INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE AND As an academic field

TECHNOLOGY - traces its roots from the interwar period

and the start of the Cold War
SCIENCE - historians and scientist found interest in
- the word “scientia” is a Latin word the interconnections of
means knowledge o scientific knowledge
- systematic and methodical activity of o technological systems
building and organizing knowledge about o society
how the universe behaves through - resulted from the recognition that many
observation, experimentation or both schools today do not really prepare
students to respond critically, reflectively,
TECHNOLOGY and respond proactively to the
- application of scientific knowledge, laws, challenges posed by science and
and principles to produce services, technology in the contemporary world
materials, tools, and machines aimed to - STS applies methods
solving real-world problems o history
- it came from the Greek word “techne” o philosophy
meaning art, skills, or cunning of hand o sociology
- programming is considered as - to study the nature of science and
technology technology and ultimately judge their
value and place in society
SOCIETY
- aggregate of people living together in a ETHICAL DILEMMAS
more or less ordered community
DILEMMA
WOLPERT (2005) - situation where a person is forces to
- reliable scientific knowledge has no choose between two or more conflicting
moral or ethical value options neither of which is acceptable
o explains how nature and universe
work ETHICAL DILEMMA
o explain the possible uses and - situations where persons, who are called
applications of such scientific “moral agents” in ethics, are forced to
knowledge choose between two or more conflicting
- science is not the same as technology options, neither of which resolves the
- scientist is not responsible for the reliable situation in a morally acceptable manner
conduct of the scientific inquiry and its
honest interpretation and dissemination 3 Conditions that must be Present in Moral
- technological applications of science are Dilemmas
influenced by other sectors 1. the person or agent of moral action is
o politics & governance obliged to make a decision about which
o religion course of action is best
o business 2. there must be different courses of action
to choose from
Nature of Science, Technology, and Society 3. no matter what course of action is taken,
(STS) some moral principles are always
- STS is a relatively young field that compromised
combines previously independent and
older disciplines
o history of science
o philosophy of science
o sociology of science
10 Emerging Dilemmas SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
1. Helix - a digital app store designed to - an event or action are the results, on
read genomes society or part of society, of the event or
2. BlessU-2 Popper - first robot priest the action
and monk - extended to a law or policy, that is, a
3. Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition - planned set of repeated actions
a software being developed to assess
your reactions to anything such as Explain the social implications of the
shopping and playing games following:
4. Ransomware - a way of holding data 1. Personalized genetic tests/
hostage through the backing and personalized medicine
requiring a ransom to be paid o question of privacy/ era of
5. Textalyzer - a device that analyzes therapeutics or era or eugenics
whether a driver was using his or her o eugenics - selection of desired
phone during an accident heritable characteristics for better
6. Social Credit System - a system of future generation
scoring citizens through their actions by 2. Hacking into medical devices
placing them under constant surveillance o pacemakers (secured)
7. Google Clips - a hands-free camera that 3. Driverless Zipcars
lets the user capture every moment o Nevasa, Florida, and California, it
effortlessly is now legal for Google to operate
8. Sentencing Software - a mysterious its driverless cars (safer and more
algorithm designed to and courts in effective that a human-operated)
sentencing decisions 4. 3-D Printing
9. Friendbot - an app that stores the o architectural models to human
deceased's digital footprint so one can organs
still chat with them o print personalized
10. Citizen App - an app that notifies users pharmaceuticals
of ongoing crimes or major events in a o home-printed guns and explosives
specific area (cut out the manufacturing
companies)
- ethical in nature (machine but also 5. Adaptation to Climate Change
mankind) 6. Low-quality and counterfeit
- it is not impossible for technology and pharmaceutical
humanity to cross paths because 7. Autonomous systems
technology has become a necessity for o robotics
people 8. Human-animal hybrids (chimeras)
- ethics should still be enforced (to ensure o violates human dignity
the safety and morality of these 9. Ensuring access to wireless and
technologies to people) spectrum
10. Data collection and privacy (collected/
retained)
o speed of cars/ diabetic insulin
implant for monitoring purposes
11. Human enhancements
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
5. Aeolipile
ANTECENDENT o hero’s engine
- defined as a precursor to the unfolding or o widely believed to be the ancient
existence of something precursor of the steam engine
o steam-powered turbine that spun
HISTORICAL ANTECENDENTS when the water container at its
- one of key interest of STS as an center was heated, thus making it
academic field is the history of science practically the first rudimentary
and technology steam engine
- factors that paved the way for the
presence of advanced and sophisticated MIDDLE AGE INNOVATIONS
scientific and technological innovations 1. Heavy Plow
today o most important technological
innovations during the middle
ANCIENT INNOVATIONS ages
1. Ancient Wheel o turned European agriculture and
o ancient civilizations used animals economy on its head
for transportation long before the o clay soil was heavy-used the
invention of the wheel heavy plow
o no one knows who exactly 2. Gunpowder
invented the wheel o 850 A.D
o the wheel is often credited to the o Chinese civilizations alchemists
Sumerians accidentally invented black
o today, cars, carts, bicycles, and powder of gunpowder
trucks are just some of the many o Chinese called it huoyao which
offshoots of the wheels invented means “fire potion”
by the Sumerians 3. Paper Money
2. Paper o 17th century that banknotes began
o 3000 B.C, the ancient Egyptians to be used in Europe
began writing on papyrus, a o the first known versions of paper
material similar to thick paper money could be traced back to the
o papyrus is made from the pith of Chinese in 17th century A.D
the papyrus plant o an offshoot of the invention of
3. Shadoof block printing which is similar to
o early tool invented and used by stamping
Egyptians to irrigate land 4. Mechanical Clock
o it is a hand-operated device used o timekeeping and recording sprung
for lifting water from ancient times (Antikythera
o lifting thing using counterweights Mechanism)
o irrigation and farming became o it paved the way for accurately
much more efficient keeping track the time
o shadoof is a sophisticated 5. Spinning Wheel
irrigation tools o transforming fiber into thread or
4. Antikythera Mechanism yarn and eventually woven into
o antecedents of the modern cloth on a loom
computer, the Greeks had already o encouraged the development of
invented the ancient world’s the industry of fabrics, clothes,
analog computer orrery and related products
o it is similar to a mantel clock and it
is known as antecedents of
modern clockwork
 6. Printing Press 2. Agapito Flores
o Chinese developed the woodblock o invented the fluorescent lamp
printing o most widely used source of
o Johann Guttenberg was able to lighting in the world today
invent the printing press o the fluorescent lamp reportedly
o more reliable way of printing using got its name from Flores;
a cast type however, it was not invented in a
particular year
MODERN INNOVATIONS o it was the product of 79 years of
1. Compound Microscope the development of the lighting
