1.

Functional Requirement of Buildings (7 hrs)

1.1 Building and their types

 As per NBC of India (SP: 7-1970), a building is any structure for whatsoever
purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether
used as human habitation or not and includes foundations, plinth, wall, floors,
roof, chimneys, plumbing and building services, verandah, balcony cornice or
projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or
any signs and space and outdoor display structures.
 A building is a man made structure with a roof and walls standing more or less
permanently in one place, such as house or factory.
Types of Buildings:
• Residential Buildings
• Educational Buildings
• Institutional Buildings
• Assembly Buildings
• Business Buildings
• Mercantile Buildings
• Industrial Buildings
• Storage Buildings
• Hazardous Buildings
1. Residential Buildings
Those buildings in which sleeping facility is provided for residential purpose, with
or without cooking or dinning or both facilities.
It includes Home, Apartment
2. Educational Buildings
Building use for the academic purpose, Such as School , Colleges, university etc
3. Institutional Buildings
Building or part of it used for purposes such as a medical or care of person
suffering from physical or mental illness.
4. Assembly Buildings
 Building or part of it where group of people gather for amusement, recreation, etc.
5. Business Buildings
Building or part of it which is used for the transaction of business and for keeping the
records of the business.
6. Mercantile Buildings
 Building or part of it which is used as shops, stores, markets and sale of merchandise,
either wholesome or retail.
7. Industrial Buildings, Factory, Power plant,
8. Parking/Storage Buildings,: Building used for park vehicles, Store goods,
manufactured products, raw materials
9. Hazardous Buildings
 Building or part of it which is used for storing , handling, manufacture or processing of
highly combustible or explosive materials.
1.2 Heat Phenomena in Buildings:
• Thermal Performance of a Building:
 The thermal performance of a building refers to the process of modeling the energy transfer
between a building and its surroundings.
 Various factors affects the thermal performance of a building; They are:
o Design variables such as geometrical dimension of a building elements
o Material properties
o Weather data
o Building’s own heat usage data
Thermal Comfort:
 It is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment & is assessed
by subjective evaluation.
 Optimal thermal comfort requires the heat loss of the human body to be in balance with its heat
production.
 Factors affecting thermal comfort:-
1. Environmental factors
• Air temperature
• Humidity
• Radiation
• Air movement
2. Personal factors
• Clothing
• Metabolic heat
• Wellbeing and sickness
• Thermal Design
 It is the designing of various heat controlling elements/devices.
 Thermal designing of a building can be done by two process:
o Passive solar building design: By using simple technique such as orientation, planning, material
technology, vegetation, color, shading device etc. It only use natural energy like sun & Wind and
consider a natural principle.
o Active solar building design: Means to collect, Store and transport solar power by using
mechanical means for cooling heating and lightening. Use PV panel, Solar Water Heater etc.
 Approximately, 22% of total energy consumed for building operation is used to heat and cool
commercial building.
 For residential building, the value is 25%.
1.3 Ventilation:
 Defined as supply of fresh outside air into an enclosed space or the removal of inside air from the
enclosed space.
 Ventilation is important for:
• Resisting accumulation of carbon dioxide, inflammable gases, dust particles, bacteria, etc.
• Prevention of odour caused by decomposition of building material.
• Removal of smoke and foul smell generated by the occupants.
• Removal of heat generated by the human body.
• Prevention of suffocation conditions in conference rooms, committee halls, etc.

System of Ventilation:
• Natural Ventilation
• Artificial/Mechanical Ventilation
• Requirements of Ventilation:
1. Rate of supply of fresh air :Room should never contain more than 0.06 % of CO2, this can be
achieved by proper ventilation:
2. Air movement or air changes
3. Temperature of air
4. Humidity
5. Purity of air

• Types of Ventilators:
1. Side hung
2. Top hung
3. Bottom hung
4. Horizontally pivoted
5. Vertically pivoted
6. Vertically sliding
Bottom
Hung
As per NBC: Architectural Design Requirements:
1. For natural ventilation, openable exterior opening ≥ 1/20 th of the
floor area.
2. For ventilation spaces for water closets and bathroom, the
minimum ventilation area should be 1 sq. m.
3. When such ventilation requirements are not met, the same shall be
assured via artificial ventilation.
Air Conditioning:
• Best artificial ventilation system.
• It is the science of controlling air with respect to humidity, temperature, odour, bacteria content,
dust content, etc. so as to create the most comfortable working environment.

