Lecture 3

Analog Circuits, EE204

Operational Amplifiers - Part I

Maryam Shojaei Baghini (Prof.)

Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT-Bombay
07 August 2024
Reference

Chapter 1 - Signals and Ampli ers

Chapter 2 - Operational Amplifiers

Microelectronic Circuits (the Oxford series in Electrical and Computer

Engineering) 7th edition or later, by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith,
2015 onwards

2
fi
 Content with Examples
1.5 Circuit models for amplifiers
- Practical characteristics curve of an amplifier with limited output voltage range
- Two-port low frequency model of an amplifier
- Gain reduction due to loading effect (no-load gain concept)
- Analog buffer for reducing loading effect
- Cascaded amplifiers to increase gain
- Voltage amplifier, current amplifier, transconductance amplifier, transimpedance amplifier
- Measuring input and output resistance of linear amplifiers
1.6 Frequency response
- Overview
- Effect of coupling capacitors and internal parasitic capacitors, -3dB cut-off frequency, Unity gain
frequency Exercises 1.12 to 1.24 (some of the exercises are design problems)

• Problems at the end of chapter 1 except problems related to analog to digital signal
conversion.
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Section 2.1 The Ideal OpAmp
Examples of Analog Two-port Amplifiers
Why OpAmp?
What are the differences?
Vin1
+
Vin Vout Differential Vout=A(Vin1-Vin2)
Amplifier
Amp
_
Vin2

• OpAmp is an OTA with an output voltage buffer stage. • OTA model has dependent current
Vin1 + with parallel resistance at the output.
Vin1
Operational
+ Vout=A(Vin1-Vin2), |A|≫10 Transconductance
Rin → High Operational
Amp (OTA)
Amp (OpAmp) Vin2 _ Vout=A(Vin1-Vin2)
Vin2 _ Rout → Low
A = Gm × Rout where Rout → High
BW → High
Gm: Short circuit output transconductance
More categories: Current amplifier and transresistance (or more generic term transimpedance) amplifier
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Basic Linear Feedback Theory for Constant Closed Loop Gain
Foundation of OpAmp
Av: Open loop gain
OpAmp
Vi Vo - β Vo +
++ Av
-
β: Feedback factor Iin ~ 0 OpAmp

β
T : Loop gain = β × Av
vo 1
If β × Av ≫ 1 ⇒ ≈ • Natural subtractor due to KVL at the OpAmp input terminal
vi β
R1 1 Vo R2
Almost constant voltage gain is achieved. β= = R
⇒ = 1 +
1 R1 + R2 1 + 2 Vi R1
• Design guideline: Choose Av ≫ R 1
β
100 R2
• Percentage of error (%) = Example : = 9 ⇒ Av(closedloop) = 10
1+T R1 5
• Exercise 2.2
• Examples - Differential and Common Mode Signals
• Examples - Simplified Linear Macromodel of OpAmp and OTA
• Examples - Nonidealities
• Examples 2.1 and 2.2
Section 2.2 The Inverting Amplifier
Note: We analyze example 2.2 in the
Network 2 class in a different way than the
Vin reference book using concept of
Network 1 - enhancing the current in the output
OpAmp branch by using a T-network for the
+ Vout Network 2.

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Example Simple Applications with the Input Current Signal: Current to Voltage
Converters Current to Voltage Converter
From TI Application Report “AN-20 An
Applications Guide for Op Amps” 2013.

Photodiode detector Photovoltaic cell

Constant bias across detector (μA scale) Short circuit current from the cell (mA scale)
High values of R1 Moderate values of R1 7
Differential and Common Mode Signals and Linear Circuit Model
Avc
A vicic/2
vcv /2
Vi1 + vi1
Vo
OpAmp
Vi2 _ Avdvid/2 Av2vo1
Avdvid
vo1
vi1 + Avcvic/2
- Vid/2
Avcvic/2
+ vi2
Vic - Vid/2

vi2
• Consider Voff = 0, All capacitors = 0
for the low-frequency model and reduce the model

Werner, Kurt James, et al. "Wave digital filter modeling of circuits with operational amplifiers." IEEE EUSIPCO, 2016. 8
End of Lecture 3