o Zacharias Jansen is credited for method that began with the
the invention of the first compound invention of the electric bulb by
microscope Thomas Edison
2. Telescope 3. Daniel Dingel
o study of astronomy during the o invented the water-powered car
Modern Ages o started working on a water-
o invented by Galileo Galilei powered car and prototype in
3. Jacquard Loom 1969
o industrial revolution o his hydrogen reactor uses
o one of the most critical drivers of electricity from a 12-volt car
the revolution battery to transform ordinary tap
o French weaver Joseph Maxie water with salt into deuterium
Jacquard simplifies textile oxide or heavy water.
manufacturing o however, Dingel's car has never
o antecedent of computer been patented and
technology commercialized because of what
4. Engine-Powered Airplane he suspects is an anti-Dingel car
o Orville Wright and Wilbur conspiracy by multinational
Wright first engine-powered companies
aircraft 4. Eduardo San Juan
5. Television o invented Lunar Rover also known
o scottish engineer John Logie as the Moon Buggy
Baird is largely credited for the o the Moon Buggy was the car
invention of modern television used by Neil Armstrong and other
6. Pasteurization astronauts when they first
o heating dairy products explored the moon in 1969
7. Petroleum Refinery o he worked for Lockheed
Corporation and conceptualized
PHILIPPINE INNOVATIONS the design of the Moon Buggy that
1. Gregoria Zara the Apollo astronauts used while
o invented the first videophone on the moon
o a native of Lipa, Batangas and o as a NASA engineer, San Juan
enrolled at the Massachusetts reportedly used his Filipino
Institute of Technology (MIT) in ingenuity to build a vehicle that
the United States, and graduated would run outside the Earth's
with a degree in BS in Mechanical atmosphere
Engineering in 1926 o he constructed its model using
o the two-way televisions or homemade materials
videophones 1955 were patented
as a "photophone signal
separator network."
 o however, San Juan was not listed Other Inventions by Filipino Scientists
as the inventor of the Moon Buggy 1. Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)
in American Scientific journals, o the jeepney is perhaps one of the
instead, it was attributed to a most recognizable national
Polish inventor symbols of the Philipines and the
most popular mode of
5. Diosdado Banatao transportation in the country
o he invented the GUI, Graphical o it is also perhaps one of the most
User Interface enduring symbols of Filipino
o he is known for introducing the ingenuity
first single-chip graphical user o Jeepneys were designed and
interface accelerator that made improvised from scratch out of
computers work a lot faster and for military jeeps that the Americans
helping develop the Ethernet left in the country after WW II
controller chip that made the 2. Erythromycin
internet possible o one of the most important medical
o in 1989, he pioneered the local inventions is Erythromycin
bus concept for personal o Abelardo Aguilar invented the
computers and in the following antibiotic an Illonggo scientist, out
year developed the first Windows of the strain of bacterium called
accelerator chip Streptomyces erythreus, from
o intel is now using the chips and which this drug derived its name
technologies developed by 3. Medical Incubator
Banatao o world-renowned Filipino
6. Angel Alcala pediatrician and national
o he invented the artificial coral scientist, Fe del Mundo, is called
reefs for the invention of the incubator
o used for fisheries in Southeast and jaundice relieving device
Asia o Del Mundo was the first woman
7. Roberto del Rosario pediatrician to be admitted to the
o he invented karaoke in 1975 prestigious Harvard University
o developed a sing-along system in School of Medicine
1975 and was patented in the o Del Mundo's incubator was
1980s called his sing-along particularly outstanding as it
system "Minus-One," now holds addressed the state of Philippine
the patent for the device now rural communities that had no
commonly known as the" karaoke electricity to aid the regulation of
machine” body temperatures of newborn
8. Juan Salcedo Jr. babies
o he developed the Enriched Rice 4. Mole Remover
o a variety of rice fortified with o In 2000, a local invention that had
vitamins B1, which helps prevent the ability to easily remove moles
beriberi and warts on the skin without the
o his discovery helped in need for any surgical procedure
the prevention and reduction of shot to fame
beriberi in the Philippines and in o Rolando Dela Cruz is credited for
other countries the invention of a local mole
remover that made use of extracts
of cashew nuts, which are very
common in the Philippines
 5. Banana Ketchup Copernican Revolution
o Filipino food technologist, Maria - refers to the 16th century paradigm shift
Orosa, is credited for the named after Polish mathematician and
invention of banana ketchup, a astronomer
variety of ketchup different from - Heliocentric Model of the Universe -
the commonly known tomato 40-page outline entitled Commentariolus
- repositioned the earth from the center of
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION the Solar System
- introduced the idea that the earth rotates
- a series of events that led to the on its own axis
emergence of modern science and the
progress of scientific thinking across Contribution of the Copernican Revolution
critical periods in history 1. It served as a catalyst to sway scientific
- period of enlightenment when the thinking away from age-long views about
developments in the fields of the position of the earth relative to an
mathematics, physics, astronomy, enlightened understanding of the
biology, and chemistry transformed the universe
views of society about nature - marked the beginning of modern
- ideas generated during this period astronomy
enable the people to reflect, rethink, and - marked the turning point in the study
reexamine their beliefs and their way of of cosmology and astronomy
life
- it led to the creation of new research CHARLES DARWIN
fields in science and prompted the - famous for his theory of evolution
establishment of a strong foundation of - he published his book The Origin of
modern science Species in 1589. His book presented
evidence of how species evolved over
NICHOLAS COPERNICAN time and presented traits and
adaptations that differentiate species
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary - Natural Selection - evolutionary
Ideas process by which organisms like
- his idea and model of the universe placed humans inherit, develop and adapt
the sun to be the centerpiece of the traits that favored survival and
universe reproduction
- he outlined two kinds of planetary motion: - in his book The Descent of Man, he
o the orbits of Venus and Mercury introduced the idea of all organic life,
lay inside the orbit of the Earth, including human beings, under the
thus, closer to the Sun; and realm of evolutionary thinking
o the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and - his unorthodox way of pursuing
Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s science gave more value to evidence-
orbit, thus, farther from the Sun. based science. It is a science marked
From this model, he would work by observation and experiment
on the length of time it will take for
each planet to orbit once around Criticisms
the Sun. - his theory of being short in accounting
- his model met resistance from the church for the broad and complex
and was accused as heretic and faced evolutionary process or dismissive of
persecution from the church the idea that the functional design of
- his model was accepted by the other organisms was a manifestation of an
scientist, especially Galileo Galilei omniscient God
 - It is likened to the Copernican 3. Superego - incorporates the values and
revolution – a demonstration of the morals of society, which are learned from
power of the laws of nature in one’s parents and others. It develops
explaining biological phenomena of around 3 – 5 years during the phallic
survival and reproduction stage of psychosexual development

