Transmission & Switching Tutorial Problems
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Mayar Magdy MorkosTransmission & Switching Tutorial Problems
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Mayar Magdy MorkosCommon questions
Powered by AIAntenna gain boosts the signal's strength, making it more powerful at both transmission and reception points. However, feed line attenuation can degrade this by reducing the power due to losses in the feed line. The combined effect is determined by summing the gains and subtracting the attenuation .
Receiver power \( P_{RX} \) changes proportionally with input power \( P_{TX} \) but is inversely affected by the noise figure \( F \). A higher noise figure diminishes signal quality, requiring adjustments in \( P_{TX} \) to maintain desired \( P_{RX} \).
The SNR after n repeaters is expressed as \( \text{SNR} = \frac{\sigma_x^2}{n \times \sigma_n^2} \) where \( \sigma_x^2 \) is the signal power and \( \sigma_n^2 \) is the noise power added by each repeater. In decibels, this becomes \( \text{SNR (dB)} = 10 \log_{10} \left( \frac{\sigma_x^2}{n \times \sigma_n^2} \right) \).
Overall system gain is the product (in dB) of individual component gains: \( G = G_{transmitter} + G_{channel} + G_{receiver} \). Given gains should be converted to dB if not already .
The system fails if both main channels fail and the backup also fails. If P1, P21, P22 are probabilities of failure for the main channels and backup, total system failure probability is \( P1 \times P21 + P1 \times P22 + P21 \times P22 \times P3 \), considering each event independently .
For 50 repeaters, with a failure probability of 0.01 per repeater, the probability that none fail is \( (1-0.01)^{50} \approx 0.60577 \). For 10 repeaters, it's \( (1-0.01)^{10} \approx 0.90438 \), and for 1 repeater, it's \( 1-0.01 = 0.99 \).
Parallel channels reduce dependency on a single path, distributing risk, while backup channels provide secondary routes if primary ones fail. Together they increase reliability by lowering the overall system failure risk, calculated using their failure interdependencies .
The receiver equivalent noise figure, using Friis' formula, is \( F_{receiver} = F_1 + \frac{F_2-1}{G_1} + \frac{F_3-1}{G_1G_2} + ... \). This accounts for the gain and noise figure of each stage sequentially influencing the subsequent ones .
The received power \( P_{RX}(d) \) is calculated using the Friis transmission equation: \( P_{RX}(d) = P_{TX} + G_t + G_r - L_p(d) \), where \( L_p(d) = 20\log_{10}(d) + 20\log_{10}(\text{frequency}) + 20\log_{10}(\frac{4\pi}{c}) \). Plug in the values to get specific expressions .
The transmitter equivalent gain is the sum of individual gains, which for the given system is 10 dB. The equivalent noise figure \( F_{eq} \) is calculated using Friis formula: \( F_{eq} = F_1 + \frac{F_2 - 1}{G_1} + ... \). Given components, \( F_{eq} = 4 \text{ dB} \).