YOUNG PHOENIX PUBLIC
SCHOOL
Physics investigatory project
2024-2025
Objective->To investigate the relation between the
ratio of (i)Output and Input voltage
(ii)Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self-designed transformer.
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME- Utkarsh Ujiyar Sahoo
ROLL NO-30
CLASS-12
SEC-A
GUIDED BY:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that UTKARSH
UJIYARSAHOO of class-XII has successfully
completed the investigatory project on the
topic “To investigate the relation between the
ratio of (i)Output and Input voltage
(ii)Number of turns in the secondary coil
and primary coil of a self-designed
transformer.
Under the guidance of MR NEERAJ SINGH
during the year 2024-25 in the partial
fulfillment of the physics practical
examination conducted by the CBSE.
SIGN OF THE PRINCIPAL
SIGN OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER. SIGN OF THE TEACHER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'd like to thank my Principal, Mrs. Sujata Mohanty who
helped me learn a lot about this project and her ideas and
comments aided in the completion of this project.
I would like to express my immense gratitude to my physics
teacher MR. NEERAJ SINGH for the help and guidance he
provided for completing this project.
I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in
making this project. Most of all I thank our school
management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity
to do this project
Lastly, I would like to thank my classmates who have done
this project along with me. Their support made this project
fruitful.
UTKARSH UJIYAR SAHOO
INDEX
TOPICS PAGE NO
Certificate 1
Acknowledgement 2
Topic 5
Introduction 6
Theory 7-11
Apparatus required 12
Procedure 13
Uses of Transformer 14
Conclusion 15
Result 16
Precautions 16
Bibliography 17
TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
❖ The TRANSFORMER is a device used for
converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice versa.
❖ A TRANSFORMER is based on the “Principle of
mutual induction”
❖ According to this principle, the amount of magnetic
flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced
in the neighboring coil.
❖ Transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weighs only a few tens of grams whereas in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of
tons.
❖ In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts.
❖ A Transformer can be of two types (I) Step-up
transformer.
(II) Step-down transformer.
Transformer is , therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits
THEORY
❖ When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil p1p2, an alternating current start falling in it.
❖ The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.
❖ In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced
in each turn of the primary.
❖ Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of
the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary secondary coils of the transformer and:
dф /dt= rate of change of flux in each turnoff
d the coil at this instant,
We have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt..............(1)
And
Es = -Ns dф/dt..................(2)
So, by dividing 2 by 1 we get:
Es/Ep = - Ns/Np.......(3)
➢ As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep) in the Instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f .
➢ Further if Rp is the resistance of, p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by:
Ip=E – Ep /Rp
E – Ep = IpRp
As the resistance is small, so RpIp can be neglected:
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence final equation can be written as:
Es /Ep = Es /E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f =Ns/Np =
K
STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER:
❖ A step-up transformer is a type of transformer that
converts the low voltage (LV) and high current
from the primary side of the transformer to the
high voltage (HV) and low current value on the
secondary side of the transformer.
❖ A step-up transformer has a wide variety of
applications in electrical systems and transmission
lines.
❖ The operating frequency and nominal power are
approximately equal on the primary and secondary
transformer sides because the transformer is a very
efficient piece of equipment – while the voltage and
current values are usually different.
❖ A transformer provides galvanic isolation in the
electrical system
❖ The transformer can transfer energy in both
directions, from HV to LV side as well as inversely.
That is the reason why it can work as a voltage
step-up or step-down transformer. Both
transformer types have the same design and
construction.
❖ The HV windings contain a huge number of turns
compared with the LV windings. An LV winding
wire has a bigger cross-section than HV wire
because of the higher current value on the LV side.
Usually, we place the LV windings close to the
transformer core, and over them, we wound the HV
windings.
n= VP = NP
VS NS
♦ The transformer turns ratio (n) for a step up
transformer is approximately proportional to the
voltage ratio.
♦ Where VPS are voltages, and NPS are the turns
numbers on the primary (LV) and secondary
(HV) sides respectively. The primary side of a
step-up transformer (LV side) has a smaller
number of turns than the secondary side (HV
side).
That means energy flows from the LV to the HV
side. The voltage is stepped up from the primary
voltage (input voltage) to the secondary voltage
(output voltage).
This is sometimes referred to as the step-up
transformer formula:
VS= NS * VP
Np
A transformer calculator can help you easily
calculate the transformer turns ratio and whether
the device is a step up or step-down transformer.
❖ The most important application of a step-up
transformer is a generator step-up
(GSU)transformer used in all generating plants.
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER :
❖ A step-down transformer is a type of transformer.
That converts the high voltage (HV) and low
current from the primary side of the transformer
to the low voltage (LV) and high current value on
the secondary side of the transformer.
❖ When it comes to the operation voltage, the
step-up transformer application can be roughly
divided into two groups: LV (voltages up to 1 kV)
and HV application (voltages above 1 kV).
❖ Just as transformers can step down the voltage
going from a higher primary side voltage to a
lower secondary side voltage they can also step
up the voltage, going from a lower primary side
voltage to a higher secondary side voltage.
These are known as step-up transformers.
❖ The transformer turns ratio (n) for a step down
transformer is approximately proportional to
the voltage ratio:
n= VP = NP
VS NS
❖ Where VPS are voltages, and NPS are the turns
numbers on the primary (LV) and secondary
(HV) sides respectively. The primary side of a
step-down transformer (HV side) has a larger
number of turns than the secondary side (LV
side). That means energy flows from the HV to
the LV side. The voltage is stepped down from
the primary voltage (input voltage) to the
secondary voltage (output voltage).
❖ This equation can be rearranged for the formula
for the output voltage (i.e. secondary voltage).
This is sometimes referred to as the step down
transformer formula:
VS = NS * VP
NP
❖ The first LV application refers to the
transformers in electronic devices. Supplying the
electronic circuits requires a low voltage value
(e.g. 5V, even lower values nowadays).
❖ A step-down transformer is used to provide this
low voltage value which is suitable for electronics
supplying. It transforms home voltage (230/120
V) from primary to a low voltage on the
secondary side which is used for electronic
supplying.
Apparatus Required:
❖ Iron Rod
❖ Copper Wire of different gauge
Two A.C Voltmeters
Two A.C Ammeters
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a
thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the
Transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of
paper and wound relatively smaller number
of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it.
This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a
step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure
the input voltage and current using A.C
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
[Link], measure the output voltage
and current through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and
again, measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made
transformers by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.
USES OF
TRANSFORMER
♦ In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner.
♦ A step-up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
♦ Transformers are used in voltage Regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
♦ Transformers are used in the Transmissions of
a.c. over long distances.
♦ Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc.
♦ A step-down transformer is used for Welding
purposes.
♦ A step-down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
CONCLUSION
1) The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage.
2) The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with
respect to the input voltage.
3) There is a loss of power between input
and output coil of a transformer.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1) Values of current can be changed due to
heating effect.
2) The eddy current can change the readings
RESULT:
❖ Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error.
PRECAUTIONS
1) Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2) While taking the readings of current and
voltage the A.C should remain
constant.
3) Take a laminated iron core and wind a small
number [say about 2000] of turns of thick
insulated copper wire uniformly on it leaving
two free ends P1 P2.
4) Wind a large number of turns [say 100] of thin
insulated copper wire on the opposite arm of
the core leaving two free end S1 & S2.
5) Connect the primary coil to a variable a.c.
supply source and secondary to a.c. volt meter
of suitable range.
6) Connect an a.c. voltmeter across the primary to
measure the input voltage
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ncert textbook
Internet
HC Verma