dyehiescaftered yectt
Hoymful High Low

Absorpfien ahsopfien ocu abiopfionoccuy

by the
Afnosphere by the ponficls
nthe atmophee

Soly Radafin geometry o solo yahafien

mals or Solo yodafiom estimafan
Hovi2arte ond inclihed plone,
’Sol Declinatiom ongle (8)
angle betwema line estentd
fhom the cete of the coth cnd the prouectrn
the coth cauatoviak plae.
 Eth
>Eauato

The
angle of Jeclinafiorn ia positie ohen
neasd above the euitoial plane mthe h
them hemiphee.
S- 23.45.24tge
cwhe n- Day of he yeo conted tojm t

* alue of '6' vies fomn -23.5°fo 23.s*

nlso Nalue f 6o° et caunar.

1eah
Sun

8-23.s -23.S

’ male of Laitude C):

mgle between Hhe ejoinmg that pomfof
locaion to the cetie of coth nd ito pajectio
non caui foiak plore

eauato.
°s of
=0° fry poinf mthe e auate
Pomt at he pol
 Sm

-9o°
BEuatoy

-’2mith gle ce): Theongle batweethe

Sums nay a the perperdicula CNohmal)to hei
1ontal plone js lcnocn gs the 2enthngle Ce)
Alse 2enitth angle is complimment of inelna
-fion ngle.
Nomal to hoizorrta
plone

>Herizortak
plone

W -E

Hignth
Piosee HonofF Sumis yy
 6

Hnce, at Suike 2nith omgle k +9o,

cwhege e - o atsmsef.
-Soln 'aimuth emgle ( )
The onale on c hori3orrtal plone, befwecn the
Inñc ue south and the pyajcctian of sun yay
onthe hoi3tal plonei lonoewn gs Sol
aaimuth ngle (Ta)

is meoedfom south
os POitiue ewhen i
tocuoyy wsf.
> ngle of slope
mahfo
S y a y
Tnclines
SUsface

Hoi3ortel
plne
Tnlied face

Lf n nglele
befweer the melihe Sufa
-ce nd he ho2ntak plne.
 LRT

-> ngle of incidnce Ce): Tf m me

befeerI imcidnt n plnefa
1Ce nommal to hot surfoce,
Fos Hoi2ntal suface
slope, B=o°
2mth onglc ,=e
Sutace azimuth ngle ( ) : Lf ie tha
ngle m the heiztak plne, beteocen the I e
ue south md the hoi2ortad pu'cctom of the
nmak to the inclihed plone ae.
ngle of Tncinatin (e). The ongle K mea
-ANe in vehcal hi ecfin, ifys m nle befeeen
he uns y nd t heizenal paecton n
cauitotiak plne, hoi3ortal plene.
- Al ngle epeAnt togethe thgew
I'n [Link]
Nomal to Hen2teh
nclined plon
Plne

Hoi2tak
Sun plome
Inclihedsnface
->Sol ho ngle angle (w)
The kolo he angle já a m e o s e of
the ulo itonce betuseen t h e nathe
local 'solo tre md tthe sm atsol noon.

The s n s om the eqt ondeachy

itt hiohe pocifin af
at Solornoon. Then, +
desce to the wf. B definifien, theSolH
ha mgle 8 3er dege atsoloy noon.
Thee one 24 hoyt a
- y d he eanth otts 3Go. so, the coth
notat 1S° cUry smgle hew.
*peAMmg the Solo norn af l2Gclocl
aft l 00 PM, the Sol a e hou Smg)e wil
be ls° c n af 2.0o PM, the sol ho ogle
Call be 30. Th the ome cuay, at 1l-oo A.,
the Sol hor ngle cill be -1S° 2 af lo.00A
theso) hou amele oill be -3o°.
12.0o
Noon

