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Evolution

Evolution question pdf

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6 views11 pages

Evolution

Evolution question pdf

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iamshubh2007
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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mca ‘Multiple Choice Questions, 1. The hypothesis that “Life originated existing non-living organic mol by (@) Oparin and Haldane (6) Louis Pasteur (o) SL Miller (@) Hugo de Vties 2, Louis Pasteur demonstrated that (@) early life came from outer space () non-living chen from pre- les was proposed {2020} 020) als produced living molecules (SA. short Answer type Questions 4, Study the diagrammatic representation of S.L. Miller's experiment given below and answer the {questions that follow: Electrodes Tovacuum Spark discharge > water out Condenser ees at 1. Atwhich stage ng selection as giraffes with longer neck lengths are selected further, ( (8) Disruptive selection as giraffes with smaller and longer neck lengths are selected. oa ves (@) Stablsng selection as grates with medium neck lengths are selected. ei 2 (a) Write tw (b) Rearrang 2. How would the gene flow or genetic drift affect the population ther of them happens 10 @) Shrews genet ulation in which eit pa ©) Strom sake @ si = vs Very Short Answer Type Question SA Short Answer Type Questions 5, Explain wth the help of diagrammatic represen : (4) State what do : ates on different at. do'p’ and (©) State Hardy-Weinberg, Sina the 4 -Hlardy- Weinberg principle is stated ou ated inthe following Oh Wasted gcbraie equation, _ rena denote in the uation. ae Principle as indie in You interpret if the value of ee the equation gets deviated? a Explain the three diferent ways in which the natural selection operates ani) LA Long Answer Type Question (5 Marks) 6, State what is disturbance in Hardy-Weinberg ee 5 equilibrium indicative of. Write any four factors that affect the es A Brief Account of Evolution ee) MCQ_ Multiple Choice Questions (Mark) 1. Which one of the following was not present during the Mesoroic Era ofthe geological timescale? (23) (@) Ferns (©) Horsetais| (© Ginkgos ( Boyophytes 2. The first cellular form of life evolved 2m (@) inaie () on land (©) in water envizonment (d) in deep oil VSA Very Short Answer Type Question (2 Marks) 3. Rearrange the following in increasing order of evolution: Ginetales, Ferns, Zosterophyllum, Ginkgo. mK Origin and Evolution of Man MCQ_ Multiple Choice Question : (A Mark) 1. Atwhich stage during evolution, did humans use hides to protect ther bodies and buried thei dead? [2023] (@) Homo habilis (6) Neanderthal man (c) Java man (@) Homo erectus VSA Very Short Answer Type Questions ke feerta) ct snus and Homo habilis. 2. (a) Write two differences between Homo erectus anid were : (@) Rearrange the following from early to late geologic periods: Carboniferous, Sturian, Jurassic. po 3. Mention the evolutionary significance of the following organisms: : on Siem @) Lattin ‘Otome tabs === (@) Homo oecns— vm G8) chaprerwise CSE PY (ilogy)~12 a @ iawn 4 (@) Name the two primate ancestors of the prese day humans, who existed approximately about 15 millon years ago. (6) According to geological records when and i, j (8) Which one of the above (0 had the largest brain size (i) ate fruits? a L@ hee ai sgovelythecior ac? 6 Weite the characteristics 6f Remap (©) Grew dscncesbewecn Homo habs and Dep sd Nanda man a a) 5. (©) Rearrange the lowing in he cont onter at Resrtangs Ramapltheus, Ausalopihc 2 @ ee eed a isiosa arth ETT eet Homo habilis in the order of their evolution on tie 4@ eee arth, Conmentonthelcovhaionaryai Neandertals isralptaccs, Homo rc vn and Home hil aR Assertion and Reason Questions ¢ Inari Flowing gyn conf ro stems Aeron (A) nd Rewon (8) Amer qui | (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion, (©) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (©) Assertion is true but reason is false (@) Assertion is False but reason is tru, he number of white-vinged moths decreased drastically ater industialisation in England. fects of