Añaden una negación a la frase anteriormente mencionada, una frase opuesta a la otra.

Por ejemplo: but,

however, yet, still, instead, on the contrary.

but - pero
however - sin embargo
nonetheless / nevertheless - sin embargo
yet / even so - sin embargo, aun así
still - sin embargo
instead - en su lugar, en lugar de ello
on the contrary - por el contrario

but - pero

 He spoke clearly, but I didn't understand him.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She saw me, but she didn't recognize me.
__________________________________________________________________________________

however - sin embargo

 They were not having fun; however they stayed until the party was over.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 He doesn't study much; however he gets good grades at school.
__________________________________________________________________________________

nonetheless / nevertheless - sin embargo

 It was very stormy; nevertheless we went fishing.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She had no experience; nonetheless she got the job.
__________________________________________________________________________________

yet / even so - sin embargo, aun así

 He was a very good swimmer; even so, he drowned.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 He wanted to reply to that accusation, yet he didn't.
__________________________________________________________________________________

still - sin embargo

 Jack didn't study for the test; still he managed to pass it.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 He can not speak very well; still he understands everything.
__________________________________________________________________________________

instead - en su lugar, en lugar de ello

  I was invited to a party on Saturday, but went to bed instead.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 I am not going out tonight. Instead, I will stay home and cook something.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Los conectores copulativos son aquellos que unen algo a lo ya mencionado. Algunos de ellos son: and / not

only ... but also ... / both ... and .../ no sooner ... than.

and - y
not only...but also... - no solo...sino también...
not only...but...as well - no solo...sino...también
both...and... - tanto...como... / ambas cosas
no sooner...than... - apenas...cuando...

and - y

 He played the guitar and sang wonderful songs.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 It is hard for a student to work and study at the same time.
__________________________________________________________________________________

not only...but also... - no solo...sino también...

 Mary plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 Not only is Sally disappointed at her brother but also angry at his remarks.
__________________________________________________________________________________

not only...but...as well - no solo...sino...también

 She is not only beautiful but very intelligent as well.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Mary and Bill not only argued, but shouted at each other as well.
__________________________________________________________________________________.

both...and... - tanto...como... / ambas cosas

 Many politicians desire both money and power.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Bill wants both to earn more money and to work less.
__________________________________________________________________________________

no sooner...than... - apenas...cuando...
  The baker had no sooner turned off the oven than
the last customers arrived.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 I had no sooner gotten into the bathtub than the telephone rang.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Indican elección, separan o diferencian dos términos. En inglés, algunos de ellos son: or, either ... or .../

neither ... nor .../else / otherwise.

or - o
either...or... - o...o...
neither...nor... - no...ni...
whether...or... - si...o...
or else... - o sino...
otherwise - de otro modo

or - o

 We'd better leave right now or we'll miss our bus.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Can you do that by yourself, or you need my help?
__________________________________________________________________________________

either...or... - o...o...

 Either you shut your mouth and listen or you leave the class.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 That clerk is either incompetent or too lazy to be efficient.
__________________________________________________________________________________

neither...nor... - no...ni...

 The musician neither played the piano well nor sang good songs.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 Jack neither wrote nor telephoned.
__________________________________________________________________________________

whether...or... - si...o...

 We must decide whether to go there today or tomorrow.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Mary wondered whether to travel or to stay and save the money.
__________________________________________________________________________________
or else... - o sino...

 We have to hurry up, or else we'll miss our bus.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 You have to pay the rent of the house, or else you will be evicted.
__________________________________________________________________________________

otherwise - de otro modo

 You'll have to hurry up, otherwise you'll be late.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Leave right now, otherwise you'll be caught.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Son aquellos que indican condición para la realización de algo. Algunos de ellos son: if, whether, unless,

provided, as long as, in case, in case of.

if - si
whether - si
unless - a menos que
provided / providing - siempre que, mientras
as long as - siempre que, mientras
in case - en caso de que

if - si

 If I see him, I'll give him the message.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 What shall we do, if they don't accept the offer?
__________________________________________________________________________________

whether – si

 I don't know whether they will agree on that subject.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 I wonder whether she really wants to do that.
__________________________________________________________________________________

unless - a menos que

 You won't pass the exam unless you study harder.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Don't go there unless they call you.
__________________________________________________________________________________

provided / providing - siempre que, mientras

  We'll go fishing this afternoon, provided it doesn't rain.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 You can borrow my car providing you return it today.
__________________________________________________________________________________

as long as - siempre que, mientras

 You can stay here as long as you work hard.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Nobody will know this secret as long as you keep mum.
__________________________________________________________________________________

in case - en caso de que

 Call this phone number in case you get lost.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 We will take our umbrellas in case it rains.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Se utilizan para señalar una objeción o reparo a lo dicho anteriormente. Entre otros encontramos:
although, even if, despite, in spite of, regardless of.

although / though / even though - aunque

even if - incluso si
not even if - ni siquiera si
despite / in spite of - a pesar de
regardless of - sin importar, sin que importe

although / though / even though - aunque

 Although Jack is not very tall, he is excellent at basketball.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She decided to go to work, though she was not feeling well.
__________________________________________________________________________________

even if - incluso si

 Even if he’s right, that doesn’t give him the right to be arrogant.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 I will finish the project by tomorrow, even if I have to work all night.
__________________________________________________________________________________

not even if - ni siquiera si

 He will not do that work, even if he is paid for it.

