GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, BEED

Department of electronics and communication

COURSE: EST/22447

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Micro-project entitled "Natural

Resources" being submitted here with for the award of
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD &
TECHNICAL EDUCATION (MSBTE) is the result of Micro-
project work completed by under the supervision and
guidance of Mr. Abdul Sir. It is to the best of my
knowledge and belief that the work embodied in this
Micro- project has not formed earlier the basis for the
award of any degree or diploma of this or any other
Board or examining body.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude

towards a dynamic person and my project guidance,
Mr. Abdul sir. Department of ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION Government Polytechnic, Beed for
giving me an opportunity to work on an interesting
topic over one semester. The work presented here
could not have been accomplished without his most
competent and inspiring guidance, incessant
encouragement, constructive criticism and constant
motivation during all phases of our group Micro-project
work. I am highly indebted to him.

I am very much thankful to Prof. Lohokare sir, Head

Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION.
The Principal of Government Polytechnic, Beed for his
encouragement and providing me a motivating
environment and project facilities in the Institute to
carry out experiments and complete this Micro-project
work. I would like to extend my thanks to all our
professors, staff members and all our friends who
extended their co-operation to complete the project. I
am indeed indebted to my parents and other family
members for their immense help at all levels with
moral, social & financial support, care and support
throughout my studies without which my work would
not have seen light of the day
 INDEX

1. WHAT IS NATURALS RESOURCES

2. IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
3. TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES
4. FOREST RESOURCES
5. SOIL/LAND RESOURCES
6. MINERAL RESOURCES
7. WATER RESOURCES
 What are natural resources?

Natural resources are the raw materials and sources of

energy that we use. Petrol, metals, soil, sand, wind,
water, and everything in between are natural
resources. Manufactured items such as plastic, sheet
metal, fabrics, microchips, electricity and concrete are
not natural resources, but are most definitely derived
from natural resources.
 Importance of natural and the need to
conserve them:

1. Nature helps to maintain the environmental balance

and satisfy the needs to the fullest.
2. A wide range of industrial material and biological
material from plant and animal, directly or indirectly
are used in production and in the manufacturing of
medicine.
3. Resource are known as capital converted to
commodity inputs to infrastructural capital processes.
4. These are the "3R Concept" 3R means "REDUCE",
"REUSE" and "RECYCLE". An example is papers, our
used papers will reuse by recycling it and turn it into a
new paper product.
5. Resources are important for the development of any
country. For example, to generate energy, one need
fossil fuels; and for industrial development, we require
mineral resources.
6. Irrational consumption and over utilization of natural
resources has led to socio-economic and environmental
problems.
7. Natural resources are available in fixed quantity and
they are non - renewable.
8. Natural resources are getting scarce with the
increasing population, so it is essential to conserve
them. This empowers us as well as our future
generation to utilize the natural resources to the full
extent .
9. It takes millions of year for the formation of natural
resources.
10. They play a vital role in the economic development
of the country by enriching agriculture, trade, imports
and exports, etc.

Type Of Natural Resources

[Link] Natural Resources

[Link]/Soil Natural Resources
[Link] Natural Resources
[Link] Natural Resources
[Link] Natural Resources
[Link] Natural Resources
 [Link] Natural Resources

Forests provide an array of benefits to human societies

above and beyond their pivotal roles as habitat and
environmental regulators in natural ecosystems. These
benefits are often described as resources that people
can draw upon for fuel, lumber, and recreational or
commercial purposes. The perception that forests
provide resources for people has been a prominent
factor in spurring efforts to preserve forests. The signs
that welcome traveling tourists at the entrances of the
White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire read
"Entering the White Mountain National Forest: land of
many uses." When the U.S. government set up the
National Forest system, it was eager to communicate
that the land was not simply being taken out of
commercial development; rather, there were many
practical and productive reasons for preserving these
woods.
Deforestation and forest degradation can happen
quickly, such as when a forest is clear-cut to make way
for a palm oil plantation or a new settlement. It can also
happen gradually as a result of ongoing forest
degradation as temperatures rise due to climate
change caused by human activity.