indusrialistion were more marked in rural areas of England 2. Assertion: Homo sapiens have evolved from chimpanzee-tike ancestors. Reason: There is no difference between the two inthe amino acid sequence of the 3. Assertion: Adaptive ability has a genetic basis and is inherited. Reason: Fitness isthe end result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature, (ams) ‘ Protein, eytochrome-c. (203) 7 I) Chemical voation mnt of diverse organic molec 2. (0) Theory of spontaneous seer oe oles fom ine {@) SL. Mier created conditions inlay St ste gti con the earth before ok tia ied ~ Te notte mene le created cndtion sim oratory sale inthe lbp la othe primitive cath ree oratory. lec dicharge mas produced (CH), hydrogen CH, is owaitog sates rane, ied ina closed flask, coming methane, sae (NH) and ammonia and water apo ar The temperature was Kept at 800°C, After week, he observed formation of amin acid Such molecules must have teaced among themsches to form gant, s-repiting molecule form of ite, d experiments on killed yeast wy oroponenam hile sea 7 () The ics inthe closed ask ar meta (CI, He placed killed yeas i to presen ammonia (NF) yrogen Hand water apo at ecckare acme aoe ae ee raced piace ae CSc ttm ee he sme om e-em pel ee existing non-living organic molecules like RNA, ee Ghee tea ee proteins, ete son ng organic moles peste by chemi voution, Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory 1. (@) ~ Charles Darwin's theory is known as Theory of survive more nd are selected by nature natural Natural Selection. section) = Ts salient features include the following ©) Allred Walac, = Any population has built-in variation in ‘Fitness according to Darwin refers uhimately and characteristics. ‘only to reproductive fitness; those who are better fit = Individuals with those characteristics which ina given environment, will leave more progeny than enable some (0 survive better in the natural others. conditions would outbred others, who are "Those individuals with cbaracteristcs that enable less-endowed to survive under such natural them to survive better in the natural conditions, will clea bred other who a lsendned fo uvne = The fitness of individuals, according to Darwin ‘under such conditions refers ultimately and only to repro-ductive The beter individuals wil sri more and ae get led by mature, de. ral eet which = These who are better fit in an environment, according to Darwin, isthe mesbanism = eave more progeny than others; they will reprecededthe formation : (10. Formation of ite wan nese by chemical en that reeled inthe oration of ics ee formation of diverse organic (0) Amino acids (©) The experinent spp ab life from pre-existing non-thing pron preceded by chemical evan TN Poles Louis Pasteur conduc ioxenesis i, origin of ° first What are the Evidences for Evolution? ‘ stemyaxllary bud) developed along different 1. ~ Thoms of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are ( st att an renee " opus and those of mammals or the > They ene result of divergent evolution, an 2 - Eyes Ey eee ee eae ‘evolutionary process in which the same structure wings of butterfly analogous structures, which have resulted from convergent They have no woke fom common ancestor 1th iar hb tat has ese in iar &. ~The forelimbs of whale tof divergent but, horse and humans) are the Fest DDnergent evolution isthe evolutionary process were the same srocture develops along diferent adaptations to diferent needs Thorns of Bougumiea sind tends of Cucurbita are ako homologous structures 4G) (@ Forelimbs of whales and bats and () Thoms of Bowgaimiew and endif Cucurita, (0) They represent divergent evolution. S.(@) (i) Eyes of Octopus and mammal and (4) Tabers of sweet potato and potato, are analogous structures (©) They represent convergent evolution. © ~ @ Forelimis of cheetah and mamma and @) forelimbs of whales and mammals, exhibit divergent evolution They have similar anatomical structures, but developed along diferent directions as adaptations to uiferent needs; they perform diferent functions. = Sweet potato is analogous to potato tubers. = Analogous organs are those organs in different ‘7 0ups of organisms which perform similar function, but are anatomically diferent ~ When sweet potato is x00t modification, potato is stem modification; but both of them are meant for storage of food materials and hence, they are analogous organs. 