__________________________________________________________________________________
  They will not finish on time, even if they hurry up.
__________________________________________________________________________________

despite / in spite of - a pesar de

 Despite his bad reputation, the politician won the elections.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 It was a great match in spite of the bad the weather.
__________________________________________________________________________________

regardless of - sin importar, sin que importe

 They decided to finish the project, regardless of the cost.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 A patriot will defend his nation, regardless of the consequences.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Estos conectores reflejan la consecuencia de lo dicho en el texto. En inglés, algunos de ellos son: therefore,
hence, thus, so, consequently.

therefore - por lo tanto

hence - de ahí
thus - por lo tanto
so - entonces
consequently - por lo tanto, en consecuencia

therefore - por lo tanto

 I don't know her phone number, therefore I can't call her.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She didn't study, therefore she coudn't pass the exam.
__________________________________________________________________________________

hence - de ahí

 English is not her mother tongue, hence her mistakes.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Frank was raised in a farm, hence his ability to ride horses.
__________________________________________________________________________________
thus - por lo tanto

 He overslept and thus, arrived late for the appointment.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She hadn't eaten for days and thus felt very weak.
__________________________________________________________________________________

so - entonces

 His car broke down, so he took it to a garage.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She was a little fat, so she decided to go on a diet.

consequently - por lo tanto, en consecuencia

 They were found guilty and consequently sent to prison.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 They argued all the time, consequently they eventually got divorced.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Se utilizan para dar continuación a la idea que se está expresando. Son algunos ejemplos: then, moreover,
furthermore, besides, in addition to.

then - entonces
moreover - además
furthermore - además
besides - además
in addition to - además de

then - entonces

 If it is not here, then it's lost.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 If you like those shoes, then why don't you buy them?
__________________________________________________________________________________

moreover - además
  Soccer is a good sport; moreover, it is very easy to learn.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 They work very hard; moreover, they do a very good job.
__________________________________________________________________________________

furthermore - además

 He is perfect for the job; furthermore, he is the only applicant.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 I dont want stay here; furthermore, I have things to do.
__________________________________________________________________________________

besides - además

 I don't like that house; besides, it's too expensive for me.
__________________________________________________________________________________
 I don't want to sell my car; besides, I need it for my job.
__________________________________________________________________________________

in addition to - además de

 In addition to being a great person, the physician was an excellent professional.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Mrs. Baker had a great interest in literature, in addition to her interest in music.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Introducen causas a nivel del texto cuando una oración cumple la función de ser causa de otra. Algunos
conectores son: for, because of, due to, since, as.

because - porque
for - porque
because of - debido a
since - puesto que
as - puesto que
due to / owing to - debido a

because - porque

 The baby is crying because he is hungry.

__________________________________________________________________________________
  They want to come because they want to see me.
__________________________________________________________________________________

for - porque

 We'll have to stay home, for it is raining outside.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She turned on the lights, for she was afraid of the dark.
__________________________________________________________________________________

because of - debido a

 They stayed in because of the bad weather.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She can not play sports because of her illness.
__________________________________________________________________________________

since - puesto que, ya que

 He won't understand, since he doesn't speak English.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 They decided to go to sleep, since it was very late.
__________________________________________________________________________________

as - puesto que, ya que

 She failed to pass the exam, as she made many mistakes.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 They couldn't find us, as they didn't have our address.
__________________________________________________________________________________

due to / owing to - debido a

 The unemployment was high due to the economic crisis.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 They had a delay owing to the traffic jam.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Se utilizan cuando una o más oraciones expresan grados de comparación por semejanza o diferencia. As/ as
... as .../ not as ... as .../ as if/ as though.

as - como
as...as - tan...como
not as...as - no tan..como
not so...as - no tan...como
as if / as though - como si
than - que
as - como

 He performed the operation exactly as he was told.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Nobody knows that subject as I do.
__________________________________________________________________________________

as...as - tan...como

not as...as - no tan..como

 His car is as fast as mine.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 They are not as good as you think.
__________________________________________________________________________________

not so...as - no tan...como

 His second book was not so good as the first one.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She was not so beautiful as her mother.
__________________________________________________________________________________

as if / as though - como si

 They treat me as if they didn't know me.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Bill started to spend money as though he had won the lottery.
__________________________________________________________________________________

than - que

 They started to have more problems than they expected.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Learning English is more difficult than most people think.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Utilizamos los conectores funcionales para expresar un fin, objetivo o propósito. En inglés algunos de ellos
son: so, so that, so as to, in order to.

so - entonces
so that - para que
so as to - para que, de manera que
so as not to - para no
in order to - para

so - entonces

 So, tell me what you think about my new dress!