)sn
 Solay Measuving Tstumerta,
The mgy Jelivered b thesm mthe
fom of clectiomagnete aiafien ewhich £
Usuoly calld solo ahiation, somme of the nahati
-ne beme fictad humons while omothe Ya
- ation ie houl to all ife.
Solon Hur e Vy impevtt to mnece,
5t builthimg mmy piouct whethe it of
to electoniÇs, Ckops, medicin%, cosmestisk.
The mosf populen Sol ena
-mg inaumett
metu
* Pyhelionete
* yamometet
* soloH Sunshme yecotdey
Pyheliomete
pyrheliommetey k a denice d for meci
-ng hnect becmgadiafin qfmomal incidence.
T; outey stucte loos llce lsng tube pme
- cting the image of atelescope on hre
to point the lns to the Sus to mefe the
7adiafien
-> Woyleng pimeiple gifa comatuetion
If contkfs f hol leew tube,potetve l n
blacle body, th eymcouple module, suppottig tuc
+ye nd base.
 sola adiafion

>piojective ler

>Hollestbe

Blacle bdy
> Thenocouple mule

The lers ik pomfed touoan the sumn the

Natafin ill pass though the lerne, tube nd t
the en falle n the blacle obj ect piçset af the bo
-ffomm. The e t e mternal atutue md cycuif
ina i e name ae £hoe belou.
Rotation >Metal conducto

Vofmete
cala mty
Blaclc bdy

Tm the ci uf, if con be eenthat thne

blacle body absorbs the satiofion fallrng From the lea
ncetheodiafiom g s ab&obed the for
body gts ccifed becaye of the neeasing fen
-pevate ofthe ntiye [Link] fempeyatwye pn
imeiee& will be ecperinced by thesmocoupleju
-netion A.
 DyLRT

Now uwith ü c t i n A ofthe thesmocouple at

high femperatNc nJnetionBat loco tempea
-tnc acuyymt ioew talce place rh it loop.
This c c t mthe loo oill floco tmough th
galvamemete which n seiGe omd thecby cau

ThËe dviaten ix popohonal to c u t .

whichn in t n ie piepeythenad to femperiate
dfeynce at mctin

cient nleopTempenatue dEfe ence

afjmeti.
PyYanometey PyNoometey is adcuice
thaf con be uted to n e a s e bothe bem a
iffte adafion, ether de,ifie ued fo
measne totah hemispherical ahafien.
Radatgs
nlsA Domepotec
-tive len]
HBlecle bedy
’Themocuple
mule

pyofecthve
coUy

Thie deuice loolse lilce a U Fo CUnitentih

Ayng biec) sucer which ie baf shape suited
fo it Pupoe. If conaitt of slrdome, blact
body, themeouple nd joroteetive cove
 12
The ahiaton fom the sumounhg crtno
-phee posse the glaAA d me ond falk nto the
blacldobay situated atthe certey of the inaty
-umert. the fempeatne ofthe bady Vae aftey
ahsrbing all the ahiafien omd the iac alto be
Cepeinced by the tthemoCoule module pre
-smt hiecty bemeath thee blace body. so theone
Ade ofthe module cuill be hof m cmothe will
be col becayse oFHhe
heafinlc.
The themo Couple maue gneatavota
-ge m this con be sem at he rfpuftemi
-mals This uoltage ycceinsed at the oufpufteym
male ie diyctly popfronal to fempeyate
feynce accotmg to the pincpe ot themo
Couple.
Sunshine Recoyde Asmahine eco
thot
ie adeuice ecore the mot of
given
Sunhne at agiven location ornegin at my
frme. The ulf Provde the ipfomtien about
the cweathe ond climerte a coell as the atm
-phere femperatwe of a geogroaphical ea,
T¢ c¡nsiet of glas sphee, Spheicak bocod
cod zfip, pape srip ond plaf fom.
The sms ay ne focsedb a glas sphe
to a pomf f (nahf Sumahin) on a cord
srip held n a gooVe na spheica b o ,
moted concetically oith the spheye
 13

ohen cue thee ia bighf sunhine, the

-i mage fotmed is itenie nogh fo buwn a
Spof n the coydsip. Tough the doy the
Smmove aca&A the Sl the image movs
along The tiP, Thu, a bu tace whase l n
-gth Popontional to the afion of Sunhi
-ne obtaned on the p.