What is the Place of the Darwinian

Revolution in Modern Science? - Psychodynamic therapies treated many
- the development of organism and the psychological disorders was influenced
by Freud work.
origin of unique forms of life and
humanity could be rationalized by a
lawful system or an orderly process of POLICIES AND PROGRAMS (SCIENCE AND
change underpinned by laws or TECHNOLOGY)
nature

GIGMUND FREUD PHILIPPINE GORVERNMENT

- psychoanalysis school of thought of
psychology is the center of the - Philippine government introduced and
revolution implemented several programs, projects,
- it is a scientific method of and policies to boost the area of science
understanding inner and unconscious and technology
conflicts embedded within one’s - the goal is to prepare the whole country
personality, springing from free and its people to meet the demands of a
associations, dreams and fantasies of technologically driven world and
an individual capacitate the people to live in a world
- it emphasized the existence of the driven by science
unconscious where feelings,
emotions, thoughts, urges, and The National Research Council of the
memories are contained outside Philippines (NCRP) clustered these policies
one’s conscious mind into four, namely:
- he suggested that human beings are 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
pleasure-seeking individuals International Policies and Governance
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial
Conscious and Unconscious Research, Earth and Space Sciences,
- the conscious mind involves thoughts and Mathematics
that someone is aware of at any given 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical
moment Sciences
- the unconscious mind includes the 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and
thoughts and feelings that exist outside of Forestry
one's conscious awareness
Department of Science and Technology
Concepts of ID, Ego, and Superego were (DOST) Existing Programs
criticized by many scholars 1. Providing funds for basic research and
patents related to science and
1. ID – part of our psyche that responds technology
directly and immediately to basic urges, 2. Providing scholarships for
needs, and desires undergraduate and graduate studies of
2. Ego – part of the conscious personality. students in the field of science and
It’s what the person is aware of when technology
they think about themselves and what 3. Establishing more branches of the
they usually try to project toward others Philippine Science High School
System
 4. Balik Scientist Program to encourage Features of PCARI
Filipino scientists abroad to come home - involves scholarship, training, and
and work in the Philippines research;
5. Developing science and technology - focuses on two fields: information
parks on academic campuses to infrastructure development (IID) and
encourage academe and industry health innovation and translational
partnerships medicine (HITM);
6. The establishment of the National - provides opportunities for direct
Science Complex and National collaboration between Philippine faculty
Engineering Complex within the researchers and UC-based experts in
University of the Philippines campus in order to build research capabilities and
Diliman infrastructure in Philippine universities
and colleges;
- attracts the best and the brightest with full
The Philippine-American Academy of
support for research, which includes
Science and Engineering (PAASE, 2008),
modern equipment, attendance in
Capacity Building Programs
conferences and state-of-the-art
1. Establishment of national centers of laboratories; and
excellence; - addresses important problems of society
2. Manpower and institutional development using the best technologies, including the
programs, such as the Engineering and development of technologies close to
Science Education Program (ESEP) to commercialization.
produce more Ph.D. graduates in
science and engineering
Benefits of PCARI
3. Establishment of regional centers to
support specific industries; - jobs in new competitive high-value-
4. Establishment of science and technology added industries and related support
business centers to assist, advise, and services in information infrastructure in
incubate technopreneurship ventures; support of disaster risk management and
and response, energy generation monitoring,
5. Strengthen science education at an early e-governance, water resources
stage through the Philippine Science management, and monitoring of civil
High School system infrastructures, among others
- affordable and efficient diagnostic kits,
Philippine-California Advanced Research medical devices, and inexpensive drugs
Institutes (PCARI) and the creation of jobs to produce such
to improve the diagnosis and treatment of
Objective the ten highest causes of mortality and
- to enhance the skills and expertise of morbidity in the Philippines, such as
faculty and staff of Philippine universities dengue, asthma, diabetes, tuberculosis
and colleges, through scholarships, - increase in the number of faculty-
training, and research partnerships with scientists and faculty-researchers with
top-notch research universities in the capacity to generate effective
California, USA technologies to benefit society
o Information Infrastructure - improved research management skills
Development (IID) especially in research grants
o Health Innovation and Translation administration and international linkages
Medicine (HITM) - world-class research institutes with state-
of-the-art facilities for Information
Infrastructure Development Health
Innovation and Translational Medicine
 - offers free scholarship basis for the
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary secondary courses with special
Education emphasis on subjects pertaining to the
sciences
Basic Education
- in basic education, science education 2. Special Science Elementary Schools
helps students learn important concepts (SSES) Project
and facts that are related to everyday life - this project started in June 2007 with 57
including important skills such as process (or 60 since its inception) identified
skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills. elementary schools that participated or
- K-12 (STEM) were identified as science elementary
schools in the country
Tertiary Education - the SSES Project aims to develop
- in tertiary education, science education Filipino children equipped with scientific
deals with developing students’ and technological knowledge, skills, and
understanding and appreciation of values. Its mission is to:
science ideas and scientific works. It also
focuses on the preparation of science 1. provide a learning environment to science-
teachers, scientists, engineers, and other inclined children through a special
professionals in various science-related curriculum that recognizes the multiple
fields. intelligences of the learners;
2. promote the development of lifelong learning
skills; and
The Concept of Science Education 3. foster the holistic development of the
Science education focuses on teaching, learners.
learning, and understanding science.
3. Quezon City Regional Science High
- teaching science involves exploring School
pedagogical theories and models in
helping teachers teach scientific The school envisions to serve as a venue for
concepts and processes effectively. providing maximum opportunities for science-
- learning science includes both pedagogy gifted students to develop a spirit of inquiry and
and the most interesting aspect, which is creativity.
helping students understand and love
science. - the focus of its curriculum is on science
- understanding science implies and technology
developing and applying science- - it is well-supported by the local
process skills and using science literacy government unit and by the Parents and
in understanding the natural world and Teachers Association (PTA)
activities in everyday life.
4. Manila Science High School
SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES - it is the first science high school in the
Philippines
1. Philippine Science High School
System (PSHSS) 5. Central Visayan Institute Foundation
- a government program for gifted students - it is the home and pioneer of the
in the Philippines prominent school-based innovation
- a service institute of the Department of known as the Dynamic Learning Program
Science and Technology (DOST) (DLP)
 - DLP is a synthesis of classical and - show the innovative and ingenious way
modern pedagogical theories adapted to of the natives to survive in an otherwise
foster the highest level of learning, unfriendly environment
creativity, and productivity - Ilaboi old were prepared for
- the school takes pride in its Research mummification by drinking a brine
Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP) solution to cleanse their bodies

