ENT CHAPTERWISE

(4th Year MBBS)

MKCG Medical College, Berhampur

INDEX
I. Diseases of Ear ---------------------------------------------------------------- 02
II. Diseases of Nose & Paranasal Sinuses ----------------------------------- 04
III. Diseases of Oral Cavity & Salivary Glands ------------------------------ 06
IV. Diseases of Pharynx ---------------------------------------------------------- 06
V. Diseases of Larynx, Trachea & Thyroid Gland ---------------------------07
VI. Diseases of Oesophagus -----------------------------------------------------09
VII. Miscellaneous Topics -------------------------------------------------------- 10

By – Kumar Kundan
 Diseases of Ear
1. What is deaf mutism? Describe various causes that produce SNHL in children &
briefly write about the Mx of deaf mutism. (2004)
2. Enumerate the causes of Otorrhoea. How will you treat such a case with tubo-
tympanic type of CSOM? (2005)
3. What is deaf mutism? Describe the diagnosis & Mx. How do you prevent it?
(2006 + 2010)
4. Write about the complications of CSOM. Write in detail about etiopathogenesis,
signs, symptoms & Mx of Lateral sinus thrombosis. (2007 + 2008)
5. Describe the C/Fs & Mx of Otosclerosis. (2008)
6. Describe the etiopathology, C/Fs, diagnosis & Mx of Meniere’s disease.
(2009 + 2011 Supplie. + 2015 Supplie.)
7. What is Cholesteatoma? How do you manage? (2012)
8. Define otosclerosis. What are the C/Fs? How do you confirm & treat the patient?
(2013 + 2016)
9. A 3-years-old child is brought with C/O delayed speech. How do you evaluate &
manage? (2017)
10. A known case of left-sided CSOM patient has developed diplopia & he also C/O
retro-orbital pain. (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
i. What is the most probable diagnosis?
ii. Discuss the investigations & Mx for the above case.
11. A man of 25-years C/O scanty, occasionally blood-stained foul-smelling discharge of
10 months duration. What is the diagnosis? How do you manage? (2020)
12. A 20-years-old patient C/O severe reeling sensation, vomiting & momentary loss of
hearing with fullness in the ear. (2020 + 2021)
i. What is the most probable diagnosis?
ii. Enumerate the D/D.
iii. How will you manage the above case?
13. A patient comes with C/O intermittent attacks of reeling of head with U/L tinnitus &
aural fullness for last several months. (2022)
i. What is the diagnosis?
ii. What investigation & treatment are appropriate is for him?
14. A young boy who is a complainant of persistent foul-smelling scanty blood-stained
ear discharge a/w convergent squint & deep-seated retro-orbital pain. (2023)
i. What is the possible diagnosis?
ii. What is the etiopathogenesis of the disease?
iii. How do you evaluate & manage the above case?
iv. Mention the various canal wall up & down techniques.
15. Discuss the etiopathology, C/Fs, complications & Mx of Acute suppurative otitis
media. (2014 Supplie. + 2015 Supplie.)
16. Write short notes on
 Tuning fork tests (2005 + 2008 + 2022)
 BPPV (2007)
 Otomycosis (2008 + 2017 + 2020 + 2021)
 Cochlear implants (2009)
 Otosclerosis & its treatment (2010 + 2021 + 2022)