lase sphese
spherieal bocl
.cordatip

pat fom
Sol Theymal syfem
Solon thesmak syfems aone the devies
Used ko cornuef Soln aiarfien imto thenal

TyPA f soln theimal syyAtems

-> Solan collectoya [ Flafplafe solr collecto)

>solo pond
>sol disti llafin'
 |4

clesifcatim of sol collecto

Solon collecterys ne the evic vedto collect
Solo ahiafim. TheNe re tuwo typs of solo colle
-ctoNe.
>Non- coyncentoting solor collecto:
Tn a mon-concating tpe the neo ot+he
absobey i cauals the ea of the collectoy 4
a Since the aafion ik not focused, the moa
mm temp n t e achicved je abouf looc.
cYcomple- Flafplofe solas collectoy.
’2. comentating soln colletoy; Tmcon
- certhating type nea of th abio be iA Vey
Small gs commparid to the collectoy nca, Thie
geAute yadiafion ia före to poirt o a line
-the maimum temperatye je about gso°c.
cocomple: poabolie Soloy col lectoT.

Flofplafe sol collecto [FPo

’ Afplafe collect i Solor ponel devrce thae
Uss soloy energy to gemerate themoh ner
If COnVnts sol pocen itD themah cmegy.
’ A Raf pfe solo col|ectoy talce solor Naiafion
end temmife heot to the funchioning mehn.
Tf js Sutoble for Scueyad thenah
appl'cofios.
The averoge fempente ange F FPC deurcça j
|oo°c.
 LS

Absa bey plafe

O>Fluid tube

SheymalTKu
-lafion.

>Maim compomntt of fAat

Flat plafe solor colle

Ab[oibe plafe C Black Sface] abteY

-bert of i n e d t soloy [Link] ab£onber
plate a mae of ood conduoting mateia
\ike aluminm o coppe. T js coated blaclc fo
0ncacoke its abter pfion poperty
*la2ing coued ct tonepo ent s e e r
layed that tyonimrs yaiatien tothe absb,
buf pYevcnt oahative convecte hcot los
Fom the Snface.
Flui tubed- centaining faid fotoy
the heat From the collecto.
* Tnsulafiom- coyYíng sidea nd bortom
of the Collectoy to educe het l a E . MimeIal e
glass ooh. fi be glo&s cs beetoy themocol et. ye
used gs insuloto.
Wolcimg of FPC
collecto imuovea
’ The cwnleimg of a flaf plafe
the tnnafey of heaf o thermal [Link] ope
-Ying nedn cocchngse heat fom the
 The heat- abaonbing plafe ofthe collecfo
Ccposed to smliehf & he s n y y hi the
flaf plafe sunfoce, poyfin of the rney
tonefomed mto heot. tha leade toa iic mn
cfoy.
the tempeyate of the Fofplofe Soloy colle
’ whera Aud ie paed rnide the collecto,
the temprtne ofthe Fud inccakt Athe he
- at fom the abrovbing plafe heat i mi
-ffe to the fluid
> N etualy the flud trmamt the
cnorgy fho thesmal
collectoye to the
ysysfes for Fnctinmn
iFfe ent us.
Solor dieilafion [soler stilla]
’ sol distHllafien ii the process of uting meigy
fom the Sunliahf to spate frahaote fom sol
o oth contamihants, The ntheated cte abto7
-be heot, seoly eachng hih femperatunça
The neat causs the ated to cVapoTafe, cool
condense nto NaPo, lcaumg the comtami
mah behind. Solor adiaticn

conensote
>Insu lato
Salinecwa
cHotey
Abs ber
Plafe
otey collectren thueh tRe ctongd
-l bosin
 istillenA ot solor e silla e
solo watey
emote nco where thee i limi
ally vseJ in
pyinciplça
access oF feahete. Thne bosic
eted itillation oe simple, ffective
of soon
hatillafion ayplicote the cway note
malce gain.
n tuUo surtic pinei
-plea : cUapon atian nd condenshon.
Simple blacle boffomed vesAel
rtedwthwatey on fopped ewith cle gloss

>mlighf thaf is abso bed by the black mote

-miah speed the ate of cVOpoation.