The most common pressures causing deforestation and

severe forest degradation are agriculture,
unsustainable forest management, mining,
infrastructure projects and increased fire incidence and
intensity

 Causes of deforestation and forest

degradation
Forest fires: Each year, fires burn millions of hectares of
forest worldwide. Fires are a part of nature but
degraded forests are particularly vulnerable. These
include heavily logged rainforests, forests on peat soils,
or where forest fires have been suppressed for years
allowing unnatural accumulation of vegetation that
makes the fire burn more intensely. The resulting loss
has wide-reaching consequences on biodiversity,
climate, and the economy

Mining: The impact of mining on tropical forests is

growing due to rising demand and high mineral prices.
Mining projects are often accompanied by major
infrastructure construction, such as roads, railway lines
and power stations, putting further pressure on forests
and freshwater ecosystems.
Climate change: Forest loss is both a cause and an
effect of our changing climate. Climate change can
damage forests, for instance by drying out tropical
rainforests and increasing fire damage in boreal forest
Inside forests, climate change is already harming
biodiversity, a threat that is likely to increase.

 How can Deforestation be Controlled ?

Role of Governments and other Administrative
Authorities The following strategies can be
implemented by governments to combat deforestation:
 Implementation of security measures and strict
laws to prevent illegal logging.
 Increasing the count and range of forests under
government protection.

 Carefully planning the construction of

infrastructure (roads, dams, etc.) in order to
minimize the loss of forest area.
 Investing in new technologies in the agricultural
industry (such as hydroponics) and helping
farmers implement eco-friendly agricultural
practices (such as cyclic agriculture).
Facilitating the production and use of wood alternatives
to reduce the demand for timber. For example, bamboo
can serve as an alternative to wood fuel.
 Investing in forest plantations -forests planted with
high yielding trees can offer 5 -10 times the output
(per hectare) of a natural forest.

[Link] Natural Resources

 Introduction
The coverage of Earth's surface with soil varies from
place to place. Tropical forests have thin soils that are
poor in nutrients, while grasslands in temperate regions
have soils that are rich and well able to support crops.
There are several different classes of soil depending on
how the soil is formed and where it is located. An
understanding of which class of soil is found in a
particular location is an important foundation to
obtaining successful crop yields. Soil resources need
conserving as much as water resources do. Erosion is
the key process by which soil is created from rock and
destroyed. Wind and rain are the main factors that
cause erosion of soil from agricultural areas, possibly
converting them into new desert. Some modern
agricultural practices leave soil exposed to the
elements and thereby risk loss of long-term
productivity because of soil erosion.

 Causes of Soil Depletion

The main causes of soil depletion are the

accumulation of pathogenic mi croorganisms
(fungi, bacteria, viruses) that inhibit the growth of
certain plants by their secretions or by infesting
the roots development of pests and weeds, and soil
exhaustion. Some other causes are given below-
1. Loss of top soil by erosion: This is the removal of the
topmost soil by either water or wind. When the topmost
soil is taken away, it exposes the layer beneath for
further loss, as nutrients are taken away as the
topmost soil is removed.
2. Nutrient Leaching: It is the leaching of nutrients deep
down the soil by water draining down the soil. This
leads to displacement of nutrients be yond the reach of
roots of plants.
3. Continuous cropping: It is the continuous cultivation
of crops on the same piece of land without allowing the
land to fallow. This over exploit at ion and excessive
use of nutrients in the soil leads to their depletion
eventually.
4. Flooding and excessive irrigation: This leads to
excessive water present on land. Excess water drains
away nutrients from the soil rendering its deficient.
5. Crop removal: some crops offer some form of
protection for soil against soil erosion and evaporation
which might otherwise lead to loss of soil nutrients and
water.
6. Soil pollution: Soil pollution caused by indiscriminate
use of agro chemicals and heavy metals reduces
fertility of soil by affecting the soil biological properties.
The growth of useful soil organisms is adversely
affected which eventually causes a decline in biological
soil fertility.
1. Bring back the trees Without plant and tree cover,
erosion happens much more easily. Sustainable
forest management efforts and reforestation
schemes are key to combating soil degradation.
Deforestation in Paraguay is thought to have been
reduced by 65 per cent within two years of the
enactment of its 2004 Zero Deforestation Law -
though it remains a huge problem in the country.

