SEXUAL
16.2 REPRODUCTION
CHAPTER 16
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
CONTENTS
13 Excretion in humans
13.1 Excretion in humans
14 Coordination and response
14.1 Coordination and response
14.2 Sense organs
14.3 Hormones
14.4 Homeostasis
14.5 Tropic responses
15 Drugs
15.1 Drugs
16 Reproduction
16.1 Asexual reproduction
16.2 Sexual reproduction
16.3 Sexual reproduction in plants
16.4 Sexual reproduction in humans
16.5 Sexual hormones in humans
16.6 Sexually transmitted diseases
17 Inheritance
17.1 Chromosomes, genes and proteins
17.2 Mitosis
17.3 Meiosis
17.4 Monohybrid inheritance
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
CORE
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
• a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are
genetically different from each other
Fertilisation
• the fusion of the nuclei of gametes
GAMETE GAMETE ZYGOTE
fertilisation
gametes are sex cells
CORE
The gametes are sperm and eggs (ova) in humans and pollen grains and ovules in flowering plants
(see 16.3-16.4)
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
EXTENDED
Sexual reproduction
Haploid
• a haploid nucleus is one that contains a single set of chromosomes
• the nuclei of gametes are haploid
Diploid
• a diploid nucleus is one that contains two sets of chromosomes
• the nucleus of a zygote is diploid
HAPLOID HAPLOID DIPLOID
GAMETE GAMETE ZYGOTE
fertilisation
23 chromosomes 23 chromosomes 46 chromosomes
EXTENDED
Chromosomes are the structures within the nuclei of cells that contain the organism’s genetic
information (see ch 17)
EXTENDED
Normal human cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Some organisms have more and others have less.
EXTENDED
When gametes are produced (see meiosis, ch 17), the number of chromosomes
in the nucleus of each sex cell is halved. These cells are known as haploid cells.
EXTENDED
During fertilisation, two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote
EXTENDED
The zygote contains two complete sets of chromosomes (one from the mother and one from the father)
EXTENDED
Core
You need to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
EXTENDED
Sexual reproduction
Advantages
• higher genetic variability
• better adaptation to a changing or fluctuating environment
• dispersal of seeds in plants reduces competition and allows plants to colonise new areas
• new crop varieties are produced by selective breeding
Genetic variability increases the likelihood that a population of a species will adapt and survive in a new or changing environment (e.g.
drought, flooding, new disease, new predator)
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
EXTENDED
Sexual reproduction
Advantages
• higher genetic variability
• better adaptation to a changing or fluctuating environment
• dispersal of seeds in plants reduces competition and allows plants to colonise new areas
• new crop varieties are produced by selective breeding
A new disease is less likely to infect an entire population (due to variation)
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
EXTENDED
Sexual reproduction
Advantages
• higher genetic variability
• better adaptation to a changing or fluctuating environment
• dispersal of seeds in plants reduces competition and allows plants to colonise new areas
• new crop varieties are produced by selective breeding
The seeds produced by sexual reproduction are often dispersed over This allows plants to colonise new habitats and reduces competition
a wide area for resources
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
EXTENDED
Sexual reproduction
Advantages
• higher genetic variability
• better adaptation to a changing or fluctuating environment
• dispersal of seeds in plants reduces competition and allows plants to colonise new areas
• new crop varieties are produced by selective breeding
Sexual reproduction enables a practice called selective breeding (see Two organisms with different characteristics are cross-bred to
18.3) produce offspring with a new and desirable combination of traits
EXTENDED
Selective breeding is used to produce crop plants with desirable characteristics (e.g. yield, flavour,
appearance, disease-resistance)
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
EXTENDED
Sexual reproduction
Disadvantages
• energetically costly
• time to locate mating partner
• there may be no available mates or pollinators nearby
• growth of plants from a seed to maturity is slow
The production of gametes is both energetically costly and time Pollination of flowing plants and mating by animals takes time
consuming
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
EXTENDED
Sexual reproduction
Disadvantages
• energetically costly
• time to locate mating partner
• there may be no available mates or pollinators nearby
• growth of plants from a seed to maturity is slow
Mating options may be limited, restricting population growth Many flowering plants rely on pollinators to reproduce sexually
Chapter 16 - Reproduction 16.2 - Sexual reproduction
EXTENDED
Sexual reproduction
Disadvantages
• energetically costly
• time to locate mating partner
• there may be no available mates or pollinators nearby
• growth of plants from a seed to maturity is slow
Vegetative propagation (asexual reproduction) Seeds contain only a small amount of stored food, reducing chances
is a quicker, more energy efficient way of producing crop plants of survival in the wild