LAWS Colonial Period

- conservation - Spaniards provided the Philippines with

- health-related modern means of construction
- technology-building - walls, roads, bridges, and other large
- supporting research infrastructures were built using some of
- laws in consonance with UN. ASEAN the engineering skills and tools brought
by the Spaniards
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES IN VARIOUS - developed health and education
PERIODS systems that were enjoyed by the
principalia class.
Role of Science and Technology in Nation
Building Spanish
- school for boys and girls
The development of science and technology in o concept of subject and disciplines
the Philippines has already come a long were introduced
way. Many significant inventions and o beginning of formal science and
discoveries have been accomplished by or technology
attributed to Filipinos. The following time o parts of human body, plants,
periods show the development of science and animals, and heavenly bodies
technology in the world: o life of early Filipinos was slowly
• Pre-Colonial Period modernized
• Colonial Period o Medicines and advanced science
• Post-Colonial Period were introduced (UST)

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Colonial (American)

- early Filipino settlers were already using - modernized almost all aspects of life in
certain plant and herbs as medicines the Philippines
- systems of farming and animal raising - Bureau of Science
were also implemented o for the sole purpose of nurturing
- early Filipinos had also developed development in the field of science
different mode of transportation, whether and technology
terrestrial or maritime o more influenced that Spaniards in
- Cordilleras, built rice terraces by hand. terms of Science and Technology
- through these terraces, the people were - Public Education
able to cultivate crops on the - Engineering Works
mountainsides in cold temperatures - Health
- incorporated an irrigation system that - Modern Research University (UP)
uses water from the forests and mountain - Public Hospitals
tops to achieve an elaborate fishing - Mineral Resources were explored
system - Public Hospital
- the rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which - Transportation and Communication
are still functional
Basic Education - National Grain Authority (PGA) /National
Food Authority (NFA),
- science focuses on nature and sanitation - Philippine Council for Agricultural
Research (PCAR) /Philippine Council for
Higher Education Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural
Resources and Development)
- improved and modernized higher (PCAANRD)
education - Philippine National Oil Company
- researches were done to control cholera (PNOC),
and tuberculosis and tropical diseases - Plant Breeding Institute (PBI),
- International Rice Research Institute
Bureau of Government Laboratories under (IRRI),
the United States of interior - Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI),
- Bureau of Forest Products (BFP), and
- for the purpose of studying tropical - National Committee on Geological
diseases and pursuing other related to Sciences (NCGS)
research object
- 1905 Bureau of Science Pres. Corazon Aquino
- 1946 Institute of Science
• National Science and Technology
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD Authority (NSTA) was renamed to
Department of Science and
- each leadership had its own science and Technology (DOST)
technology agenda
- DOST aimed to update the production
sector, improve research activities and
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos develop infrastructures.
One of the presidents who ushered in Pres. Fidel Ramos
advancements in science and technology was
the former president and dictator Ferdinand • Competent scientists and engineers
Marcos. increased to approx. 3,000.
• Doctors to barrio program
• He mandated the Department of • National program for gifted Filipino
Education and Culture (DECS) to children in science and technology.
promote science and technology • Laws and Statutes
courses in public schools.
• He established the National Academy - RA 8439 -Magna Carta for Scientist
of Science and Technology (NAST) Engineers, Researchers, and other
• Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical personnel in government.
and Astronomical Services - RA 7687 - Science and Technology
Administration (PAGASA) in place of Scholarship Act of 1994
the abolished Weather Bureau; - RA7459 - Inventors and Inventions
• Agencies and organizations Incentives Act
- RA 8293 - The Intellectual Property
- Philippines Coconut Research Institute Code of the Philippines.
(PHILCORIN),
- Philippine Textile Research Institute
(PTRI),
- Philippines Atomic Energy Commission
(PAEC)/Philippine Nuclear Institute
(PNI),
Pres. Joseph Estrada TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING

• He mandated and implemented the MARTIN HEIDEGGER

following Laws:
1. He was a German philosopher who is
- RA 8749 - The Philippine Clean Air Act fun of thinking about
of 1999 'being', technology and etc
- RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2. He rejected the idea of positivist
2000 thinkers and critical to technological
domination in the modern world
• He implemented cost-effective 3. Heidegger was critical to the essence
irrigation technologies and provided and modern technology and
basic health care services. 4. He reconstructed the meaning of
technology that reflected in his essay
Pres. Gloria M. Arroyo entitled " The Question Concerning
Technology"
• Filipinovation - the Philippines as an
innovation hub in Asia The Essence of Technology

- Laws - science and technology – responsible for

o RA 9367 - Biofuel Act society’s modernization
o RA 10601 - Agriculture and - S and T must not eclipse the basic tenets
Fisheries Mechanization of ethics and morality
(AFMECH) - it should allow the person to flourish
alongside scientific progress and
Pres. Benigno Aquino III technological advancement
- essence of technology – investigated by
• Philippine Space Technology Martin Heidegger
Program launched Diwata-1 in 2016 - technology (Greeks) was assumed to be
part of our everyday life
• New scientists were acknowledged
o Gavino C. Trono Two Definitions of Technology
o Angel C. Alcala
o Ramon C. Barba 1. Technology is a means to an end
o Edgardo D. Gomez (instrumental)
2. Technology is a human activity
Pres. Rodrigo Duterte (anthropological)
• Budget research and development - The first definition treated technology as
(R&D) increased six times over the an instrument to achieve a purpose or
same period. end.
• Give importance to agriculture and o For example, student A bought a
disaster preparedness. laptop and smartphone to be used
• Philippine Space Technology for online learning since students
Program launched Diwata-2 in 2018 were not allowed to attend a face-
• Build, Build, Build Project to-face learning
o Laptops and smartphones are
instruments for the student to
achieve his/her purpose which is
to participate in online learning.
 - The second definition pointed out that How does Technology control us?
technology is part of our daily activities of
the human person which is to invent - information
technology such as gadgets for online - natural resources are exploited – little
learning, protective equipment to fight concern on the ecological consequences
COVID-19, agricultural machines to - artificial flavorings, toxic materials, and
produce foods and etc. etc.

The two definitions of technology are Enframing as Modern Technology’s Way of

interconnected with each other Revealing
- outcomes of human activities are
meant to serve their purpose - Heidegger distinguished the way od
- definition of technology became revealing od modern technology by the
problematic when technology does process of enframing
not serve its purpose (essence) - Human wanted to enframe (control)
o For example, imagine that everything according to their desires
COVID-19 will die naturally. You o Example: Work and Vaccines –
might think that those PPEs and Bill Gates
gadgets for learning are
meaningless because the purpose Two Way of looking at the World
is not being served. The revival of
face-to-face learning will make a 1. Calculative thinking – control nature
gadget for online learning less 2. Meditative thinking – human allow nature
significant in the traditional to reveal itself without the use of force or
classroom. violence

Technology as a Way of Revealing Thus, enframing is a way of ordering nature to

- Heidegger – truth can be pursued better manipulate it
through, correct leads to what is true
- envisioned technology as a way of 1. security purposes even to the point of
revealing exploitation
o mode of bring forth
o poesis in ancient – act of bringing The Danger of Technology
something out of concealment
truth of that something is revealed - humans allow themselves to be
- Aletheia – unclosedness, uncealedness, consumed by technology
disclosure, or truth
- Technology of Heidegger is a form of Heidegger’s Perspective
poeisis – a way of revealing that
unconceals aletheia or truth - the real threat of technology comes from
- Heidegger said that modern technology the essence, not its activities or products
is revealing not in the sense of poeisis or - humans are blinded to the essence of
bringing forth but rather challenge technology
forth - thus, the essence of technology is by no
Why challenge forth? means anything technological

1. It makes people think how to do things

faster
2. It makes people think how to do things
more effectively and less effort
3. It prompts people into dominating and
enframing the earth’s natural resources
ART GOOD LIFE