2. Stop or limit sloughing Pockets of farmers around

the world -from Kenya to the Cotswold’s -are
experimenting with zero-tillage, also known as
conservation agriculture. Efforts center around
ensuring no bare soil is exposed, with 'cover crops'
planted directly after harvest. These protect the
soil while returning nutrients and plant matter too.
In warm climates, they also preserve moisture.

3. Leave land alone Leaving more land alone, despite

the challenges of a growing population, is another
solution to soil degradation: it takes around 500
years for just 2.5cm of topsoil to be created.
Taking land out of production would allow soil
carbon to rebuild and become stable. Experts
suggest rotating pastured land used by the meat
and dairy industries so less is being used at once.
 [Link] Natural Resources

Minerals are naturally occurring elements or

compounds that have been formed through slow
inorganic processes. Modern civilization is based on the
use and exploitation of mineral resources. Minerals can
be metallic and non-metallic. Minerals are not evenly
distributed in the Earth. Some countries are rich in
mineral deposits whereas others are devoid of it. Use of
mineral resources is an integral part and one of the key
premises of development worldwide. With rapid
increase in population and a more rapid increase in
society's development needs, the requirements for
minerals have grown and diversified manifold.
Extraction of minerals is carried out through mining.
Minerals are extracted from beneath the surface,
processed, and used for different purposes.
[Link] resources

however, are exhaustible and finite, which means

excessive use may affect their availability in the
future. What causes mineral deficiency?
 One major cause of mineral deficiency is simply
not getting enough essential minerals from food or
supplements.
 There are different types of diets that might result
in this deficiency. A poor diet that relies on junk
food, or a diet that lacks adequate fruits and
vegetables can be possible causes.
 Alternately, a very low-calorie diet may produce
this deficiency. This includes people in weight-loss
programs or with eating disorders. Older adults
with poor appetites may also not get enough
calories or nutrients in their diet.
Difficulty with digestion of food or absorption of
nutrients can result in mineral deficiency. Potential
causes of these difficulties include:
o diseases of the liver, gallbladder, intestine,
pancreas, or kidney
o surgery of the digestive tract
o chronic alcoholism
o medications such as antacids, antibiotics,
laxatives, and di

[Link] Natural Resources

Water resources are natural resources of water that are

potentially useful for humans,
[1]for example as a source of drinking water supply or
irrigation water. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt
water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly
over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice
caps.
[2]The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly
as groundwater, with only a small fraction present
above ground or in the air.
[3]Natural sources of fresh water include surface water,
under river flow, groundwater and frozen water.
Artificial sources of fresh water can include treated
wastewater (wastewater reuse) and desalinated
seawater. Human uses of water resources include
agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and
environment al activities.
Water resources are under threat from water scarcity,
water pollution, water conflict and climate change.
Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's
supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing, with
depletion occurring most prominently in Asia, South
America and North America, although it is still unclear
how much natural renewal balances this usage, and
whether ecosystems are threatened..

 Causes of water resources

Misuse of water resources at individual and various
other level is the biggest problem.
1)Waste and by product from industries are polluting
not only surface water but underground water as well.
2)Disposal of municipal waste in rivers and nearby
ponds also causes major loss of pure water.
3)Assimilation of agricultural waste ,pesticides,
fertilizers, etc. in surface water disable use of water.
  Solution of prevent water depletion
Water issues may be resolved or controlled by
conversion , replenishment and by and by finding new
source.
Rain water harvesting is gaining momentum now a
days in various parts of country like Rajasthan , Delhi,
Haryana etc. In Mumbai housing societies are using this
technique to preserve rain water for maintaining parks
and general cleaning purpose .e.g. recently developed
project at Shivaji park, Mumbai. New source may
include desalination of older ponds and well, though
this option is very expensive and impractical for many
location.
THANK YOU!