Solution
Solution 1:
Assumption
a. Samples are randomly selected from the population.
Step 1 : Hypotheses:
H 0 : μ=3 (null hypothesis: the mean number of cavities is 3, suggesting the
toothpaste doesn't have an effect
(Alternative hypothesis H 1 : μ <3: the mean number of cavities is less than 3,
suggesting the toothpaste does have an effect)
Given:
n = 2500 (sample size)
ˉxˉ = 2.95 (sample mean)
μ = 3 (population mean)
σ = 1 (population standard deviation)
Step 2: α=0.05
Step 3 : Using the formula for the z-test statistic: zobs= 50 *(2.95-3)/1=-
2.5
Step 4: Z_critical=NORM .[Link](0.05)(-[Link](0.95)(Using
Symmentery))=-1.645
Calculate the p -value, since it is a left tailed test p-value
=P(Z<zobs)=0.00621
([Link](-2.5,0,1,1)
Step5 :zobs< Z_critical ( p-value <0.05)
Step 6 : We should reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
Conclusion : At the 5 percent level of significance, the data is strong
enough to establish the claim of the toothpaste advertisement. The study
suggests that the new toothpaste reduces the mean number of cavities
for children in their cavity-prone years.
Alternative : Critical value Approach :
For a left-tailed test with α=0.05, the critical z-value is -1.645
([Link](0.05,0,1)
zobs< the critical z-value. We should reject the null hypothesis at 5%
level of significance.
2. H 0 : μ ≥10 vs H 1 : μ <10
(Note : In the null hypothesis, , we perform our test procedures at the
boundary points whenever there is ≥∨≤ sign. We will calculate our test
statistic at the boundary point i.e at μ=10 . Because if we reject our null
hypothesis at μ=10 , with the alternative : μ<10 , it will automatically leads
to the rejection of the null hypothesis for μ>10 . Similar things will
happen when we fail to reject. So even if we incorporate ≥∨≤ , to
complete the hypothesis, we will proceed similarly like “=” in the null
hypothesis.)
3. Assumption :
a) Population distribution is normal ( The sample size is small)
b) Random samples are drawn from the population.
. H 0 : μ ≥200 vs H 1 : μ <200
Test Statistic : zobs=sqrt(8)* (199.125-200)/5=-0.4949
p-value =P(z<-0.4949)=0.31 ([Link](-0.4949,0,1,1)
(Z_critical =-1.645)
Zobs> Z_critical (p-value>0.05)
We do not reject the null hypothesis
At the 10% level of significance, we also fail to reject the null
hypothesis, leading to the same conclusion.
In summary, based on the sample data, we wouldn't conclude that
the fiber is unacceptable at both the 5% and 10% levels of
significance.
4. Assumption:
Random samples are drawn from the population
. H 0 : μ ≥5 vs H 1 : μ <5
Test Statistic : 7 (4.8-5)/0.5=-2.8
p-value =P(z<-2.8)=0.002555 ([Link](-2.8,0,1,1)
p-value<0.05
We reject the null hypothesis
5. Assumption: Random samples are drawn from the population.
H 0 : μ ≤15 vs H 1 : μ >15 ( Right Sided test)
Test statistic : zobs=10*(16-15)/2=5
p-value : P(Z>zobs)=0 ([Link](5,0,1,1)
p-value< 0.05, Reject Null hypothesis
6. a) Type -1 error, b) Type 2 Error
7 a) . H 0 : μ=50 vs H 1 : μ ≠ 30
b) p =proportion of the days stock price increases. . H 0 : p ≤ 0.6 vs
H 1 : p> 0.6
c) H 0 : μ ≥7 vs H 1 : μ <7
8. Test statistic: sqrt(16)(95-100)/10=-2
Decision : Reject
9. . H 0 : μ=150 vs H 1 : μ ≠ 150
Test statistic: sqrt(64)*(158-150)/20=3.2
Critical value approach :
Determine the critical value for a two-tailed test at α=0.05: Since it's a two-
tailed test with
α =0.05, the significance level is split into two tails. Therefore, each tail has
α/2=0.025.