8. — Homology is hased on divergent evolution ~ Divergent evolution is the evolutionary process in which the same structure develops in different directions in different groups of organisms as adaptations to different needs, Homology indicates common ancestry. ~ Homologous organs are the result of divergent evolution. eg, (@ Tendrilsof Cucurbia and thorns of Bougainvllea ( Forelimbs of man and the wings of birds, 9. (@) Analogous organs (@) Analogous organs (i) Homologous organs ») Homologous organs 10, Industrial Metanism: ~ In Englan, in a collection of moths made in 1850, i. before industrial revolution, there were more ‘white winged moths onthe tree trunks, than the dar winged or melanie moths. ~ In the collection of mots, carried out in the same area after industrial revolution, i. in 1920, there 2 1B, 4, were more darkwinged moths, i hae During the post-ndustialisation peg, —___—__— * Pop, The explanation given for this observation editors wll SPO A Moth apaing 4 peda P rate ond cack withthe nds condition, white-vinged mop san survive as predators could easy sper qa, he darkwinged or lane moths sine it nda hee de vert of the son hit cotoura ge {fcc runks and in hat background thc he ‘moths survived better, the dark-coloured ~ ci spotted und picked up by ther peda Imus cae-the mothe whch weresh gs an hide inthe background survived ang thir population sie through repodnee tern was completely wiped ut : evolution their Comverse in vig anatomically different structures in differen mee” Of ogi evo toward same fen ne habitat Iti thesia habitat that resus he seg Osimiar adaptive fetus in diferent peesee ‘organisms for the same funetion, mi Analogous organs are the res of converge [Link]: Plans (9 Sweet potato tubers (r90t moan nt posato ters (te modication), Animals (0), Flippers of penguins and those of doping Gi) EyesofOetpus and those of mammal (am ow) Analogous organs: Analogous organs are not anatomically similar Structures through they perfrom similar stractures through they perform similar function in diferent 1r0ups of organisms, ‘isthe similar habitat that has resulted in selection of similar adaptive features in different groups o ‘organisms, but towards the same function, Thess of sweet potato (root modification) and tubers of Potato (stem modification), Homologous organs Homologous organs have imiaranatomicalsrtes ‘but perform different functions in different groups of organisms. ; The same anatomical structure has developed it «different directions as adaptations to different needs € forelimbs of bas, cheetah and They ae a result of divergent evolution. Divergent evolution i the evlutinay proses s which anatomically the same structure develops different directions in different groups of oats 4 adaptations to diferent needs. Forelimbs (hands) of man and the wings of bids Paleontology isthe study of fossils. It indicates: (8) the geological time period in which the orgasm existed, . wi no are restricted eimai (2), that new forms of life have genet Spans, times in the history of cars, Pea! M ittereny ite forms hese are the Raa These are th revorzans | = he ar CLUS catccait habia : Stree in Coe nai bl hat ts eat a sroups of Sitcrent groups of ope of Silas adaptive features organisem which | €8ehsms why nt Bo erin - Perform simile jnatorscally > Anthropogenic ation cosa similar, but look hy pues Supertcay habitats Deen ound to enhance ect te Bae convergent mciente PI ———- cele ee ae ngs of butterfly and of birds Mow at ahs see ol (@) Tubers of sweet pot: : = = They are called amet, © 1. Use of DDT tas enited tn oaton of DDT i 0F drugeresistant aaa Most fhe oping were abe ean o DDE eee ence the mosquito population fe aor Se Actress mail of DDTeesstat mosquitoes anthons (O Flipper of penguins sniping Snot fete Wing carne the absence of DDT, these DDTiresitan anes eaten sonnicthal ante my @ Tubers of sweet potato and mee and potato his ian example oe Analogous