By – Kumar Kundan
  Meniere’s disease (2012 + 2018 + 2019 + 2014 Supplie. + 2018 Supplie.)
 TB otitis media (2013)
 Malignant otitis externa & its Mx (2016 + 2018 + 2022 + 2011 Supplie.)
 Rinne’s test (2017)
 Bezold’s abscess (2017)
 Pseudocyst of ear (2017)
 Mx of Traumatic perforation of TM (2017)
 Bell’s palsy, etiopathogenesis & Mx (2017 + 2018 + 2022)
 Glue ear (2017 + 2020 + 2021)
 Maggot/ Live insect in ear (2017 + 2022)
 Mx of SOM (2018)
 Griesinger’s sign (2018)
 Korner’s septum (2018)
 Hennebert’s sign (2018)
 Gradenigo’s syndrome (2018)
 Rehabilitative measures for deaf (2018)
 Cartwheel appearance of TM (2018)
 Paracusis Willisii (2018 + 2020 + 2021)
 Picket fence fever (2019)
 Microtia (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Presbycusis (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Cauliflower ear (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Carhart’s notch (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Aetiopathogenesis & Mx of Herpes zoster oticus (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Positional test (2020 + 2021)
 Tympanoplasty (2020 + 2021)
 Haematoma auris (2020 + 2021)
 Ramsay Hunt syndrome (2020 + 2021)
 Endolymphatic hydrops (2020 + 2021)
 Lateral sinus thrombosis (2020 + 2021)
 Mx of Congenital deafness (2020 + 2021)
 Keratosis obturans (2020 + 2021 + 2022)
 Ototoxic drugs (2022)
 Stages of ASOM (2022)
 Causes of conductive deafness (2022)
 Candidacy of cochlear implantation (2023)
17. MCQs
 Following all statements are true except (2023)
a) PTA is an audiological test done to qualitative & quantitative
assessment of the hearing impairment
b) Type C curve on tympanogram is d/t abnormal negative middle ear
pressure
c) OAE test play an important role in monitoring ototoxicity & noise
induced hearing loss
d) ABR (BERA) is very sensitive enough to detect even small vestibular
schwannomas
By – Kumar Kundan
  Which is the MC complication of Acute mastoiditis (2023)
a) Sub-periosteal abscess
b) Bezold’s abscess
c) Zygomatic abscess
d) Facial nerve paralysis
 The following feature is the pathognomonic of Cholesteatoma (2023)
a) Foul smelling, scanty, watery ear discharge
b) Raised CRP & inflammatory markers
c) Mild to moderate hearing impairment on PTA
d) Erosion of scutum on HRCT coronal plane
 All of the following are the C/Fs of CP angle tumours except (2023)
a) Tinnitus
b) SNHL
c) Upper motor neuron facial nerve paralysis
d) Ataxia, speech & swallowing problems
 All of the following are true regarding impedance matching of the middle ear
except (2023)
a) A true arial ratio between the TM & the foot plate of stapes is 20: 1
b) The mechanical advantage of 2 ossicles is 1.3: 1, handle of malleus &
long process of incus respectively
c) Inner ear fluids are incompressible
d) The transmitting power of the ossicular chain is influenced by 2 intra
tympanic muscles
 A 45-year female patient presented with U/L slowly progressive CHL, pulsatile
tinnitus with positive rising sun sign on otoscopy. The possible diagnosis is
a) Congenital cholesteatoma (2023)
b) Exostosis of EAC
c) Glomus tympanicum
d) Cholesterol granuloma

Diseases of Nose & Paranasal Sinuses

1. What is the aetiology, C/Fs, symptoms & diagnosis of Chronic sinusitis? How do you
manage it? (2004 + 2006 + 2010 + 2016)
2. Describe the physiology of mucociliary clearance of nose & PNS. (2005)
3. What are the causes of Epistaxis? How do you evaluate & manage? (2007 + 2013)
4. Describe etiopathology & C/Fs of Antro-choanal polyp. Add a note on middle meatal
antrostomy. (2008)
5. Write about aetiology, C/Fs of DNS. Describe surgical Mx & its complications.
(2008 + 2009)
6. A young child comes to the hospital with the C/O nasal blockage & U/L foul-smelling
blood-stained discharge for last several months. Diagnose the case & write mode of
treatment. (2022)
7. Write the aetiology, C/Fs, investigations & treatment of Allergic rhinitis.
(2014 Supplie.)

By – Kumar Kundan
8. A 5-years-old child is brought with a H/O inhalation of a FB. How do you evaluate &
manage? (2015 Supplie.)
9. Write short notes on
 Rhinoscleroma & its Mx (2006 + 2019 + 2020 + 2021 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Rhinosporidiosis & its treatment
(2007 + 2009 + 2017 + 2020 + 2021 + 2022 + 2011 Supplie.)
 Caldwell-Luc operation (2008)
 Furuncle on nose (2017)
 Rhinophyma (2017 + 2022)
 Antro-choanal polyp (Killian’s polyp) & its Treatment (2017 + 2018 + 2022)
 Kisselbach’s plexus (2018)
 Mx & complications of Septal haematoma (2018)
 Saddle nose (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Merciful anosmia (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Artery of Epistaxis (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Evaluation of a case of Epistaxis (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Mx of Chronic maxillary sinusitis (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Etiopathogenesis & Mx of Allergic rhinitis (2019 + 2023 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Rhinolith (2020 + 2021)
 Flapping septum (2020 + 2021)
 Nasal causes of Epistaxis (2022)
 Indication of Septoplasty (2022)
 Anatomy of Nasal septum (2022)
 Treatment of Atrophic rhinitis (2022)
 Causes & investigations for CSF rhinorrhoea (2023)
10. MCQs
 Which of the following is radical surgery of the maxillary sinus (2023)
a) Antral lavage
b) Intranasal antrostomy
c) Caldwell luck operation
d) FESS
 60-years-old patient presented with blood-stained nasal discharge, cough,
haemoptysis & haematuria. Possible diagnosis is (2023)
a) Non-healing midline granuloma
b) Wegener’s granulomatosis
c) Peripheral T cell neoplasm
d) Lupus vulgaris
 A male patient presented to ENT OPD with the bleeding from nose. He also
gives H/O bathing in contaminated water, anterior rhinoscopy revealed
strawberry coloured leafy mass. What is the probable diagnosis? (2023)
a) Rhinosporidiosis
b) Rhinoscleroma
c) Rhinitis caseosa
d) Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