__________________________________________________________________________________
 George knew he had to wake up early so he went to bed at 8pm.
__________________________________________________________________________________

so that - para que

 He gave her a present so that she would feel better.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 You should study more so that you can pass the exam.
__________________________________________________________________________________

so as to - para que, de manera que

 We moved the table so as to have more space for dancing.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Jack opened the window so as to let in the sunlight.
__________________________________________________________________________________

so as not to - para no

 He took a nap so as not to be too tired for the party.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 She wrote down his address so as not to forget it.
__________________________________________________________________________________

in order to - para

 They left early in order to arrive in time for the movie.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 We are working harder in order to earn more money.
__________________________________________________________________________________

put across - comunicar, hacer entender

 Dean's trying to put his ideas across, but I can't understand them.
Dean intenta hacer entender sus ideas, pero no puedo comprenderlas.
put aside - (a) dejar a un lado (b) ahorrar

 Put the books you need aside, I'll take the rest to Bob.
Haz a un lado los libros que necesites, el resto se los llevaré a Bob.
 Sue has put all the money she earned this year aside for a new car.
Sue ha ahorrado todo el dinero que ganó este año para comprarse un auto nuevo.

put at - estimar

 The number of casualties of the tsunami was put at 400 by the Government.
El gobierno estimó que 400 es el número de víctimas por el tsunami.

put away - poner en su sitio, guardar

 Once you put the toys away you can go outside with Timmy.
Cuando guardes los juguetes puedes ir afuera con Timmy.

put back - (a) poner otra vez en su sitio (b) posponer

 You can take the book, but then put it back on the shelf.
Puedes tomar el libro, pero luego ponlo de nuevo en el estante.
 You will have to put the meeting back, the boss is still at his office.
Tendrán que posponer la reunión, el jefe está todavía en su oficina.

put before - prestar más atención a una cosa que a otra porque la consideras más importante

 Tony is always putting his work before his friends!

¡Tony siempre está prestando más atención a su trabajo que a sus amigos!

put behind - dejar atrás una mala experiencia para olvidarla y que no afecte tu vida

 Try to do your best to put the break-up behind and go back to work.
Trata de hacer lo posible para dejar atrás la separación y volver a trabajar.

put by - ahorrar, reservar, guardar

 Peter has been putting money by so he can come to Brazil with us.
Peter ha estado ahorrando dinero así puede venir con nosotros a Brasil.

put down - (a) apuntar (b) sacrificar un animal enfermo (c) bajar (d) as - catalogar a alguien como algo (e) to - atribuir algo a
alguien

 The teacher asked us to put our names down on another list.

El profesor nos pidió que anotáramos nuestros nombres en otra lista.
 The dog was so ill that my father had to put him down.
El perro estaba tan enfermo que mi padre lo tuvo que sacrificar.
 The policeman told the man to put the gun down but he refused.
El policía le dijo al hombre que bajara el arma pero se negó.
 The first time I met Jo I put her down as a bohemian woman.
La primera vez que vi a Jo me dio la impresión de que era una mujer bohemia.
 I put Peter's behavior down to his having lost his job.
Atribuí el comportamiento de Peter al haber perdido su trabajo.

put forth - echar, tender, extender

 The little girl put her hand forth and gave her brother a balloon.
La niñita extendió su mano y le dio un globo a su hermano.
put forward - presentar, proponer, exponer

 Joey put his theory forward in class, but it was not accepted.
Joey expuso su teoría en clase, pero no fue aceptada.

put in - (a) instalar (b) votar (c) dedicar (d) for - solicitar

 I had a new CD-ROM drive put in in my computer last week.

La semana pasada me instalaron una nueva unidad de CD_ROM en la computadora.
 According to the polls, the Democrats will be put in again.
Según lo que dicen las encuestas, los demócratas ganarán las elecciones otra vez.
 I put in a lot of extra time at work but I haven't been paid yet!
¡Hice un montón de horas extra en el trabajo y todavía no me pagaron!
 After ten years at the office I put in for a raise for the first time.
Luego de diez años en la oficina pedí un aumento por primera vez.

put off - postponer, distraer, disuadir

 The boss put the meeting off because he was ill.

El jefe pospuso la reunión porque estaba enfermo.
 I will put him off while you hide the present.
Lo voy a distraer mientras escondes el regalo.

put on - (a) ponerse (b) encender (c) aumentar

 Put your coats on if you're going outside, it's cold.