- art is a techne that shows, unconceals, ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)

or reveals the truth
- considered as a saving power and an - ancient philosophers who answered the
alternative exit from technological question ‘what is good life?’
enframing - the question is a universal concern
- an act of the mind that helps us to think among the Greeks
based on meditative thinking - Aristotle -keen observer of nature and
- we can establish new relationships with systematic philosopher provided us an
technology and nature option on how to achieve a good life
- encourages humans to think less from - Greek philosopher and scientist
calculative thinking - student of Plato
- founded Lyceum school
QUESTIONNING - Nichomachean Ethics
o compilation of lecture notes
- we need to pose, think, and question o dedicated to his son Nichomachus
what is around us o became a foundation of Aristotle’s
- through questioning, humans are able to ethics composed of the books
reassess their position o fundamental basis for Aristotelian
ethics
Art and Questioning Thought
GOOD LIFE
- common experience tells us that in times
of crisis or pandemic, human creativity is - in the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle
revealing says that every action aims at some
- COVID-19 – crisis compels us to become goods
creative or artistic in order to survive - Types of Good
- Heidegger – experienced the horror of o Instrumental – means to achieve
World War II tells us how art can save us something else
from a misconception of technology and o Intrinsic Good – good in itself or
how to renew our relation with it ultimate good (Eudaimonia or
human flourishing/ happiness)
Questioning as a Piety of Thought - if we want to live a good life then we must
develop the intellectual and moral
- Human Beings – questions in life in a virtues
time of crisis or pandemic
- encourage us to practice critical EUDAIMONIA
thinking when it comes to technology
- reassess our concept of technology - Greek word – human flourishing or
particularly on its positive and negative happiness
impact on nature to rebuild our new - Eudaimonia as ultimate good – final end
relation of our action
- Heidegger ended his essay with these - Categories of Good
statements; “the closer we come to the o Instrumental – aims at something
danger, the more brightly do the ways else
into the saving power begin to shine o Intrinsic Good – final end or good
and the more questioning become. in itself
For questioning is the piety of
thought.”
Misconceptions about Eudaimonia HUMAN FLOURISHING

1. Pleasure FLOURISH
2. Wealth
3. Fame - (of a person, animal, or other living
4. Honor organism) grow or develop in a healthy or
vigorous way, especially as the result of
Eudaimonia is exclusive only for a human being a particularly favorable environment
who exercises the faculty of reason
HUMAN FLOURISHING
Aristotle’s Tripartite Soul
- defined as an effort to achieve self-
- Rational – Humans (Theoretical actualization and fulfillment within the
Practical) - Rational context of a larger community of
- Sensitive – Animals (Will Appetites individuals, each with the right to pursue
Sensation Movement) – Partly-Rational his or her own such efforts
- Nutritive – Plants (Animative
Generative) – Non-Rational DEVELOPMENT

ARETE - a process that creates growth, progress,

positive change or the addition of
- concept in achieving a good life/ physical, economic, environmental,
Eudaimonia or happiness social and demographic components
- means ‘excellence of any kind’ in terms
of intellectual and moral virtues How do we know that we are progressing?
o Intellectual Virtue – education,
time, and experience - development is equated with growth and
o Moral Virtue – constant practice greater consumption
of an action that promotes good - more people to consume, the wealthier it
life is
- the more people buy, the better
Science and Technology and Good Life
consumerism in the developed countries (USA,
- automation of communication, Japan, France and etc.)
transportation, food productions,
educations, modernization of medicine, BAD
and etc. must be geared towards a good
life - planet is already overburdened with
- guided with the concept of good life, human activities
policymakers, state leaders, and - need to rethink our standards of
technocrats can work hand-in-hand to development if we want good life
make our world a better place to live in - JASON HICKEL – anthropologist of
- a world is in a state of balance between London school of economics, challenges
the excess and deficiency us to rethink and reflect on a different
paradigm of ‘de-development’
Forget ‘developing’ poor countries, it’s time Implications of this Development
to ‘de-develop’ rich countries
- Aristotle – happiness (goal)
JASON HICKEL - US – 79 years (GDP per capita – 53,000
dollars Guatemala, Peru, Honduras,
- UN – new sustainable development Tunisia, Cuba – same life expectancy
goals (SDG’s) with GDP per capita of 6.000 dollars
o Objective - Costa Rica
▪ To eradicate poverty by o one of the happiness indicators
2030 and life expectancies in the world
- What is the main strategy for (1/4 of the income with US)
eradicating poverty? o thus, the battle cry is de-
o Growth developing of the rich countries
▪ Main indicator of o consumer research – 70% of the
development and middle/high income countries
technology play a primary believed that overconsumption is
instrument in achieving putting our planet and society at
goal (the process of risk
increasing in physical
size/economy) Truer Progress
▪ object of development for
past 70 years - genuine progress is anchored on quality
▪ however, despite this instead of quantity
growth at the expense of - people are happy and have quality life
the destroying the planet - GDP does not lead us in attaining such
- according to our current average global happiness
consumption-overshooting our planet’s
biocapacity by more than 50% each year. What is good life or good living?

Scientists’ Perspectives - Latin Americans – organized

themselves and envision around the
- growth is no longer an option? Why? indigenous concept of buen vivir, or good
- blowing past out planetary boundaries at living
breakneck speed - Robert and Edward Skidelsky –
- what was the cause? conceptualized the good life
- overconsumption of rich countries o interventions like banning the
advertising that promotes
Status of the Planet consumerism, shortens the
working hour, and basic income
- 1.8 global hectares annually
(standardized unit that measure resource Conclusion
use and waste) ghana and Guatemala
(person) - we need to slow down voluntarily or
- US – 8 hectares climate change will do it for us
- Europeans – 4.7 hectares - let us rethink our theory of progress and
- Peter Edward – instead of pushing development
poorer countries to catch up with rich - it is not giving up but reaching a higher
ones, let the rich catch down to more level of understanding and
appropriate levels of development consciousness about what are we here
and why
Summary Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- declared by UN General Assembly
- radical model of equalizing the poor and - December 10, 1948
rich countries through eradicating - global standard of fundamental human
poverty as a perennial problem rights for universal recognition and
- Jason Hickel – criticized the existing UN protection
model popularly known as new - recognition of inherent dignity and of the
sustainable development goals (SDGs) equal inalienable rights of all members
o provided us a nontraditional of the human family
framework for solving the problem - foundation of freedom, justice, and peace
of poverty de-development in the world
- human dignity – core value of human
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY existence
CROSS - it will pave the way for a just and
progressive society
RIGHTS - we are fully human
- more free-empowered to make choices
- these are legal, social, or ethical - more rational-value and apply the
principles of freedom or entitlement; that principles of logic and science in our lives
is, rights are the fundamental - more loving-ensure that human dignity
normative rules about what is allowed of lies at the foundation of our endeavors,
people or owed to people according to whether scientific or not
some legal system, social convention, or
ethical theory. Human-based Approach