>he evapoyation is thentapped by the cleo

foppmng ond funneled away. Most polhtorg d
mot vaperte, So they el behr.
->The cvaporated esotey inceasça the moetu
-ge contrt, eohich getr condmaed enthe coole
mdeide the alasi. The condensd artey slip
Jonthe slope 2 colle cte) thmoueh the con den
-sate chamels af-fached to the glas.
Diatilatiorn ate js slocw, appamatey s lta
per Jey smlighf. So muliple sol etillaficm
Sysfems uicd to p oduce a loge uan uc
-tity of dietilleJ catey.
 Solo pord Asolet pond is a 3-Dimsl
-onad, P n aY pf, FHked th coat with
Salf [ Natl. Tf toge the solo eny, t
eceives solon n g though inulofion,then
if fiom the
the thapped heat s estacted fom
the pod.
catey Solutiom lying atthe boffom of
When sol eney fal)e mto the pord,Sfa
-Ce 2one, cntaimina feh ete wth a levelof Sa
- l i . This oçs to the fact thatsaf gothe tth
bo-ffom.
The se cond layer ie the e laen, called im
-Aulafihg laye o IAultien 3one. cohse salimt
that of the Suvface cwrte,The msf
js gYabte
impoytont layes, thush, ie the boffom locct
(aye, lcnoan gs the stoage [Link] the la
ehe
hich otan solor enery nd at eohich the
-cton of neyey ie possi ble, there tempeete
js acheve o go°C.

y'solo Yatafan

Snface 7one
CFresh aate
>hsulation 3ene
[Tnco casingsa
cold sarle
steage 2one
Cs ortyafedofewrte)
Hof
 DLRT

Solor pond E[ectie pocuet plrt

A Solon pond e a Solay myy collecte,
Jre Yally faii ly loge in i3e, that looa lilce a
pond.
solo pond electic pocei plat constt of
Solr pond, boi l CHeat cocchonge, evapraty,
[Link], secendo coolemg Aub,con
-JnAU henetoy.
’ The tapped Cselo) ney ie eoHhhawn romn
the pod mthe fom of- bot bine fom thesto
-gage 3one.
Solo >Tubine
Rathiation
Sccom
Hof
Ionihe Fiud
> Hect 4eneatw
cchngr
byine
CBoiley

conden

> The hef byine fom the solN pondL>pP

hheush ea heat coechonge with help f cinclatd
a pmp.
>Tm the heot ecehges, the beat of hot e
je abON bed by
[Link] eon vapye negne
-Nated ctt hieh pcASUNe.
> Thjs vapoy Jea the
a caupld gemeraty ithit.
taybine to hive ifnd
The Fyeon Vapey Om the trbine
conden codmsein
coith the help ot cold ete.
 >The Feen condentate e Pn ped again mtothe
heat ecchongey nd cemplete ycle jo peated.

Solor cell I-V o V-I chacteistis

>sol clI I-V chacteitiçs c u ne
baicaly ITphicah epimtaten of the
Oprfin of a Soln cell, s m i s i n g theNela
-fionship betewen tthe cvemt nduoltage crtthe
eaatig condifian s of temperate
I-V c r e Pouie the infometien7euine
to con Fgue a solN sytem, So thot ifcon opate
clore to tt aptimal peole pocoe point [MPPl
[Link] TcleteJ
() Pmac Cpocoe
Maimum
powe poif

ca:Ynpnp
Vimt
VrnaDc
Votáge()
VoltaseVo
The sol cell js opmciCuit, that js notcome
- ted to ny load,the cuemt coill be af i iA mìni
- mn 3evó) m voltage acs the cell i& cf ts
macimm lcnocwn a the Solr cell opcn
cincUif
Vo Hage[Voc
 ’ hhen the solo cll ie ahorf cireuted, thatik
the pocite dnegotive led comecteJtogethee
the oltoge a s 8 the cell ie af i minimm
(3e10) buthe cuyyemt flouing out ofthe cll dea
chee i naamm lnocwn e the Solo cllk

