BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

herbs
1five kingdom shrubs
classification plants trees
2 sailent features of Aristotle's classification
monera protista and
fungi animals
3 major groups earliest attempt a more
anaima
lichens, viruses,
viroids scientific basis for enaima
classification.

2 kingdom class.
prokayotes and eukaryotes in same
kingdom under plantae on basis of
linnaeus [1758] presence of cell wall

different cell wall composition and

in same kingdom plantae.
"fungi have chitinious cell wall while prokaryotes [ bacteria,
plantae Animalia green plant have cellulosic cell wall" cyanobacteria]
eukaryotes
[fungi,mosses,fern,gymno,
angio]

3 k class.

4 k class. ernst haeckel[1866]

copeland[1956]
protista plantae animalia
[uni.,euk.]
monera[mychota] protista plantae animalia
[prok.]

it is bsed on :
5 k class.. cell structure
thallus organisation
R.H whittaker mode of nutrition
reproduction
phylogenetic relation
monera protista fungi plantae animalia
[multi. euk.]

6 k class.[ 3 domains of life]

by carl woese

domain archea domain bacteris domain eukarya

include single k of include single k include 4 eukaryotic k

archeabacteria bacteria

kingdom monera:
sole members are bacteria.
extreme habitat - hot spring, desert,
PLANT KINDOM:
oceans deep [acheabacteria]
'OMNIPRESENT'[everywhere]
'COSMOPOLITAN' IN NATURE[xtreme uni. euk. euk. chlorophyll containaing
well defined nucleus
cellulosic cell wall ANIMAL KINGDOM:
condition surrvivle]
'shape of bacteria'- coccus , bacillus,
vibrium, spirillum some have flagella or cillia
partial heterotrophs[insectivorous like multi. heterotrophic, euk.
nutrition- some autotrophic[ food from
inorganic substances] mainly
primarily aquatic
heterotrophic [ depend on other reproduce asxually and sexually [ cell
organism or on dead organic matter]
fusion & zygote formation] SLIME MOULDS: bladderwort &venus fytrap or parasite like directly or indirectly depend on plants for food
ARCHAEBACTERIA: autotrophs , symbionts, heterotrophs saprophytic
1 most harsh habitat
2 extreme salty areas heterogenous group because "boundries no cell wall
body move along decaying twigs and
cascuta] holozoic ,ode of nutrition [by ingestion of food]
[halophiles] of this kingdom is not well defined"
3 hot springs[thermoacidophiles]
4 marshy areas and gut of includes:
leaves and engulf organic material .
under suitable medium they
plantae includes: reserved food as glycogen or fat
ruminant animals
chrysophytes, dinoflagellates,
[methanogens]
5 diff. cell wall structure for euglenoids, slime moulds, protozoans
aggregate to form plasmodium.
under unfavorable condition they algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymno, definite pattern of growth into a definite size
diffrentiate into frutting bodies.
angio
survival in extreme habitat

EUBACTERIA:
CHRYSOPHYTES
freshwater/ marine environment higher animals show sensory and neuromotor
1rigid cell wall microscopic[float passively in water current]
life cycle has 2 phase:diploid sporophyteic
2 flagella [if motile]
3autotrophes[chemosynthetic and
also called "plankton"
mechanism.
and haploid [Link] are alternate
most of them are photosynthetic
photosynthetic] heterotrophs includes:
4 term bacteria by EHRENBURG
5 germ theory of diesease by LOUIS
diatoms and golden algae EUGLENOIDS: PROTOZOANS:
capable of locomotion[most]
PASTEUR
DIATOMS
silicaceous cell wall from thin overlapping
no cell wall heterotrophs
with each other this is ALTERATION OF
sexual repro. is by copulation followed by
6 father of bacteriology mainly fresh water organism found in stagnent some time predaters and some time as
shell [Link] rich coating instead of cell wall
LEEUWENHOEK parasites
nutrition:
left behind cell wall deposites over billons of
years- DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
called "pellicle". for flexibility primitive relative of animals GENERATION.
embryological development.
a] photosynthetic autotrophs
[cynobacteria] chief producers in the oceans
2 flagella - short and long four groups :

reproduction:
they have chlorophyll a similar to
green plants.
unicellular,colonial , filamentous
photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight in
the absence of sunlight they behave as
ameboid protozoans[presence of
pseudopodia] ex - amoeba,entamoeba in diff. plant groups length of diploid and
Under unfavourable condition and fresh water /marine heterotrophs by predating on some smaller cilliated protozoans [presence of cillia]ex-
they produce SPORES
Mainly reproduce by FISSION
some short of sexual
colonies surrounded with gelatinous
sheath.
specialised cell HETEROCYST for N2
DINOFLAGELLATES
marine and pohotosynthetic
organism
pigments are indenticle to higher plants
paramecium
flagellated protozoans[presence of flagella,
haploid phases is varied. these phases are free
living or dependent on other.
reproduction [DNA transfer] fixation
appears red, yellow , green based on the eg EUGLEN [ connecting link between plants free living parasite] ex-trypanosoma
from one bacteria to another.
b] chemoautotrophic
pigment in their cells and animals] sporozoans[infectous spores] ex -
oxidise inorganic
subsances such as stiff cellulose plates plasmodium
nitrates,nitrites & ammonia 2 flagella- longitudinally
and use released energy for
Salmonella typhi ATP production.
- transversally
MYCOPLASMAS[PPLO] help in recycling nutrients RED DINOFLAGELLATES[GONYEULAX]
pleuro pneumonia like organism double stranded dna like N2, P ,S,Fe
undergoes rapid multi plication
smallest living cell have ribosome which c] heterotrophs
so that the see appears red [red tides]
most abundant
no cell wall translate info. from dna majority imp.
release toxins which kill marine animals
decomposers
surrvive without o2 dna is composed of sugar,
0.1 micron bases &phosphate groups.
many are pathogenic multiple flagella
outer layer glycocalyx
capsule
cell wall
plasma membrane
no nucleus
prokaryotic cell
naked nuclus [nucloid]
no membrane bound cell
organele