Pónganse el saco si van a salir, hace frío.
 Let's put the oven on before Susan finishes making the cake.
Encendamos el horno antes de que Susan termine de preparar la torta.
 I think Mary has put on weight since the last time I saw her.
Creo que Mary aumentó de peso desde la última vez que la vi.

put out - (a) apagar, extinguir (b) enojar, incomodar (c) dislocar

 Vera was quite put out by the situation so she got out of there.
Vera se molestó bastante por la situación por lo que salió de allí.
 There were a lot of firemen trying to put out the fire.
Había un montón de bomberos intentando apagar el incendio.
 The goalkeeper must have put his arm out when he fell.
El arquero se debe haber dislocado el brazo cuando se cayó.

put through - comunicar

 I'll put you through Susan's extension so you can tell her yourself.
Te comunico con el interno de Susan así puedes decírselo tú mismo.

put to - sugerir un plan o idea así se puede discutir acerca de esta, hacer que alguien gaste tiempo o dinero en algo que no quiere

 I'll put to the boss the idea I have to improve the production.
Le voy a sugerir al jefe la idea que tengo para mejorar la producción.

put together - juntar, armar, montar, añadir

 We're all putting the puzzle together to see what picture it forms.
Todos estamos armando el rompecabezas para ver qué figura forma.

put towards - usar una cantidad de dinero para pagar parte del costo de algo
  I am saving money to put towards a state-of-the-art computer.
Estoy ahorrando dinero para comprarme una computadora de última generación.

put under - dejar inconsciente a aguien antes de una operación

 You will be put under a few moments before the operation starts.
Te dormiremos unos momentos antes de que comience la operación.

put up - (a) colgar, levantar, construir (b) alojar (c) incrementar

put up to - incitar
put up with - aguantar, tolerar

 We can put the picture up in Mike's room.

Podemos colgar el cuadro en el cuarto de Mike.
 If you come to Buenos Aires we can put you up in one of our rooms.
Si vienes a Buenos Aires podemos alojarte en uno de nuestros cuartos.
 I can't believe that the prices are putting up so much.
No puedo creer que los precios hayan aumentado tanto.
 Richard swears the Peter has put him up to rob the bank.
Richard jura que Peter lo ha incitado a que robase el banco.
 Sarah has to put up with a lot of paperwork before beginning to work.
Sarah tiene que aguantar un montón de papeleo antes de comenzar a trabajar.

Pronombre
Pronombres Adjetivos PronombresPronombres
s
Acusativos Posesivos Posesivos Reflexivos
Personales
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its -- itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
Pronombres Indefinidos
everybody nobody somebodyanybody
everyone no one someone anyone
everything nothing somethinganything
Pronombres Relativos
who which that whom whose
Pronombres Recíprocos
each other / one another
What is done? - ¿Qué se hace?
A house is built.
Se construye una casa / Una casa es construida

 This room is cleaned every week.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 English is spoken in many countries.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Jane is not supposed to be home at this time.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 The sidewalks in this quarter are not swept up every day.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 That girl is said to possess supernatural powers
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Is baseball played in South Africa?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 These kids are given an hour to do the test.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 People are asked to dial 911 only in case of an emergency.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

What is being done? - ¿Qué se está haciendo?

A house is being built.

Se está construyendo una casa / Una casa está siendo construida

 New condominiums are being built in the southern part of town.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 A welcome dinner for the guests is being prepared right now.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

What has been done? - ¿Qué se ha hecho?

A house has been built.
Se ha construido una casa / Una casa ha sido construida

 The whole city has been destroyed by the earthquake.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 I can't get in. These doors have been locked!
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Those windows have not been closed yet.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 This wooden floor has not been waxed.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Has uncle John been promoted to president of the company?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Have the same mistakes been made before?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 People have been requested to cancel appointments before Monday.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
  Guess what,... Jack has been taught to drive a car!
_____________________________________________________________________________________

What has been being done? - ¿Qué se ha estado haciendo?

A house has been being built.

Se ha estado construyendo una casa / Una casa ha estado siendo construida

 My mother has been treated by the same doctors for years.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Stricter and stricter measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

What was done? - ¿Qué se hizo?

A house was built. Se construyó una casa/ Una casa fue construida

 Sally's legs were hurt in an accident.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 It is believed that a battle was fought here 400 years ago.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Our dog was not allowed to travel with us.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 You were not called yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Was the Tower of London used as a prison in former times?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Was he thought to have a gift for music?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Paul was given three hours to make a decision.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 My neighbors were paid to take care of Pam's cat.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

What was being done? - ¿Qué se estaba haciendo?

A house was being built.
Se estaba construyendo una casa / Una casa estaba siendo construida

 The car was being washed when it began to drizzle.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 The girl was being chased by a dog when she fell down.
_____________________________________________________________________________________