Chemistry Worksheet on Amines for Class XII
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sudhanshu0835.2Chemistry Worksheet on Amines for Class XII
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Powered by AIAromatic primary amines are unsuitable for preparation via Gabriel phthalimide synthesis because aryl halides do not readily undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions required for this synthesis pathway. The presence of the aromatic ring makes nucleophilic attack more challenging, thus rendering the Gabriel synthesis impractical for primary aromatic amines like aniline .
The correct increasing order of basic strength is II < I < III, as indicated in the document. This order is based on the structure and substituents of the amines which affect their electron donation capability. The more electron donating groups present, the stronger the basicity due to increased nitrogen lone pair availability for protonation. This also aligns with the statement that secondary amines are more basic than primary due to more alkyl groups donating electrons .
When primary amines react with benzene sulphonyl chloride, they form sulphonamides, which are soluble in alkali due to the presence of the N-H bond. Secondary amines yield sulphonamides that do not have this N-H bond to form hydrogen bonds with water or alkali, making them insoluble in alkali. This distinct behavior allows differentiation based on solubility properties .
Aniline cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis. This is because aryl halides, which would be needed to prepare aniline, do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with the anion formed by phthalimide. This reaction mechanism is more suited for aliphatic amines rather than aromatic ones due to the lack of sufficient reactivity in aryl halides .
Butan-1-amine is more soluble in water than Butan-1-ol. This surprising result, given that alcohols are generally more polar, is explained by amines forming hydrogen bonds with water slightly differently and often more efficiently due to their nitrogen's capability of donating electron pairs. The nitrogen's lone pair interaction with water enhances solubility despite alcohols generally forming stronger hydrogen bonds because of their oxygen .
Alkylamines are stronger bases than ammonia because the alkyl group has an electron-releasing nature, known as the +R effect. This electron-donating effect pushes electrons towards the nitrogen atom in the amine, making the unshared electron pair on nitrogen more available to accept a proton. This increased availability enhances the basicity of alkylamines compared to ammonia .
The order of boiling points is Butan-1-ol > Butan-1-amine > Butane. This order is due to the varying strengths of intermolecular forces. Butan-1-ol has strong hydrogen bonding because of its -OH group, resulting in the highest boiling point. Butan-1-amine, with a -NH2 group, also involves hydrogen bonding but to a lesser extent than alcohols. Butane, lacking polar functional groups, only exhibits weaker van der Waals forces, resulting in the lowest boiling point .
In the Hofmann bromamide degradation reaction, a primary amide reacts with bromine and aqueous sodium hydroxide resulting in the formation of a primary amine with one less carbon atom than the original amide. This reaction's significance lies in its ability to synthesize primary amines from amides efficiently, especially facilitating the removal of one carbon atom in the process .
Direct nitration of aniline is not straightforward due to its protonation in the strongly acidic medium, forming an anilinium ion, which deactivates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. As a result, significant amounts of meta-nitroaniline are produced besides the usual ortho and para derivatives expected. This complex outcome arises because the anilinium ion changes the usual electron-donating effects of the amine group .
A simple chemical test to distinguish between aniline and N,N-dimethylaniline is the reaction with chloroform and KOH upon heating. Aniline will produce an offensive smell due to the formation of isocyanide, whereas N,N-dimethylaniline does not produce such an odor as it does not undergo the carbylamine reaction .