KINGDOM FUNGI fungi

heterotrophic phycomycetes ascomycetes basidomycetes deuteromycetes
important topic:
*VIRUSES: not truely living
multi[loose tissue]euk. [lower fungi]
aquatic habitats
moist&damp place
includes mushroom, bracket fungi or puffballs.
grow in soil, wooden log, living plant as
parasite[eg. rust and smuts] [imperfect fungi]
becoz only asexual or vegetative [Link] not included in any kingdom
cosmopoliton
obligate parasites on plants myecilium branched , septate
asexual: spores not found stage are placed under another class when the
coenocytic mycelium
asexual reproduction[ motile zoospores
vegetative reproduction: fragmentation
sex organ absent
perfect stage of these fungi were disscovered
[in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes] non cellular
or by non motile aplanospores] plasmogamy occurs by fusion of 2 vegetative

grow in warm and humid places e.g bread inert crystline structure outside the living cell
or somatic cells of diff. genotype The asexual and vegetative stage is placed
sexual [ zygospores formed by fusion of 2 under class deuteromycetes.
dikaryotic resultant structure
gametes] which give rise to [Link] and

obligate parasite [NEET 2019]

these gametes can be isogamous or meiosis take place producing 4 basidiospores *reproduce only by asexual spores [conidia]
*mycelium is septate and branched

moulds,orange rots, toadstools, mushroom

anisogamous or oogamous ; these are produce exogenously on basidum
basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called *saprophytes or parasites
endogenously produced in sporangium majority are decomposers and help in mineral
basidiocarps eg. mushroom, rust fungu,s smut
eg. mucor, phizopus and albugo . cycle
*eg. alternaria, colletotrichum, trichoderma

some source of antibiotics [Link] [sac fungi]

take over machienery of host body and replicate themselves, killing the host.
some are parasitic
rarelu unicellular eg saccharomyces and
mostly muti. eg. penicillium
mycelim septate and branced
connecting link btwn living and non living.
saprophytic,parasite,coprophilous[growing
ondung] IVANOWSKY disscovered virus via mociac disease of tobacoo caused by certain microbs . they were smaller than bacteria as they pass
some uni. fungi eg yeast are used to make asexual by conidia produced exogenously on
the special myecilium conidiophores.
sexual by ascospores endogenously in sac like
asci the asci are arrang ed in diff. types of
through bacteria proof filters.
bread and beer beijerinek demonstrated that extract of infected tobacoo plants cause infection to healthy plants and called
fruiting body called ascospores.
eg aspergillus, claviceps , neurospora.
neurospora used in biochemical and genetic

the fluid extract CONTAGIUM VIVUM FLUIDUM[infectous living fluid]

work, morels and truffers are edible. yeast

cause diseases in plants and animals eg

used to make bread and beer.

wheat rust causing puccinia WM STANLEY showed that virus can be crystallised and crytal consist largly of proteins.
except yeast fungi are filamentous its a nucloprotein. it has protein coat [viral envelope/capsid] and either RNA or DNA [not both]
genetic material make them cause infection.
body consist of long, slender thread like
structures called hyphae and network of generally, the virus which infect plant they have ss RNA and those infect animals have ss OR ds RNA or ds DNA. and those who infect
hyphae is kn as [Link] hyphae- bacteria have ds DNA.

some hyphae are continues tubes with capsid is made of small subunits [capsomeres] which protects nucleic acid. capsomeres are arrangement in hellicle or polyhedral
multinucleated cytoplasm . geometric forms.
septate- cross walls in their hyphae. SEXUAL CYCLE:
DISEASES:
cell wall - chitin +polysaccharides plasmogamy: fusion of
* mumps, small pox, herpes, influenza &AIDS.
protoplasm btwn 2 motile
most are saprophytes *in plants, mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling , yellowing , vein clearing, dwafing and stunted [Link]
or non motile gametes.
some are parasites
karyogamy: fusuion of 2
some live as symbionts eg. nuclei *VIROIDS:
lichens[fungi+algea], mycorrhiza[fungi+root of meiosis:zygote give rise to infectious agent , free low molecular weight RNA and no protein coat
smaller than virus
higher plants] haploid sporesl [Link] discovered it.
he found that it cause potato spindle tuber disease.
reproduction:
sexual reproduction in fungi": *prions:
vegetative propagation: fragmentation, fission 2 haploid hyphae fuse

and budding. results in diploid cells[2n] imidiately infectious proteinaceaous agent

asexual; by spores such as conidia,
In ascomycetes and basidomycetes notable disease caused by prions : BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY[BSE] commonly called mad cow dissease.
sporangiospores,zoospores dikaryophase[n+n;2nuclei /cell] Cr jacob disease in humans is analogous to BSE.
sexual:oospores, basidospores,ascospores. later parental nuclei fuse to become
* LICHENS:
symbiotic association btwn fungi and algae.
thhey are produced in distinct structure called diploid
algeal component is called [phycobiont] autotrophic and fungal component is mycobiont[heterotroh]
fuiting bodies. formation of fruiting body in which good polluion indicator. they dont grow in polluted areas [senstive to SO2
meosis occurs and haploid spores they are peioneer to xerarch succesion.
result.