Drcv`‡bi gvÎv (Scale of Production)

• Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n mgš^q K‡i Drcv`K wewfbœ †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i †h

cwigvY cY¨ ev `ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i Zv‡K e‡jDrcv`‡bi gvÎv|
• †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi g~jab, Rbkw³, hš¿cvwZ, Drcv`‡bi cwigvY, gybvdvi nvi
cÖf…wZ Dcv`v‡bi mgwó‡K e‡jDrcv`‡bi gvÎv|
• Drcv`‡bi gvÎv wewfbœ ai‡Yi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
 AwZ ÿz`ª Drcv`b;  ÿz`ª I gvSvwi Drcv`b;
 e„n`vqZb Drcv`b;  Kvg¨ Drcv`b gvÎv
Kvg¨ Drcv`b Drcv`‡bi †h ¯Í‡i me©wb¤œ e¨‡q m‡e©v”P cwigvY Drcvw`Z nq Zv‡K e‡jKvg¨ Drcv`b
gvÎv gvÎv|
Kvg¨ Drcv`b gvÎvq Drcv`‡bi cwigvYm‡e©v”P nq|
Kvg¨ Drcv`b gvÎvq gybvdvi cwigvYm‡e©v”P nq|
 Kvg¨ Drcv`b gvÎvq e¨‡qi cwigvYme©wb¤œ nq|
gvÎvRwbZ e¨q AwaK GKK Drcv`‡bi Kvi‡Y w¯’i e¨q fvM n‡q GKK cÖwZ e¨q n«vm cvIqv‡K
ms‡KvP e‡jgvÎvRwbZ e¨q ms‡KvP|
Drcv`‡bi gvÎvRwbZ e¨q ms‡KvP ev wgZe¨qx Drcv`b gvÎv wb‡`©k K‡im‡e©vËg
¯Íi‡K|
gvÎvRwbZ e¨q ms‡KvP Gi †ÿ‡Î Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ GKK cÖwZ Drcv`b
e¨qn«vm cvq|
gvÎvRwbZ e¨q ms‡Kv‡Pi AwaK myweav cvqe„nr Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb|
• †h Drcv`b aviYvq Drcv`‡bi gvÎv e„w× Kiv n‡j GKK cÖwZ Drcv`b e¨q n«vm
†c‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K e‡jgvÎvRwbZ e¨q ms‡KvP aviYv ev wgZe¨qx gvÎv aviYv
(Economies of Scale)|
• †h Drcv`b aviYvq Drcv`‡bi gvÎv e„w× Kiv n‡j GKK cÖwZ Drcv`b e¨q e„w×
†c‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K e‡jgvÎvRwbZ AwgZe¨qx Drcv`b gvÎv aviYv
(Diseconomies of Scale)|
• mKj e¨q I mvg_©¨‡K wnmv‡e a‡i †h chv©‡q GKUv c‡Y¨i Mo Drcv`b e¨q me©wb¤œ
nq Zv‡K e‡jDrcv`‡bi Kvg¨ gvÎv|
Questions & Answers:
1. Drcv`‡bi †Kvb ¯Í‡i Drcv`‡bi cwigvY m‡e©v”P nq?

A. Kvg¨ Drcv`b gvÎv B. AwgZe¨qx Drcv`b gvÎv C. evwn¨K Drcv`b gvÎv D. me©wb¤œ Drcv`b
gvÎv

2. wb‡¤œi †Kvb ¯Í‡i Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Mo e¨q e„w× cvq?

A. wgZe¨qx Drcv`b gvÎv B. AwgZe¨qx Drcv`b gvÎv

C. m‡e©v”P Drcv`b gvÎv D. me©wb¤œ Drcv`b gvÎv

3. Drcv`‡bi gvÎv e„w× †c‡j Kx nq?

A. e¨q ms‡KvPb nq B. Drcv`b n«vm cvq C. gybvdv n«vm cvq D. Kg©ms¯’vb n«vm cvq
mvgwóK ch©vq Drcv`b (Production in Macro Level)

• GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZ 1 eQ‡i) †Kvb †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx Ges
we‡`kx bvMwiK KZ…©K Drcv`b mKj cªKvi P‚ovšÍ cY¨ I †mev mvgwMªK evRvi g~‡j¨i
mgwó‡K e‡j†gvU †`kR ev Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b (&GDP-Gross Domestic
product)|
• †`‡ki ¯’vqx †fvM e¨q, A¯’vqx †fvM e¨q, e¨w³MZ Af¨šÍixY wewb‡qvM e¨q Ges miKvwi
e¨q cÖf…wZ wfwË wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nqGDP cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î|
• GKwU †`‡ki GK erm‡ii †gvU †fvM e¨q, wewb‡qvM e¨q, miKvix e¨q Ges bxU ißvbx
†hvM K‡i cvIqv hvq†gvU †`kR Drcv`b (GDP)|
Gross Domestic Product
• GDP wbY©‡qi m~Î:
GDP = C + I + G
†hLv‡b, C = †fvM e¨q (Consumption)
I = wewb‡qvM e¨q (Investment)
G = miKvwi e¨q (†fvM + wewb‡qvM) (Government
expenditure)
Gross National Product
• †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i) †h cwigvY P‚ovšÍ `ªe¨ mvgwMÖ I †mevKg©
Drcvw`Z nq Zvi evRvi g~‡j¨ mgwó‡K e‡j†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP- Gross
National Product)|
• †KejgvÎ P‚ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev AšÍf‚©³ Ki‡Z n‡eGNP Gi †ÿ‡Î|
• †Kvb cÖKvi gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mev _vK‡e bvGNP Gi †ÿ‡Î|
• †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b cwigvc Kiv nq2 wU Dcv‡q| h_v:
 Avq c×wZ  e¨q c×wZ
 Avq c×wZ:
 Av‡qi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b cwigvc Kivi †ÿ‡Î wnmve Kiv nqwewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Avq|
 Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb4wU| h_v: f‚wg, kÖg, g~jab I msMVb|
 Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv †h Avq K‡i Zvi †hvMdjB n‡jv†gvU RvZxq Dcv`vb|
 A_©bxwZi fvlvq f‚wg †_‡K cvIqv hvqLvRbv|
 A_©bxwZi fvlvq kÖg †_‡K cvIqv hvqgRyix|
 A_©bxwZi fvlvq g~jab †_‡K cvIqv hvqmy`|
 A_©bxwZi fvlvq msMVb †_‡K cvIqv hvqgybvdv|
Avq c×wZ:
• G c×wZ‡Z †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b cwigv‡ci m~Î n‡jv:
GNP = R + W + r + p
GLv‡b, GNP †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (Gross National Product- GNP)
R = LvRbv (Rent)
W = gRyix (Wages)
r = my‡`i nvi (Rate of Interest)
p = gybvdv (Profit)
e¨q c×wZ:
• G c×wZ‡Z †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b cwigvc Kivi m~Î n‡jv:
GNP = C + I + G + (X – M)
GLv‡b, GNP †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (Gross National Product)
C = †fvM e¨q (Consumption Expenditure)
I = wewb‡qvM e¨q (Investment Expenditure)
G = miKvwi e¨q (Government Expenditure)
X = ißvwb (Export)
M = Avg`vwb (Import)
 e¨q c×wZ:
 †Kv‡bv †`‡ki GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b †_‡K g~jabx hš¿cvwZi e¨envi RwbZ ÿqÿwZ ev
AePq RwbZ e¨h ev` w`‡q hv Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K e‡jbxU RvZxq Drcv`b (NNP- Net National Product)|
 †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ mviv eQi a‡i e¨envi Kiv nqwewfbœ hš¿cvwZ|
 e¨env‡ii d‡j AePq RwbZ ÿq-ÿwZ nqhš¿cvwZi|
 hš¿cvwZi ÿwZi cwigvY †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b †_‡K ev` w`‡q cvIqv hvqbxU RvZxq Drcv`b|
 bxU RvZxq Drcv`b = †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b – g~ja‡bi AePq ev ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q|
NNP or Net National Product
• †Kv‡bv †`‡ki GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b †_‡K g~jabx
hš¿cvwZi e¨envi RwbZ ÿqÿwZ ev AePq RwbZ e¨h ev` w`‡q hv Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K
e‡jbxU RvZxq Drcv`b (NNP- Net National Product)|
• bxU RvZxq Drcv`b = †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b - g~ja‡bi AePq ev ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q|
NNP = GNP – CCA
GLv‡b, NNP = Net National Production
GNP = Gross Domestic Production
CCA = Capital Consumption Allowance
 RvZxq Av‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ aviYv:
 †gvU †`kR Drcv`b (Gross Domestic Product-GDP)
 bxU †`kR Drcv`b (Net Domestic Product-NDP)
 †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (Gross National Product-GNP)
 bxU RvZxq Drcv`b (Net National Product-NNP)
 evRvi `v‡g RvZxq Avq (National Income at Market Price)
 DcKiY `v‡g RvZxq Avq (National Income at Factor Cost)
 e¨w³MZ Avq (Personal Income-PI)
 e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq (Disposal Income-DI)
 jy°vwqK †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (Missing Gross National Product)
 gv_vwcQz Avq (Per Capital Income)
Per-Capita Income
• GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i) †Kvb †`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Avq‡K †gvU RbmsL¨v
Øviv fvM Ki‡j cvIqv hvqgv_v wcQz Avq (Per Capita Income)|
  RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ:
 RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv nq3 wU c×wZ‡Z| h_v:
c×wZi bvg eY©bv m~Î
Drcv`b c×wZ †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi GKwU †`‡ki mKj e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ cY¨ I †mevi RvZxq Avq = †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b-
evRvi g~j¨B n‡jv RvZxq AvqDrcv`b c×wZ‡Z| g~ja‡bi e¨enviRwbZ GjvDÝ-c‡ivÿ Ki-
†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b †_‡K g~ja‡bi e¨enviRwbZ GjvDÝ, c‡ivÿ Ki, n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv-miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi PjwZ
n¯ÍvšÍwiZ cvIbv, miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi PjwZ DØ„Ë cÖf…wZev` w`‡Z n‡e| DØ„Ë + miKvwi fZz©wK|
†gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ †hvM Ki‡Z nqmiKvwi fZ©ywK|