heee iR ne poyficul combmation of urnent

n) voHoge foY hich the poJey yeachi it no
mm valve, af Imp m Vonp Tn othe ar,
the point ot which the cell gemerat maseimu
eotricak pocue a thie ie shoeunin giaph,
that point called macimum powe point [MnPPI
Equnvalet ciHuif of oy cel| Soloy
cell eouyivalent cy Cut

a theoy ettcah crYoif iagam, which captyçe the

ele cticak chnacteretss of adcvrce.. If i impete
-mt to mote the componmt illustated mthe mo
-Jel ne mot phsicaly pyetent mthedeuce them
-8cl&,

>These md ne
muoluable to mdetoig
fundamntal Jeurce phyris
Ca, escplaining specifie ghe
-nomena, n eeigm for moe effeitdUICeA.

Rs
Drde

RsH
 22
DLRT
>The c y i a l t eíteuit f a Solo cll co
of n Jeal c u e t gnevat impoalled euitha
Jeuice called diode in evese
ye bid, beth of cuhich
Ne comeeted to a lad.

-> The gmected cuet is tiectHy pyopeyfional to

Ireht [Link] oe othey limitatint inso]oy
cells whih cap then etfiuerny. Thete
linitatiat
ne epea eted by the they componn nn he

> Adfinally. you con epioaentdevCe lo&tA

eiha cauialnt cnauit agom. Tnthe aboue ideal
cH auf hagm of a sol cell, theye e whichyep

CRs
- Shuntjstonce [RCH) accont for all l& that
eAult in electy& trauellimg &taingh beteween
the taminalk, Such a hot ñ the cuice. IfR
therefoye depsnted by a yistei umning p
- |led to the idal u n t g natoy nd you thould
aim to m Ycate hunt GEKtoce a much
pesible.
The othe connponn mthe hagram n g g t
pesntt Seie iAtnceCRr, hich acCout
foy all cutent l t y ue to poo <hoge tonc
beten lyeae of the deuice. Tnthe cauralet ci

oith the idcak cuyint gemeatoy. You hould Jo

-thimg you con to loe4 Seyics eatnce in ode
to allw Scoaless electren monement thmoush the
Jevi'ce.
 DY:LRT 23

Auontag f sel ce ll&

>Sstainabilty - solor ney has the benef
of bengatainable Satitute for foscile
fuelk.
>Lemgthy-Tetmn enusy: pV syafem fewerty
haue olng lifeepem ond oe qerolaby erable
> Lowimpocf on the euinment: Solor enegy
has a much loawe uion metal impact thom
fossi) fuel.
’LOwu operorfig maintenme eseps.
Due to lacle of moise, solo PV
Pv is ideal fay esi
-Jtiah md ubon e.

Disaduntag of soloy clls

’High intiak ecpendite
11 Peoioc n AOy' Sol pcej& moe eatonah
neable c n ySoyceA.
thon ohe
Solo cek ne challengmg toremove chdein
-&tall n plae to cnothe location.
’ Low enrg comysin ate. Solon cells com
my canuyt 2S1- oF sol energyto eleoticok
Powes.
utiis o s3able o a ; TheAaaolelnd hactt
Jedicoted to rhetallin l mounted pY pcnd
 24

Applicatins of solo cele

> I n i d n t i a l Seffg, saloy cel cecommo
-mly ses to genenate electicit for home,cdcing
Jepance on thahfionah So ce.
> Irn agiaute solw- pocered wot punpin
Sysfem help inigate felts effi crentiy.
> Soln celja powe teetlight
> potable eiectenicdevrcee, Such collatou

Tm space craff Sctellite, Sol celt pnouie

anliable soce of poes.
> Solon poucyed vehieles, fom o fo biycls,