By – Kumar Kundan
 Diseases of Oral Cavity & Salivary Glands
1. Write short notes on
 Oral submucosal fibrosis (2012)
 Premalignant lesions of oral cavity (2018)
 Watson’s duct (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)

Diseases of Pharynx
1. A 14-year-old boy presented with H/O left-sided progressive nasal obstruction &
recurrent epistaxis for last 6 months. (2018)
i. What is the most probable diagnosis in this case?
ii. Enumerate other causes for the U/L nasal obstruction in children.
iii. Discuss the investigations & Mx for the above case.
2. A 25-year-old male, known case of Chronic tonsillitis presented to you with left-sided
tonsillar swelling with pain in throat & neck & difficulty in opening.
i. What is the most probable diagnosis? (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
ii. Enumerate the D/D of U/L tonsillar hypertrophy.
iii. Discuss the Mx of the above case.
3. 15-year-old boy presented to ENT OPD with recurrent spontaneous epistaxis.
Nasal endoscopic examination reveals pinkish flesh mass seen in the
posterolateral aspect of the nasal cavity extending into nasopharynx. (2023)
i. What is the probable diagnosis?
ii. What are various theories for formation of above disease?
iii. How do you evaluate & manage the above patient?
4. What is Retro-pharyngeal abscess? How do you treat it? (2011 Supplie.)
5. Write short notes on
 Mx of Post-tonsillectomy bleeding (2004)
 Retropharyngeal space (2005)
 Cancers of nasopharynx (2013)
 Adenoids (2017)
 Tonsillolith (2017)
 Vincent’s angina (2017)
 C/Fs of Diphtheria (2017)
 Parapharyngeal abscess (2017)
 Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (2017)
 Quincy & its Mx (2017 + 2020 + 2021)
 Trismus (2018)
 Passavant’s ridge (2018)
 Node of Rouviere (2018)
 Interval tonsillectomy (2018)
 D/D of membrane over tonsil (2018)
 Adenoid facies (2018 + 2022)
 Crypta magna (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Vello-pharyngeal incompetence (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Non-suppurative complications of chronic tonsillitis (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
By – Kumar Kundan
  Complications of Adenoidectomy (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Complications of Tonsillectomy (2020 + 2021)
 Etiopathogenesis & Mx of Nasopharyngeal cancer (2020 + 2021)
 Ludwig’s angina (2020 + 2021 + 2022)
 Artery supply of tonsil (2022)
 Diphtheritic tonsillitis (2014 Supplie. + 2015 Supplie.)
 Retropharyngeal abscess (2015 Supplie.)
5. MCQs
 All are caused by EBV except (2023)
a) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
b) Burkitt’s lymphoma
c) Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
d) Infectious mononucleosis
 All are part of laryngo-pharynx except (2023)
a) Supra glottis
b) Pyriform sinus
c) Post-cricoid region
d) Posterior pharyngeal wall
 Fossa of Rosenmuller is the commonest site for (2023)
a) Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
b) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
c) Chronic hypertrophied adenoiditis
d) Lingual tonsil
 A middle-aged male patient presented to ENT OPD with dysphagia. It is also
a/w gargling sound on swallowing & regurgitation of undigested food,
halitosis. Possible diagnosis is (2023)
a) Pharyngeal pouch
b) Oesophageal spasm
c) Oesophageal rupture
d) Acute retro-pharyngeal abscess
 40-years-old male patient presented with U/L nasal obstruction. Nasal
endoscopic examination reveals irregular fleshy mass arising from lateral wall
of the nose. Probable diagnosis is (2023)
a) Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
b) Rhinosporidiosis
c) Schneiderian papilloma
d) Fibrous dysplasia

Diseases of Larynx, Trachea & Thyroid Gland

1. A 55-year-old male presented in ENT OPD with H/O gradually progressive hoarseness
of voice. How will you manage such a case? (2005)
2. Define Stridor. How do you proceed to investigate & manage? (2006)
3. What is Tracheostomy & its indications? Discuss the post-operative case &
complications of Tracheostomy (2008 + 2014 Supplie.)