Avq c×wZ G c×wZ‡Z wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kvb †`‡k cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b wb‡qvwRZ RvZxq Avq = LvRbv + gRywi + my` +
wewfbœ DcKiY KZ…©K AwR©Z Avq †hvM K‡i cwigvc Kiv nqRvZxq gybvdv - n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv|
Avq|
Drcv`‡bi PviwU DcKi‡Yi Avq h_vµ‡g LvRbv, gRywi, my` I gybvdv
†hvM K‡i wba©viY Kiv nqRvZxq Avq|
e¨q c×wZ wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki wewfbœ Lv‡Zi mKj e¨q RvZxq Avq = e¨w³MZ †fvM e¨q + †gvU
†hvM K‡i RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv nqe¨q c×wZ‡Z| Af¨šÍixY †emiKvix wewb‡qvM + bxU
ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM + miKvwi e¨q|
 bxU †`kR Drcv`b wbY©‡qi m~Î:
NDP = †gvU †`kR Drcv`b (GDP) – g~jabx m¤úwËi AePqRwbZ e¨q
(Capital Consupmtion allowance and Depreciation cost)|
 †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b †_‡K g~jab RvZxq m¤ú` ev ¯’vqx m¤ú‡`i
AePqRwbZ e¨q ev` w`‡j hv Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡KB e‡jbxU RvZxq
Drcv`b (Net National Product/NNP)|
 bxU RvZxq Drcv`b wbY©‡qi m~Î:
NNP = GNP – CCA/DC

†hLv‡b, NNP = bxU RvZxq Drcv`b (Net National Product);

GNP = †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (Gross National Product)
CCA = g~ja‡bi ÿqRwbZ e¨q (Capital Consumption
Allowance)
Dc = AePqRwbZ e¨q (Depreciation Cost)
DcKiY `v‡g RvZxq Avq wbY©‡qi m~Î:
DcKiY `v‡g RvZxq Avq = †gvU LvRbv + †gvU gRywi + †gvU my` + †gvU gybvdv|

 DcKiY `v‡g bxU RvZxq Drcv`b wnmve Kivi mgq wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jvi
Dci jÿ ivL‡Z nq-
K. c‡ivÿ Ki (Indirect tax)
L. fZzw© K (Subsidy)
M. n¯ÍvšÍi cvIqv (Transfer payments)
N. miKv‡ii AwR©Z DØ„Ë gybvdv ev Avq (Government surplus)
GK eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki mKj bvMwi‡Ki Av‡qi mgwó‡K e‡je¨w³MZ
Avq(Personal income)|

e¨w³MZ Avq wbY©‡qi m~Î:

PI = NI – (Tc + Uc + Si) + (Tp + In + D)
†hLv‡b, PI = e¨w³MZ Avq (Personal Income);
NI = RvZxq Avq (National Income);
Tc = K‡cv©‡iU Ki (Corporate Tax);
Uc = K‡cv©‡ik‡bi AewÈZ gybvdv (Tax on undistributed profit)
Si = mvgvwRK wbivcËv wegvi Pvu`v (Social Insurance Premium);
Tp = n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv (Transfer Payment);
In = miKvi cÖ`Ë bxU my` (Interest paid by government);
D = jf¨vsk (Dividend)
 RbM‡Yi Avq †_‡K Ki Ges Avbylw½K Ab¨vb¨ LiP ev` w`‡j hv
Aewkó _v‡K ZvB n‡jve¨q‡hvM¨ Avq(Disposable Income)|
 e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq wbY©‡qi m~Î:
DI = PI – T – Oi
†hLv‡b, DI = e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq (Disposable Income);
PI = e¨w³MZ Avq (Personal Income);
T = Ki (Tax);
Oi = Ki Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Avbylw½K e¨q (Other expenditure)
RbM‡Yi †fvM e¨q Gi mv‡_ Zv‡`i mÂq †hvM Ki‡j cvIqv hvqe¨q‡hvM¨ Avq|
†fvM e¨q I mÂq‡K wfwË a‡i wb‡¤œi mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨I e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq wbY©q
Kiv hvq:
DI = C + S
†hLv‡b, e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq (Disposable Income);
DI =
C = †fvM e¨q (Consumption);
S = mÂq (Savings)
 RvZxq Avq MYbvi evB‡i _vKv mKj Avq ev †jb‡`b‡K ejv
nqjy°vwqK/wbiæwÏó †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (Missing gross national product)|