The critical z-value corresponding to the left tail is z=−1.96
([Link](0.025,0,1)).
The critical z-value corresponding to the right tail is z=1.96.
From the earlier calculations, we found that our test statistic z=3.2
Our calculated z-statistic (3.2) is greater than the positive critical value
(1.96). Therefore, it lies in the rejection region of the right tail.
Given that our test statistic lies in the rejection region, we reject the null
hypothesis
p-value approach
zobs=3.2 |zobs|=3.2, 2*P(Z>|zobs|)= 0.0013 (2*([Link](3,2,0,1,1))
p-value <0.05, we reject the null hypothesis.
10. H 0 : μ ≤50 vs H 1 : μ >50, z-test, Reject.
11. H 0 : μ=7 vs H 1 : μ ≠ 50, t-test, Reject.
12 . H 0 : μ=24 7 vs H 1 : μ ≠ 247 , z-test (Also you can use t-test assuming normality),
Do not reject
13. H 0 : μ=102.5 vs H 1 : μ ≠ 107.5, t-test, Reject at 5%, Do not reject at 1%
17. Hypotheis H 0 : μ ≤.15 H 0 : μ>0.15
Alpha =0.05
Assumption : i) Samples are independent.
Mean=0.162, s.d=.040, n=40
Test statistic =: tobs= sqrt (40) *(0.162-0.15)/.040 =1.897367 , Reject H 0
18. Hypothess:
H 0 : p=0.05 vs H1 p≠0.05
n=200 np=200*0.05=10 n(1-p)=200*0.95=190, So conditions for normality are satisfied
sample proportion =14/200=0.07
Zobs = SQRT(200)* (0.07-0.05)/ SQRT(0.05*0.95)=1.297771
Critical Value Approach :
Zobs> [Link](0.975,0,1) or Zobs < [Link](0.025,0,1), we reject null hypothesis,
otherwise we do not reject.
[Link](0.975,0,1)=1.96, [Link](0.025,0,1) =-1.96
Zobs=1.297771 , so we do not reject.
p-value =2P(Z>|Zobs|)= 2*([Link](1.297771,0,1,1))= 0.194366>0.05, We do not
reject.
19.
H 0 : p ≤ 0.20 vs H1 p > 0.20
n=100 np=100*0.20=20 n(1-p)=100*0.80=80, So conditions for normality are satisfied
sample proportion =27/100=0.27
Zobs = SQRT(100)* (0.27-0.20)/ SQRT(0.20*0.80)= 1.75
p-value =P(Z>Zobs)=([Link](1.75,0,1,1))=0.040059<0.05, We reject null hypothesis.
20.
H 0 : p ≥ 0.60 vs H1 p < 0.60
Alpha=0.05
n=500 np=500*0.60= 300 n(1-p)=500*0.40= 200, So conditions for normality are satisfied
Sample proportion = 280/500= 0.56
Zobs = SQRT(500)* (0.56-0.60)/ SQRT(0.60*0.40)= -1.82
Z_critical =norm. [Link](0.05)= -1.64 We reject null hypothesis.
But if we set alpha=0.01, z_critical= [Link](0.01),=-2.32 we do not reject.
21. H 0 : μ=3000 vs H 1 : μ ≠ 3000 t-test,
22. H 0 : μ=50 vs H 1 : μ <50 t-test,
23 . H 0 : μ=15 vs H 1 : μ >15 t-test,
24 . H 0 : μ=8 vs H 1 : μ <8 z-test (t-test, assuming normality)
25 . H 0 : μ=75 vs H 1 : μ <75 z-test, (t-test, assuming normality)
26. H 0 : p = 0.60 vs H1 p≠ 0.60, z-test
27. H 0 : p ≥ 0.60 vs H1 p< 0.60, z-test
28. H 0 : p ≥0.70 vs H1 p<0.70, z-test