Advantages:
• Makes commercial premises such as shops, banks, offices, etc. more active and efficient.
• Makes comfortable environment in theatres, halls, etc.
• Helps in maintaining health, comfort and convenience of occupancy of residential buildings.
• Improves the quality of products in industrial processes such as cotton cloth, artificial silk, etc.
Also, air conditioning provides cozy environment for workers leading increment in the production.
• Avoids sluggish or lethargic mood of the people which leads to spending quality time.
1.4 Lighting:
• Lighting inside the building is necessary to illuminate the interior and its content to perform the
task eg. Reading, walking up or downstairs and carry out the indoor activities.
• Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 380-780 nm comprises light.

As per NBC:
• All habitable rooms(not less than 2m X 2m) shall have admission of light through external wall
openings ≥ 1/10th the floor area of the room.
• Admission of light is permitted through internal courtyard having minimum dimension of 3m X
3m.
• No portion of the room shall be considered naturally lighted if it is more than 7.5 m from the
opening.
• If such requirements are not fulfilled then artificial lightening devices must be installed meeting the
same criteria.
Daylight:
• Natural source of light
• Daylight provides a desirable dynamic environment.
• Ultimate source of natural light is sun. Radiation (heat) with light is received from sun.

Day light factor:

• It is the ratio of internal illumination in a certain point of building with the simultaneous outdoor illumination.
It is expressed in percent.
• Day light varies considerably in intensity both hourly and daily due to the rotation of the earth and the
consequent relative position of sun.

DF = (Ei/Eo)* 100 %
Where, Ei is indoor illumination at a point
Eo is outdoor illumination from unobstructed sky
To calculate Ei, requires knowing the amount of outside light received inside of a building. Light can reach
a room via through a glazed window, roof light, or other aperture via three paths
SC + ERC + IRC
Where, SC=Sky component
ERC= Externally reflected component
IRC= Internally reflected component
 Daylight entering a Building

a= Skylight b= Externally reflected light c= Internally reflected light

Guidelines for good lighting:

• Identify where, as well as when lighting is needed.

• Direct light downward, by choosing the correct type of light fixtures.
• Select the correct light source (bulb type).
• Utilize "shut off" controls such as sensors, timers, motion detectors, etc.
• Limit the height of fixtures.
• Limit light crossing property lines.
• Use the correct amount of light.
• A post installation inspection should be conducted to check for compliance.
• Design interior lighting so that it does not illuminate the outdoors.
Artificial Lighting:
• The primary purpose of artificial lighting system is to provide sufficient illumination for
the performance of visual tasks.

Artificial lighting requirements:

• The source of light should be steady.
• Glare should be eliminated.
• Inconvenient shadows should be avoided.
• The degree of illumination must be suitable for the particular task.
• Lighting should not cause excessive heat.
1.5 Sound and Acoustics:
Acoustics:
• Science of sound, that deals with the origin, propagation and auditory (hearing) sensation of sound,
and also with the design & construction of different building units to set optimum conditions for
producing and listening speech, music, etc.

Types of Sound:
• Airborne Sound: Transmits through air directly into the ears.
• Impact Sound: Transmits first through the structure and then into the ears. (Footsteps, falling of
utensils)

Noise:
• Undesirable/ unwanted sound
• Causes irritation, damage of ears, etc.
Defects due to reflected sound:
• Echoes (echo is defined as the repetition of a sound caused by the reflection of sound waves from a
hard surface back to the listener. Direct Sound wave is already heard and thus there is repetation)
• Reverberation (Repetition of sound in an enclosed space, after the source has stopped.)
• Sound foci (Concentration of reflected sound at a certain spot that creates sound of large intensity)
• Dead spots (Due to sound foci effect, sound at some points are insufficient to hear)
• Insufficient loudness (Defect caused by lack of sound reflecting flat surface near the source and
excessive sound absorbing devices)
• Exterior noise (Defect caused by lack of proper sound insulation)
Sound Insulation:
• The blockage of sound is called sound insulation.
• Sound insulation can be done by:
1. Wall Insulation
i. Rigid & Massive Homogeneous Walls
ii. Partitions by Porous Materials
iii. Double Wall Partition
iv. Cavity Wall Type Construction
2. Floors Insulation Resists impact noise easily
3. Windows & Doors Insulation
4. Insulating Sanitary Fittings Insulation
5. Insulation of Machine
1.6 Orientation and Planning:
1. Orientation:
• Setting of plan of the building on its site with reference to the directions.
• Building orientation refers to the way a building is situated on a site and the positioning of
windows, rooflines, and other features
• Factor to be considered for the planning and orientation of the Building:
1. Sun exposure of the Building
a) Calculate the position of the sun relative to the particular place, season time and day.
b) Orientation of the windows.