By – Kumar Kundan
 4. Define Stridor & its causes in children. Add a note on Tracheostomy & its
complications. (2009)
5. How do you diagnose & manage a case of Cancer of larynx? (2010)
6. How do you evaluate & manage a case of Neonatal stridor? (2012)
7. An elderly individual is brought with C/O change in voice of 3 weeks duration. How
do you manage it? (2016)
8. Describe the C/Fs & Mx of noisy breathing in children. (2017)
9. A carcinoma of larynx patient presents to emergency department with respiratory
distress & noisy breathing. (2018)
i. What immediate surgical procedure is required to relief his symptoms?
ii. Describe the indications, operative procedure & immediate post-operative
complications of the above surgical procedure.
10. A smoker of 60-years age C/O of difficulty in swallowing of 2 months duration. (2021)
i. What is the most probable diagnosis?
ii. Discuss the investigations & Mx of the case.
11. Write short notes on
 Laryngomalacia (2004 + 2016 + 2017 + 2018 + 2020 + 2021)
 Congenital causes of stridor in children (2008)
 Singer’s nodules (2017)
 Tubercular laryngitis (2017)
 Oesophageal speech (2017)
 Post-cricoid carcinoma (2017)
 Adult papilloma of larynx (2017)
 Killian’s dehiscence (2017 + 2018)
 Puberphonia (2018)
 Micro-laryngeal surgery (2018)
 Etiopathogenesis & treatment of juvenile onset of Recurrent respiratory
papillomatosis (2018)
 OSA (2018 + 2020 + 2021)
 Thyroglossal cyst (2018 + 2022)
 Thumb sign (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Steeple sign (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Turban epiglottis (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Acute epiglottitis (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Watch dog of lungs (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Direct laryngoscopy (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Aetiopathogenesis & treatment of Vocal nodule (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Croup (2020 + 2021)
 Vocal nodules (2020 + 2021)
 Adult papilloma of larynx (2020 + 2021)
 Evaluation of a case of Hoarseness (2020 + 2021)
 Cartilages of larynx (2022)
 Nerve supply of larynx (2022)
 Structures seen on Indirect laryngoscopy (2022)
 Pre-cancerous conditions of throat (2023)
 Mx of T3 N0 M0 glottic malignancy (2023)

By – Kumar Kundan
  Causes & Mx of Juvenile multiple papillomatosis of larynx (2023)
 Non-obstructive indications, steps & mention 4 complications of
tracheostomy (2023)
12. MCQs
 Thumb sign is seen in (2023)
a) Acute epiglottitis
b) Acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis
c) Acute peri-tonsillitis
d) Acute retro-pharyngeal abscess
 Myter Cotton grading system is for (2023)
a) B/L vocal cords palsy
b) Supraglottic retention cyst
c) Subglottic stenosis
d) Malignancy of pyriform fossa
 Prophylactic thyroidectomy may be indicated (2023)
a) Follicular carcinoma
b) Papillary carcinoma
c) Medullary carcinoma
d) Anaplastic carcinoma
 Following all are true regarding Tuberculosis laryngitis except (2023)
a) Hyperaemia of the vocal cords predominantly involving the anterior
part of the glottis
b) Impairment of adduction is the 1st sign
c) Turban shaped epiglottis
d) Mouse nibbled ulcerations of the vocal cords
 Following are the surgical options for B/L abductor palsy except (2023)
a) Permanent tracheostomy with the speaking valve
b) CO2 laser arytenoidectomy is gold standard treatment
c) Laser cordectomy
d) Type I thyroplasty

Diseases of Oesophagus
1. A 50-year-old female patient comes with the C/O difficulty in swallowing of one
month duration. (2004 + 2007 + 2013 + 2011 Supplie.)
i. What are the various causes of Dysphagia?
ii. How do you evaluate & manage?
2. Write about Oesophageal causes of Dysphagia. Describe C/Fs & Mx of Achalasia
cardia. (2008)
3. How do you diagnose & manage a case of cancer of oesophagus? (2012)
4. Write short notes on
 PV syndrome (2006 + 2010)
 Achalasia cardia (2017)
 Evaluation of a case of Dysphagia (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Indications & complications of Rigid esophagoscopy (2019 + 2018 Supplie.)
 Heller’s operation (2020 + 2021)
By – Kumar Kundan
  Causes of Dysphagia (2022)
 Constrictions in oesophagus (2022)
 Complications of esophagoscopy (2022)

Miscellaneous Topics
1. Write short notes on
 C/Fs features & Mx of FB aspiration (2018)
 ENT manifestations of COVID-19 (2023)
2. MCQs
 A patient with COVID 19 positive & uncontrolled diabetes, presented with
high grade fever with chills, nasal block, B/L rapidly progressive
ophthalmoplegia, retinal congestion, eventually lost his vision. Possible
diagnosis is (2023)
a) Orbital cellulitis
b) Potts puffy tumour
c) Meningitis
d) Fulminant fungal sinusitis with cavernous sinus thrombosis

By – Kumar Kundan