Low KaiNing

Name of Candidate: ______________________________ ( 19 ) 2CT

Class: __________

BUKIT PANJANG GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOL

End-of-Year Examination 2023

Secondary 2
G3

GEOGRAPHY Date: 11 October 2023

Duration: 1 h 30 min
Time: 0750 - 0920 hrs

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

Write your name, index number and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen,
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer Question 1.

Section B
Answer Question 2.

Section C
Answer Question 3.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE

Section A Q1 / 10

Section B Q2 / 20

Section C Q3 / 20

Total: / 50

Setter: Mr. Vishal Chand [Turn over]

This paper consists of 13 printed pages.

BLANK PAGE

2
 Section A
Answer all questions.

1 A group of students wanted to investigate if the SAFRA country club served the needs of the
residents in the neighbourhood. They conducted a questionnaire survey with residents at the
country club on a weekday afternoon.

The results of one of the questions in the questionnaire is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Reasons for residents visiting SAFRA

Reasons for visiting country Time/ Number of Residents

club
2pm 4pm 6pm
Dining 10 30 55

Use of recreational facilities 15 33 40

Attend courses 5 10 25

(a) Identify and describe a sampling method that the students could use to select residents for the
questionnaire interview.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
The students could use a random sampling method. That means to collect
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
the data they need at random intervals and find random people to do the
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
questionnaire. It is a fair way of sampling as everyone has an equal chance
of being picked to do the questionnaire. However, the data may not be
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

entirely accurate as the data may converge or concentrate at one point.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

Simple random sampling involves using a random number generator to select

residents randomly.

3
(b) Using Table 1, draw a comparative bar graph in the graph paper below showing residents’
reasons for visiting SAFRA country club at the various timings. [3]

Number of residents selecting their reasons for visiting the country club

55

40

33
30

25

15

10 10

(c) The students came up with the following hypothesis: “More visitors dine in SAFRA
country club later in the day.”

(i) Identify the dependent variable in the hypothesis

The dependent variable is that the number of visitors for each section
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
increased.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

(ii) Using Table 1, explain if the hypothesis is valid.

The hypotheses is valid as it is agreeable with all three reasons for
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
people to visit the country club, as the number of visitors that went there
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
for the various reasons all showed an increase the later into the day it
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
was.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
55 residents visited the country club for dining at 6pm but only 10 residents
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…[2]
dined at the country club at 2pm. 4
(d) Suggest ways the students could improve the reliability of the results.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

The students could give the citizens that did the questionnaire the choice to
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
give their own reasons to visit the country club instead of giving limited
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
reasons and making them choose between them. They could also ask the
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
same number of people each time to make the results more fair.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]

- Conduct the investigation at more time slots

- Conduct the investigation on a weekend

5
 Section B
Answer all questions.

2. (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about the changing land use in Lisbon, an urban
area in Portugal.

Land use in Lisbon, Portugal in 1980 and 2020

Graph for 1980

is missing?

Fig. 1

(i) Using Fig. 1, describe the changes in land use in Lisbon between 1980 and 2020.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The use for community space, commercial and residential increases from
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1980 to 2020. The land are for commercial increased from 14% to 16% from
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1980 to 2020. The percentage of total are for road decreased from 12% to 5%
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
between 1980 to 2020.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………[3]

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(ii) Using Fig. 1, suggest reasons for the changing land use in 2020.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Increase in population so need for more land for residential. More migrations/
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
rural-urban migration so need for more land for residential. Increased demand for
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
community spaces such as playgrounds, community centres to meet needs for
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
the residents. Increased demand for commercial spaces such as shopping
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
centres, shops to meet the needs of residents. Less roads built- due to stable
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
private vehicle population so less land needed for roads/ stable public
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
transportation/ well-planned.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[3]

(b) Explain why access to formal housing in cities is important for people.

Access to formal housing in cities is important to ensure both health and

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
economic stability. Formal housing follows the current safety standards
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
and building codes, which significantly reduces health risks and provides
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
a secure living environment. Formal housing also offers better access to
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
basic amenities and services like water and electricity, and often places
residents in closer proximity to economic opportunities and public
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
resources. This not only improves overall well-being but also enhances
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
economic prospects by providing a foundation for personal and financial
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
growth
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

- Provision of sheltered environment to shield occupants from weather conditions

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
such as rain
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Access to sanitation/ clean drinking water which reduces the outbreak of
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
infectious of diseases through contamination of water or waste
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Access to waster disposal services preventing accumulation of rubbish/ reducing
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
pests
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[4]

7
(c) Study Fig. 2, which shows a type of housing in Quezon City, Philippines.

Housing in Quezon City, Philippines

Fig. 2

With the help of Fig. 2, identify the type of housing and describe its features.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The type of housing shown in figure 2 is informal housing. In formal

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
housing does not have easy access to basic services and amenities. It is
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
built on undesirable and illegal land and is built from lower quality
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
materials compared to formal housing like repurposed zinc sheets and
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
recycled lumber as seen from fig.2 . as informal housing is also temporary
housing. They are also very crammed and hard to navigate.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[4]

8
(d) Explain how improvements to the conditions of slums can help manage housing shortage.