2. Air flow through the building

3. Sensory Factor
a) Views: Consideration of Desirable or undesirable view for orientation
b) Sound: Level, Quality and Source of Sound affect the orientation
Principles/Criteria for Site Selection:
• Purpose and Extent of Privacy desired
• Site should be located in fully or fast developing locality
• All civil amenities (Facility) should be nearby
• Should be aware of By-Laws of Buildings
• Should meet the requirement of owner with restrictions applied
• Plot should not have sharp edges
• Proper drainage should be available
• Bearing capacity of soil should be adequate
• Healthy living and working conditions
• Should be away from industrial area, high flooding rivers, water logged areas, bad drain
maintained, slums etc.
• Legal and Financial aspects should be followed
By-Law:
• Standards and specifications designed by a local authority for maximizing safety to the workers during construction,
comfort and good health to the users as well as enough safety to the general public.

• Why it is needed?
The building bye-laws set standards for building work. Their aim is to ensure the health and safety of
people in and around buildings by setting requirements for building design and construction. The bye-
laws also promote energy efficiency and aim to improve access for disabled people.

• By-Laws governs the following aspects:

a. Set-back/ Building line
b. Floor space index/ Build up area
c. Open space requirements
d. Size of rooms
e. Height of rooms & buildings
f. Lighting & ventilation
g. Water supply & sanitary
h. Structural Design
Planning:
• Building planning is the grouping and arrangement of component of the building in a systematic manner
so as to form a homogeneous body with a compressive look out to meets its functional purpose
• Factors that should be kept in mind before planning are:
i. Aspect  Sunlight and doors/windows arrangement
ii. Prospect  View that is to be seen from rooms
iii. Privacy  External and Internal Privacy
iv. Grouping  Arrangement of different units one after another correlating with one another
v. Circulation  Internal movement inside the building ( Horizontal – Within same floor and Vertical
within different floor)
vi. Economy  Building should have minimum floor area with maximum utility
vii. Flexibility  Future extension and safety
viii. Roominess  Space of a room (rectangular size is more convenient)
Setting out of Building:
• Before the commencement of the excavation of trenches for foundation, a layout plan is made.
• The process of measuring the building plan at the site and fixing of excavation line of all the walls,
pillars of the plan is called site layout work.

Process of Setting Layout Plan:

• Site clearance is done.
• Details of the foundation trenches and site plan are noted on paper.
• Make the centre line of the longest outer wall of building by stretching a string between wooden
pegs driven into its ends which is then used a reference line marking the center lines of other walls
of the building.
• The center line of the other wall that is perpendicular to the previously made.
• Pegs are driven into all control points of the wall centre lines.
• Check by measuring opposite lengths of corners diagonally if both of the length equals then setting
is ok.
1.7 Moisture & its movement through building components and damp proofing:

• Moisture  Water particles

• Rain water, ground water and water from condensation are major source of moisture.
• Absorption by building material, capillary action in granular materials of various elements, faulty design of
structure, poor workmanship or by the use of defective materials, moisture is transferred.
• Effects of moisture:
a. Efflorescence
b. Plaster cracking
c. Rotting, buckling of timber
d. Corrosion
e. Damages in paints with formation of patches
f. Unhygienic condition
g. Damaging electric fittings, thermal insulating devices, etc.
Forces that move water are:
1. Gravity
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Capillary Action
4. Surface Tension
5. Air Pressure Differentials  inside & outside pressure difference causes flow via microscopic holes
6. Wind Loading
Damp Proofing:
• Application of various materials or membrane that repellents the dampness/moisture.
• Treatment of a surface to retard the absorption of moisture in the absence of hydrostatic pressure.

DPC in buildings

Horizontal DPC Vertical DPC

Basement wall
Plinth
Outer surface of wall
Basement floor
Roof Surface of parapet wall

Parapet wall covers

Methods of Damp Proofing:
1. Membrane damp proofing: Continuous layer of impervious material which is provided in between
source and part of the structure, Ex plastic sheet metal sheet etc
2. Integral damp proofing: Adding the certain component to the concrete to the mortar during the
process of the mixing to make it impermeable by filling the pores through the chemical action.
Compound like chalk
3. Surface treatment: Application of the water repelling layer substances on the surface
4. Cavity wall construction
5. Guniting: Deposition of the layer of rich cement mortar by pressure to exposed surface of wall

Material for DPC:

• Hot Bitumen
• Mastic Asphalt
• Bituminous Asphalt
• Metal Sheets
• Plastic Sheets
• Stones, Mortar, Bricks, Cement Concrete, etc.
Mastic Asphalt

1
2

5
Water Proofing:
• Treatment of a surface to prevent the passage of liquid water in the presence of hydrostatic
pressure.
• Positive side water proofing:
i. Positive side is the same side of the structure as the source of water.
ii. Most effective solution.
• Negative side water proofing:
i. Negative side is the opposite side of the source of water. ( For sub surface water)