Communication Electronics
AIM:Generation and Reconstruction of Pulse Amplitude Modulated Wave (PAM).
OBJECTIVE:
To understand of the concepts of analog signal sampling, their usefulness and
limitations.
To observe the accuracy of received PAM signal.
APPARATUS/COMPONENTS:
Sr. No. Name of Apparatus Rating/Type Quantity
1 PAM Modulation & Demodulation Trainer Kit. - 01
2 CRO 30MHz 01
3 Patch cords and CRO probes - 15
THEORY:
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is the transmission of data by varying the
amplitudes (voltage or power levels) of the individual pulses in a regularly timed sequence of
electrical or electromagnetic pulses. The number of possible pulse amplitudes can be infinite
(in the case of analog PAM), but it is usually some power of two so that the resulting output
signal can be digital . For example, in 4-level PAM there are 2^2 possible discrete pulse
amplitudes; in 8-level PAM there are 2^3 possible discrete pulse amplitudes; and in 16-level
PAM there are 2^4 possible discrete pulse amplitudes.
In some PAM systems, the amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to the
instantaneous modulating-signal amplitude at the time the pulse occurs. In other PAM
systems, the amplitude of each pulse is inversely proportional to the instantaneous
modulating-signal amplitude at the time the pulse occurs. In still other systems, the intensity
of each pulse depends on some characteristic of the modulating signal other than its strength,
such as its instantaneous frequency or phase .
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, S.B.J.I.T.M.R, Nagpur
Communication Electronics
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the modulating frequency and sampling frequency.
3. Observe the Output on CRO i.e. PAM wave.
4. Measure the levels of Vmax and Vmin.
5. Feed the modulated wave to the low pass filter.
6. The output observed on CRO will be the demodulated wave.
7. Note down the amplitude (p-p) and time period of the demodulated wave.
8. Plot the waveforms on the graph sheet.
RESULT: Hence, we have studied the generation and reconstruction of PAM signal.
CONCLUSION:
DISCUSSION & VIVA VOCE:
1. Define Sampling and Quantization.
2. Define Nyquist Criteria and Nyquist rate.
3. What are the types of Sampling?
4. State the advantages and disadvantages of pulse amplitude modulated signals.
5. What is quantization error?
REFERENCE:
nptel link:- Digital Communication Systems H. S. Jamadagni, CEDT, IISc,
Bangalore
“Digital Communication” by P. Ramakrishna Rao
“Electronics Communication System” by Kennedy , Davis
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, S.B.J.I.T.M.R, Nagpur