What are human rights? - protecting the well-being and protecting

the dignity of the human person must be
H - human beings' at the core of continued scientific and
U - unequivocal technological progress and development
M - means - S. Romi Mukherjee – senior lecturer in
A - and privilege that Political Theory and the History of
N - need to be Religions
R - respected - Paris Institute of Political Studies
I - in order to - made a proposal of human rights-based
G - gain success for humanity approach to science, technology and
T - today and tomorrow in relation to development
S- science and technology - happy life
- progressive country
- human rights are rights inherent to all - justice and equality – quality life
human beings, whatever our nationality,
place of residence, sex, national or ethnic Key Principles of United Declaration of
origin, color, religion, language, and the Human Rights
like
- human rights are the basic rights and 1. Universal Declaration of Human
freedoms that belong to every person in Rights (Article 27)
the world, from birth until death - It affirms everyone's right to participate in
and benefit from scientific advances, and
be protected from scientific misuse.
- The right to the benefits of science comes - imposing upon science and technology
under the domain of 'culture,' so it is the moral and ethical duty to protect and
usually examined from a cultural rights uphold human rights, there can be a
perspective. more effective and sustainable
approach to bridging the gap between
2. UNESCO Recommendation of the poor and rich countries on both tangible
Status of Scientific Researchers and intangible aspects. Ultimately, all
- All advances in scientific and these will
technological knowledge should solely - lead humans to flourish together
be geared toward the welfare of the through science and technology
global citizens, and calls upon member
states to develop necessary protocol WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US?
policies to monitor and secure this
objective. Coronavirus Outbreak: China’s use of
- Countries are asked to show that Artificial Intelligence for COVID-19
science and technology are integrated
into policies that aim to ensure a more - China – more than 3200 fatal cases
humane and just society. owing to the Covid-19 epidemic (entire
world)
- Canadian Al (Artificial Intelligence) start-
3. UNESCO Declaration on the Use of up based at Toronto that had spotted this
Scientific Knowledge infection first
- It states, "Today, more than ever, science o BlueDot – Al-based infectious
and its applications are indispensable disease surveillance system
for development. o use various new and emerging
o government and the private sector technologies (AI, Big Data and
should provide enhanced support Machine Learning)
for building up adequate and o December 30, 2019 (indication of
evenly distributed scientific and the pandemic around)
technological capacity o cluster of “unusual pneumonia” –
- appropriate education and research Wuhan
programs as an indispensable o WHO issued their alert about the
foundation for economic, social, emergence of a novel coronavirus
cultural, and environmentally sound (January 2020)
development. - BlueDot’s has a good track record made
- it encompasses issues such as pollution- predictions about the Zika (2016) and
free production, efficient resources use, Ebola (2014)
biodiversity protection, and brain drains.
ARGUEMENTS
- human rights are integrated into the
journey toward the ultimate good 1. The rapid rise of technology – 21st
- they should guide humans not only century technologies (GNR) are
flourish as individual members of becoming very powerful
society but also to assist each other in - bring new classes of accidents, threats,
flourishing collectively as a society and abuses
- human rights are rights to sustainability, - more dangerous
as Mukherjee put it - does not need big facilities (knowledge
- function as the “golden mean,” alone will make them potentially harmful
particularly by protecting the weak, poor, to humans)
and vulnerable from deficiencies and
excesses of science and technology
 2. Robotics, genetic engineering, and - it is unavoidable to think of the future that
nanotechnology pose much greater will no longer need the human race
threats than technological - thus, the roles and obligations of every
developments that have come before stakeholders is a necessary component
- ability of nanobots to self-replicate, which of scientific and technological
quickly gets out of control advancement

3. He is against human’s What is needed?

overdependence on machines - scientific community
- fate of the humans would be at the mercy - governments
of machines - businesses

4. Apprehension about the rapid to engage in a discussion to determine the

increase of computer power safeguards of humans against the potential
- computers become more intelligent dangers of science and technology
(robot rebellions)
- Theodore Kaczynky’s Book INFORMATION AGE
o “Unabomber Manifesto”
o the unintended design and use of INFORMATION AGE
technology are related to
Murphy’s Law - it is a period in the last quarter of the 20th
o “Anything that can go wrong, will century when information became
go wrong.” effortlessly accessible through
publications and through
- Robots as intelligent as humans management of information by
- 4-D Printing computers and computer networks
- Genetic Engineering (stem cell/ cloning)
PRINTING PRESS
WILLIAM BILL JOY Article was
- a device that applies pressure to an inked
- received both criticisms and expressions surface lying on a print medium, such as
of shared concern cloth or paper, to transfer ink
- critics dismissed Joy’s article
o deliberately presenting Significance of the Printing Press
information in an imprecise
manner that obscures the larger 1. Fast and easy dissemination of
picture or state of things information which led to the permanent
- John Seely and Paul Duguid (2001) reformation of the structure of society
o “ A response to Bill Joy and doom- 2. Rise of literacy among people (leaders)
and-gloom Technofuturists” 3. It threatened the political and religious
o failed to consider social factors authorities which led to tremendous
o deliberately focused on one part of social change through wide circulation of
the larger picture information
o neo-Luddite (someone who 4. Mass production of books, materials and
rejects new technologies and etc.
shows technophobic leanings)
- unpleasant and uncomfortable
possibilities that a senseless approach to
scientific and technological
advancements may bring
- propositions are a real possibility or an
absolute moonshot
Background of Information Age Sites
- Allied and Axis powers
- Lack human computers for military 1. Facebook
calculations 2. Friendster
- Harvard Mark 1 – general purpose 3. MySpace
electromechanical computer capable of
computing in seconds Positive Effects
- Britain – needed mathematician to crack
German Enigma Code 1. Develops communication skills
- German made it more complicated 2. Make friends/ connections with families
3. Pursue areas of interest
Key people who contributed to Information 4. Share thoughts and ideas
Age

