Experiment 4
Objective:
To study starting transient response of a separately
excited DC motor using MATLAB.
Apparatus Used:
1. MATLAB software
2. Simulink software
3. Separately excited DC motor model
Theory:
A separately excited DC motor consists of a rotor, a
stator, a commutator, and brushes. The stator is the
stationary part of the motor, while the rotor is the
rotating part. The commutator is a device that allows
the motor to change the direction of current flow
through the rotor coils as it rotates. The brushes are
used to maintain contact between the commutator and
the power source.
During the starting process, the motor experiences a
transient response due to the sudden application of
voltage to the motor. This transient response is
characterized by a high starting current that gradually
decreases as the motor speed increases. The starting
current can be modeled using the motor's equivalent
circuit, which consists of the armature resistance,
armature inductance, and the back EMF.
Simulink Model
Results
Speed (rad/sec) vs time (sec) Armature Current vs Time
Field Current vs Time Torque vs Time
Speed Torque characterstic of Separately Excited Motor
Precaution:
● Always follow the safety guidelines while working
with high voltage circuits and machinery.
● Make sure all the connections are properly insulated and
secured.
● Do not overload the motor beyond its rated capacity as it may
damage the motor.
Experiment 5
Objective:
To study speed control of separately excited dc motor
using single phase fully controlled bridge converter in
discontinuous and continuous current mode using Matlab.
Apparatus Used:
Personal computer with MATLAB Software
Theory:
The speed control of a separately excited DC motor can
be achieved by controlling the armature voltage. In this
experiment, a single-phase fully/half-controlled bridge
converter is used to control the armature voltage. The
bridge converter consists of four thyristors, which are
controlled by a gating signal. The gating signal is
generated by the Matlab software, which is used to vary
the firing angle of the thyristors. By varying the firing
angle, the voltage applied to the motor can be varied,
which in turn controls the speed of the motor.
In continuous conduction mode, the current through the
motor armature flows continuously, while in the
discontinuous conduction mode, the current flows
intermittently. The discontinuous mode occurs when the
load current is less than a certain threshold value, and the
converter operates in a discontinuous mode.
Simulation Model
Result:
Torque (Nm) vs time Armature Current(Amp)
The result of the experiment is the speed-torque
characteristics of the DC motor at different firing angles
and in both discontinuous and continuous current modes.
The speed-torque characteristics show the relationship
between the motor speed and torque for different firing
angles and current modes. The experiment can be
repeated for different values of the load resistance to
study the effect of load on the speed-torque
characteristics.
Precaution:
1. Always follow the safety guidelines while working
with high voltage circuits and machinery.
2. Make sure all the connections are properly insulated and
secured.
3. Do not overload the motor beyond its rated capacity as it may
damage the motor.
Experiment 6
Objective:
To study speed control of separately excited dc motor
using single phase half controlled bridge converter in
discontinuous and continuous current mode using Matlab.
Apparatus Used:
Personal computer with MATLAB Software
Theory:
The speed control of a separately excited DC motor can
be achieved by controlling the armature voltage. In this
experiment, a single-phase fully/half-controlled bridge
converter is used to control the armature voltage. The
bridge converter consists of four thyristors, which are
controlled by a gating signal. The gating signal is
generated by the Matlab software, which is used to vary
the firing angle of the thyristors. By varying the firing
angle, the voltage applied to the motor can be varied,
which in turn controls the speed of the motor.
In continuous conduction mode, the current through the
motor armature flows continuously, while in the
discontinuous conduction mode, the current flows
intermittently. The discontinuous mode occurs when the
load current is less than a certain threshold value, and the
converter operates in a discontinuous mode.
Simulation Model
Field Current(Amp)
Speed (rad/s)
Result:
The result of the experiment is the speed-torque
characteristics of the DC motor at different firing angles
and in both discontinuous and continuous current modes.
The speed-torque characteristics show the relationship
between the motor speed and torque for different firing
angles and current modes. The experiment can be
repeated for different values of the load resistance to
study the effect of load on the speed-torque
characteristics.
Precaution:
1. Always follow the safety guidelines while working
with high voltage circuits and machinery.
2. Make sure all the connections are properly insulated and
secured.
3. Do not overload the motor beyond its rated capacity as it may
damage the motor.
Experiment 7
Objective:
To study the speed control of a separately excited DC
motor using chopper control in both motoring and
braking modes.
Apparatus used:
For this simulation, the following apparatus will be used:
1. PC with MATLAB software
2. Simulink software
Theory:
A separately excited DC motor is a type of DC motor in
which the field winding is supplied with a separate
voltage source. The speed of a DC motor is directly
proportional to the armature voltage and inversely
proportional to the field flux. By controlling the
armature voltage, we can control the speed of the DC
motor.
Chopper control is a method of controlling the DC
motor speed by varying the duty cycle of a chopper
circuit. In the motoring mode, the chopper circuit is used
to control the speed of the motor, while in the braking
mode; the chopper circuit is used to control the rate of
change of speed (i.e., the deceleration) of the motor.
The chopper circuit is essentially a switch that is turned
on and off at a high frequency to provide a variable
voltage to the motor. The duty cycle of the chopper
circuit determines the average voltage applied to the
motor and hence, the motor speed.
Simulink Model
Results:
The simulation will result in the speed control of a
separately excited DC motor using chopper control in
both motoring and braking modes. The speed of the
motor will be controlled by varying the duty cycle of
the chopper circuit, and the results will be displayed in
the form of graphs.
Precautions:
1. The chopper circuit should be designed to handle
the maximum current and voltage requirements
of the motor.