organs are the result of convergent cane SME atone antopgene oe Anes i, anthropogenic lation 18. Dilferens » teste elution is the evistionary proce, where | Conegent cohen te pungent dire pte devs aloe dferen desionsin| anaumtaly alr sca aie ores sangeet BrO¥Ps of organisms as adaptations io diferent | organisms crave lowards he ane en eat l habitats ~ Al the different structures evolved are homologous |— Such trucures in dierent groups of organs which structures as they all have a similar anatomical structure, | perform similar function bu are atoms der though they perform different functions. are called analogous organs €8 the thor of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbia| eg. the wings of a butterfly and those of bird are are homologous organs as both of them are modified anatomically ciferet, but perform the same function stems, but perform different functions. (ying); ence, they ae said tobe analogous organs. ‘more white-winged moths on the tree trunks, than the dark-winged or melanie moths. ~ In the collection of moths, carried out in the same area after industrial revolution, ic. 19. ~ Divergent evolution is the evolutionary process, where the same structure develops along different directions in different groups of organisms as Adaptations to different needs, i = Alle diferent stuctures evoed are homologs i et et structures, as they all have a rc 7 ae structure though they perform diferent functions, = The explaaatiol given fo . Thomof agape snd endif Cuca ras that predators wil spot a moth against a acs us organs as both of them are modified a is we : ; : et ae an co) ems perform diferent fneions gst wee (a) Industrial Melanism: poecer industrial smoke: i ion of moths made in ~ In England, in a collection of m 1850, te before industrial revolution, there were (G43) craprerte CBSE PYOe (Bolom) ="? ~ 2 ie ithe almost white-coloured lichen atick around He : ‘he dark SSowad mothr were easy ponted and picked {tp by ther predators rd is case, the moths which were able ; age sien he background sed und increased their population size throug! eros Homology refers to similarity inthe basic anatomy of the structures in diferent groups of organisms Faces use oes pests, 7 ns ha eed inh lig ime : ramplcsof wlan ata tion, fe. human actiteg "gg They also indicate that evolutions process in terms of determinism, tag, Ttisa stochastic process based em Ina tonne Palogy refers (0 similarity afeschag at ‘ctres which re dsimiar inthe bags i iffercat groups of orpesims : which may perform different functions Tris the result of divergent evolution i the evolutionary process in which the same structure develops along Aiferent directions in different groups of organisms a8 adaptations to diferent necds eg 1. Plants ‘Thorns of Bougainvllea and tendrils of Cucurbita eg 2 Animals = Forelimbs of cheetah and wings of birds isthe cesult of convergent evolution, pry cvolutionary process in which anatomically Stuctires tn different groups ot Oigaaaaaaam towards the same function in similar habitats eg 1. Plants = Tubers of potato and those of sweet pots 2. Animals ce ~ Wings of a bird and those of butter, “Homology, Le. similarity inthe anatomy in diferent groups of organisms, (animals) indicates that they sae y Analogy indicates that it is the similar habitat that has resulted in the selection/evolution of similar adap features in diferent groups of organisms. (@) Evidences of evolutios: (Evidences from palacontology/fossils. (i) Evidences from embryology (i) Evidences from comparative anatomy. (iv) Evidences trom biogeography. (6) Palacontological evidences. Fossils indicate: (the geological time periodinwhichtheogias existed. (G) that life forms varied overtime and ceil forms are restricted to certain geolgil time spans, (di) that new forms of life have appeared at di times in the history of earth. What is Adaptive Radiation? ( (a) £8 eeiemneeneaiiemny anne leet ials. (any Fs 0 Sede ct dtca et Seem Re iced fem an etal sock bt al wii [Lv in olan foe ea ae 3. ~ Charles Darwin realised that there cai ee tS. ot ae : Varieties of finches in the Galapag ee rocess : conjectured that all the varieties Adan