Improving slum conditions can help manage housing shortages by

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
upgrading informal settlements into livable environments. Enhancements
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
in infrastructure and sanitation make better use of existing space and
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
reduce pressure on urban areas. This approach improves residents'
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
quality of life and alleviates the need for new housing developments.
- Occupants are more motivated to invest in their own homes
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Governments so not need to resettle the occupants
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]

(e) Evaluate the effectiveness of including environmentally friendly features in building as a strategy
for sustainable housing.

Incorporating environmentally friendly features in buildings is a

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
strategy for sustainable housing as it significantly reduces energy
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
consumption and operational costs through energy-efficient systems
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
and sustainable materials. However, a disadvantage is that the cost
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
of implementing these technologies can be a barrier for some
developers and homeowners.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 strengths + 2 limitations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Strengths:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Lead to cost savings in the long run-use of solar panels can help reduce electricity
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
bills/ water-efficient fittings can help minimise water consumption hence, leads to
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
reduce water bills
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Use of solar panels offset electrical consumption of common lighting
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[4]
Limitations:
- Often expensive to install
- Many of these features may be perceived as inconvenient for residents who might
not understand its benefits

9
 Section C
Answer all questions.

3 Study Fig. 3, which shows the route a product takes when being delivered from a factory to its
. destination.

Routes that a product takes from factory to destination.

Fig. 3

(a) Using Fig. 3, identify the type of transport system shown and describe its characteristics.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The type of transport use is Hub and Spoke. It connects multiple

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
places together through a common space, called a hub. It is more
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
organised and structured for huge quantities of goods to be
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
transported or moved. However, it may take a longer time for the good
to arrive at the desired destination as it is not a direct route.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The type of transport system shown is intermodel transport. Intermodel connectivity
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
is the seamless movement of passengers and freight using two or more transport
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
modes. Intermodel transport taps on the strengths of each transport mode with the
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
goal of linking different model networks so that more destinations can be reached,
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Intermodel connectivity is key to ensuring that passengers do not get lost and that
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
goods do not go missing while changing between modes at intermodel interchanges
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
or terminals. Careful planning is needed to provide infrastructure support that will
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[5]
ensure smooth connectivity between modes.
10
(b) Explain how transport systems increase carbon footprint.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

More vehicles may be included or needed, hence more carbon monoxide

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
will be produced from the different vehicles used. This causes for a
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
deeper or bigger carbon footprint as more carbon will be produced from
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
the exhaust of the different vehicles used.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

- Carbon footprint is the measure of greenhouse gases emitted to support human

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

activities
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- When petrol is burnt to provide energy, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
gasses are produces which causes increased carbon footprint
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- As cities continue to grow, there will be an increase on the number of vehicles in
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
the road will lead to more greenhouse gasses emitted by vehicles.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- Growing cities will also require more land to be cleared to build transport
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[4]
systems which will reduce the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide

11
(c) Study Fig. 4, which shows the changes in the number of vehicles along a major road over 12
hours.

Changes to the number of vehicles along a major road over 12 hours

Fig. 4

With reference to Fig. 4, explain why traffic congestion may occur at certain times of the day and
suggest how it may affect people.

The traffic congestion spikes during peak hours suck as 10am and
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6pm, where people are commuting and going to and fro between
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
home and their workplace. The number of vehicles are the highest
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e.g. 220 vehicles and bout 15 public vehicles at 10am. This leads to
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
more people using transport vehicles, hence more vehicles will be on
the roads, leading to more congestion at these certain times. This
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
may affect people's mental health as the reduce in productivity can
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
cause frustration and increase stress levels. It also increases noise
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
and light pollution in the area where the traffic congestion occurs,
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
impacting the quality of life of residents living nearby. Longer
travelling times may tire out both drivers and passengers. There is a
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
higher chance of traffic accidents due to the lack of concentration
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
from tired/frustrated drivers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

12
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[5]

(d) Describe how capacity is used to assess quality of transport infrastructure and provide an
example of how it can be measured.
It is brought to mind how many people will use the transport vehicles. This
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
can be measured by using data from other vehicles of the same type and
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
seeing how many people use it in average over a longer period of time.
Number of people or amount of goods can be moved
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- How many passengers can be picked up at the station?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
- How many trucks can use the unloading bay at the same time?
(e) Evaluate the effectiveness of research and development in transport as a strategy to manage
transport systems sustainably.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
It can significantly enhance sustainability in Singapore by fostering
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
innovative solutions like an advanced public transit system and energy-
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
efficient vehicles. This can lead to reduced congestion and lower
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
emissions, improving overall urban survival. However, the high costs of
research and development and the lengthy time required to see tangible
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
results can have significant drawbacks as it will take more time. There
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
may also be challenges in integrating new technologies into existing
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
infrastructure, which can delay benefits and require additional
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
investment.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Strengths:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
- More people are encouraged to take public transport as the widespread availability of
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
information and technology enables better trip planning and facilities sharing rides and
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[4]
vehicles.
- Trip planning mobile applications also provide real-time traffic information on travel time,
costs and possible routes - END OF PAPER -
to take via various transport modes-can shape travel habits and transport choice
- Autonomous vehicles (AVs) may help to reduce accidents and improve road safety
Limitations:
- Inaccurate information of bus arrival timings may cause inconvenience to commuters
- May be costly (e.g. electric vehicles)
- R&D projects can take a long time
- May cause safety issues (e.g. AVs)
13