2. The duty cycle of the chopper circuit should be
carefully chosen to avoid overloading the motor or
causing excessive heat dissipation in the circuit.
3. The simulation should be run with appropriate
initial conditions to avoid sudden spikes in
current or voltage.
Experiment 8
Objective:
To study starting transient response of three phase induction motor
Apparatus used:
For this simulation, the following apparatus will be used:
1. PC with MATLAB software
2. Simulink software
Theory:
The operation principle of 3-phase IM (induction motor) is modelled to operate
the steady state equivalent circuit and parameter calculation. Dynamic simulation
is the one of key steps in endorsement of the motor-drive system and design
process, which helps to eliminates the mistakes and errors resulting when
prototype building and testing. The dynamic modeling of IM (induction motor)
in quadrature, direct, and zero- sequence axes can be evolved from fundamental
expressions of transformation. The transformation uses different steps based on
the simple trigonometric relationship obtained as projections on a set of axes.
The dynamic model is used to acquire small signal equations, transient responses
and transfer function of induction motor. it also helps in modeling of all
differential currents, voltages and flux linkages between moving rotor and
stationary stator. And equations for torque, inertia and speed versus time. The
modeling and speed control has been done by using MATLAB/Simulink which
represents three phase d-q axis transformation and speed control using V/F. The
advantage of using MATLAB is that we can compute electromagnetic dynamic
model in a easy way and using function blocks it can be simulated faster.
Simulink Model
Observation
1. Stator and rotor currents of A-Phase, B-Phase and C-Phase
Stator currents for a-phase (Isa).
Stator currents for b-phase (Isb).
Stator currents for c-phase (Isc).
Describes the fluctuations of three phase stator axis currents with respect to
the time when the sudden loading implants on the 3-phase IM(induction motor).
The fluctuation is due to the sudden start of the motor which can observe up to
the time 0.4sec from 0.4sec we can observe the normal current flowing through
the stator.
Rotor axis a-phase current (Ira)
Rotor axis b-phase current (Irb)
Fig9, Fig10, Fig11 represents the fluctuations of 3-Phase rotor currents with
respect to the time when the sudden loading occurs on the three-phase induction
motor. The fluctuation is due to the sudden start of the motor which can observe
up to the time 0.4sec, due to small variation in speed it continuous to 1 and then
we can observe the current without any fluctuation.
Rotor axis c-phase current (Irc)
2. Stator and rotor currents of d-axis
Direct axis current for stator Ids
Direct axis currentfor rotor Idr
Represents the fluctuations of direct axis currents of stator and rotor side
whenever sudden loading occurs on the Induction motor where X-axis shows time
in seconds and Y-axis shows current in amperes.
Stator and rotor currents of q-axis
Stator quadrature axis current Iqs
Result:
we are implemented the dynamic model and speed control for the 3-phase IM
using the MATLAB/Simulink in the sequential manner. The updated model given
adequate response in terms of speed and torque characteristics. Which can be
useful in detecting the inaccuracy of the machine before it is constructed where it
is used in the major sectors including traction and industrial applications. This
concludes MATLAB/Simulink is an authentic and enlightened way to predict and
analyze the working of three phase IM (induction motor).
Precautions:
1. The circuit should be designed to handle the maximum
current and voltage requirements of the motor.
2. The duty cycle of the circuit should be carefully chosen to
avoid overloading the motor.
Experiment 9
Objective:
To study speed control of three phase induction motor using (a) constant V/f
control (b) Constant Voltage and frequency control.
Apparatus used:
For this simulation, the following apparatus will be used:
1. PC with MATLAB software
2. Simulink software
Theory:
Low cost, high efficiency, high robustness, reliability and low maintenance
are some the advantages of the induction motors over DC motors. When
mechanical loads are changed the speed characteristics for induction motor
also changes. The induction motors do not have the constant speed
characteristics. There are many control methods the induction motor to
provide it with the constant speed characteristics. Some of the prominent
methods are scalar control, vector control etc. The popular V/F method of
induction motor operation has been known over decade It uses the stator
flux and torque error to generate the stator voltage and frequency. In order to
increase the reliability, flexibility and simplicity of controlling the error and
therefore to provide constant speed characteristics to induction motor drives,
microcontrollers are being used. In the present work, a model of a
three-phase induction motor was done using the mathematical modeling
principles. The speed of three-phase induction motor was then controlled
using six switches. The error signal is generated by comparing fundamental
component of input line to line voltage of motor with reference voltage. The
model was executed using MATLAB software.
Simulation model of V/F speed control of induction motor
RESULT
The simulation results were obtained when rotor is rotated for 10 seconds.
Initially rotor at standstill condition at t=0 and it reached speed of 150 rad/sec at
t = 10 seconds. Load torque,T L = 0.5 N-m was applied. The output of control
circuit or VSI output is shown in figure 2.
When the output of VSI was fed to squirrel cage induction motor, then electrical
torque was found to increase and after some time it became constant. Output
depends on the PI controller value. Fig. 2 shows the simulation results giving
the variation of three phase current and torque in accordance with the speed.
Simulation result of line voltage of VSI, stator direct axis and quadrature
axis current.
This paper presented a new V/F control of induction motor through D-Space fed by
voltage source inverter based on V/F control. Speed is controlled by interfacing of
D-Space. The validity of speed control method were verified from the simulation
results and input voltage change and also verified that the speed control through
D-Space is very efficient compare to microcontroller.
Precaution:
1. Always follow the safety guidelines while working with high
voltage circuits and machinery.
2. Make sure all the connections are properly insulated and secured.
3. Do not overload the motor beyond its rated capacity as it may damage the
motor.