radon ithe proce lS robe on then ine of different species in a giver nm ing 10 ~ He retsoned that after ognatng rom a common ee mens Aancesral seed-ating stock, the finches must hme ae fe were many 08 islands and of the finches ved *. all within the ihren mer ico ape ying ms Pot nd a When more than one ac ‘ . on arpeared Acca mmmalshive woled (adaptive radiation) sc tere abana ae. into a variety of such placental mammals each ot ee hich resembles a corresponding marsupil "isthe similar habia that has resulted incon of ‘similar adaptive earresandhence, the esenblanece Biological Evolution The rie of appearance of new forms i linked wo the emo sora {i due couse of ime, the variant population (ay 8) Microbes have the ability to divide and multiply to So eas een A ante ; “psig ths would happen hin ‘Produce millions of individuals within hours. tis is also = A colony of bacteria (ay A) growing oa given root ne tee nie ses tin vari ms wy Use of pesticides tie DDT against mosquitoes Ulise a food component. has cesuled in mosquito population mt DDE A change inthe competion of the medium wallow rvance wis afer year Nh PP only those individuals who can survive inthe changed For 4 change cout in sh o ow! would ake contition nalion yeas a ther espns ar ingore Mechanism of Evolution 1. ~ According to de Vries, itis mutation, the large diffe ‘minor variations as held by Darwin Mutations are random and dtectionles. ~ He believed that single step large mutation, called satation causes speciation E Darwinian Conese se Vres Cone ~ According o Darwin, speciation coca withthe] ~ Acorn to de Vie, mation ring sun ne accumulation of minor hese aati population, ae responsible fr mints, ~ Bln ws ra and oss teh mbsf | = Fn es aa Step stn eenertions (ataton). = Varia ell decal Siac eet eee rence arising suddenly in a population causes evolution and mat 3. (@) — Darwin did not explain how variations appear a a population ~ Not all variations, as held by Dari, ae inherited by the oping (6) Modern synthetic theory of evolution (also called Neo-Darwinism) (©) According to the modern concept z vicretpvor ation — genetic variations appear in « population through genetic recom = EEShutnn teres ner olng pein of ne ough nner of erage and reproductive isolation lead to speciation of population, which aca oe ets the new popation ho all een becomes a new species, Ps oe me founders an inder effect. a the genetic = L@ 20 41 Zosterophylum, Ferns, Ginkgo, Gnetates, a) 2 @) ~ His brain capacity |~ His brain capaci was 900 was 680.800 ce. - He probably ate|~ He probably did not (&) Silurian > Carboniferous — Jurassic 4. (@)_ The frst mammals were like shrews; their fossils are small in size. (©) Lobefin are the ancestors of modern day frogs and salamanders. (0) Homo habilis were the human-like hominid, with a brain capacity of about 650-800 ce. (d) The fossils of Homo erectus were discovered if Java in 1891; they lived about 1.5 mya and has a brain capacity of about 900 ce. 4 (@)_ Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus (6) ~Two million years ago ~ East African grasslands = His brain capacity |~ His brain capacity ‘was 900 ce. He probably ate meat. 1 (©) Asertion is trae but reason is fase. : 2 (@) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the + ©) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not Origin and Evolution of Man §. (@) Australopitheeus —» Homo habilis —> Homo ‘recta > Neanderthals ©) Neanderthals i) Ausralopithecus 6 Ramapithcus ~ They were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees, ~ They were more mar-ike compared to Dnopiheas. Drropithecus ~ They were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. ~ They were more ape-tke Neanderthal man ~ He had a brain capacity of 1400 cc. ~ He used hides to protest the body = He buried the dead 7. Ramapithecus -> Australopithecus -> Homo habs Ramapthecus = They were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. Australopithecus = They hunted with stone weapons. = They ate mainly fruits. Homo habilis — They had a brain capacity of 650-800 They probably did not eat meat,

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