1. Alan Turing BIODIVERSITY

o English Mathematician
o hired in 1936 by British BIODIVERSITY
government
o invented “Bombe” – an - the variation of life forms in an ecosystem
electromechanical machine
o to decipher encrypted messages ECOSYSTEM
of the German Enigma machine
o shortened the war in two years - an ecosystem is a geographic area
where plants, animals, and other
2. Steve Wozniak organisms, as well as weather and
o co-founder of Apple l landscape, work together to form a
o designed the operating system, bubble of life
hardware, and circuit board of the - contain biotic or living, parts, as well as
computer abiotic factors, or nonliving parts

3. Steve Jobs ENVIRONMENT

o to sell the Apple l as fully
assembled printed circuit board - a place where different things are such as
a swampy or hot environment. It can be
SOCIAL MEDIA living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) things.

- websites and applications RESEARCHERS

- enable users to create and share content
or to participate in social networking - the research and reports in biodiversity
- studies by Roy (2016:5 15-27) reported
Instant Messaging Applications that due to the ever-increasing demand
on natural resources, the earth is on the
1. AOL – an American web portal and verge of global mass extinction
online service provider
2. Yahoo Messenger
3. MSN Messenger
4. Windows Messenger
Johns and Eyzaquirre (2006) conducted a GENETIC
study on Linking Biodiversity, Diet, and
Health in Police and Practice - it is the variation of genes within the
species
- simplification of human diets associated - it gives genetic variation within a
with increased accessibility of population or varieties within one species
inexpensive agricultural commodities - gene which all organism possess which
- erosion of agrobiodiversity leads to is passed from one to its offspring
nutrient deficiencies and excess energy
consumption. SPECIES
- non-communicable diseases are growing
causes of death and disability worldwide - refers to the variety of species within a
particular region
This study conducted in the Philippines by - number of species in a region is a
Tumbaga, Hipolito, and Gabriel (2020) measure of such diversity
o depends as much on the genetic
- community participation toward diversity as on the environmental
biodiversity conservation among condition
protected areas in Pangasinan,
Philippines ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
- Also, the understanding of community
participation in biodiversity conservation - variations in ecosystems within a
among developing countries, such as the geographical location and its overall
Philippines, is still lacking and needs to impact on human existence and the
be supplemented environment
- number of species in a community of
TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY organisms
- variation in ecosystems, such as deserts,
1. Ecological Diversity forests, grasslands, wetlands, and
o different habitats, niches, species oceans
interactions - largest scale biodiversity and within each
o an assemblage of species living in ecosystem (species and genetic
the same area and interacting with diversity)
an environment
Importance of Biodiversity
2. Species
o different kinds of organisms, - biological diversity represents a valuable
relationships among species genetic resource for mankind, genetic
o refers to the number of kinds of material is the end product of millions of
species being found years of evolution and hence the
preservation of biodiversity is very
3. Genetic Diversity essential
o different genes & combinations of - genetic diversity is of immense value for
genes within populations the research and developmental
o allows population of a species to activities
adopt to environmental changes - plants and animals are recognized in the
society as national pride, cultural
heritage and certain religious beliefs are
associated with it
- great aesthetic value
- recreational activities
 - religious beliefs, as some communities - a ten-year framework for action by all
regard mountains, trees, water bodies as countries and stakeholders to safeguard
sacrosanct biodiversity and the benefits it provides to
people
Why do we need to preserve biodiversity?
Protocols on Biodiversity
- everything connects
- humanity is inextricably connected to the To enhance the implementation of regulations
health and balance of the natural world and worldwide protocols
- every single organism plays a role in its
ecosystem 1. Montreal
- it contributes to the overall stability and 2. Kyoto
health of that ecosystem 3. Cartagena (Pacific) – aims to ensure the
- food, shelter, medicine, pollination and safe transport, handling, and use of living
clothing, and on the complex network of modified organisms (LMOs) resulting
all species (necessary to support those from modern biotechnology that may
species that we depend on directly) have adverse effects on biodiversity

Protocols NANOTECHNOLOGY

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – DNA

an international legally binding treaty - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- complex molecule – contains all the
3 Main Goals information necessary to build and
maintain an organism
1. Conservation of Biodiversity - all living things have DNA
2. Sustainable Use of Biodiversity - passes from one generation to another
3. Fair and Equitable sharing of the
benefits arising from the use of Composition
Genetic Resources
1. Carbon Sugar – deoxyribose
Overall Objective 2. Phosphate Molecule
- to encourage actions that will lead to a 3. Nitrogenous Bases (Adenine, Thymine,
sustainable future Cytosine and Guanine)
- conservation of biodiversity is a common
concern of humankind Influence of Nanotechnology
- CBD covers biodiversity at all levels
o ecosystems, species, and genetic 1. food security
resources 2. disease treatment delivery methods
o it also covers biotechnology 3. new tools for molecular and cellular
through the Cartagena Protocol biology
on Biosafety 4. new materials for pathogen (micro
o it covers all possible organism that causes disease) detection
- domains that are directly or indirectly 5. protection of the environment
related to biodiversity and its role in
development, ranging
- from science, politics, and education to
agriculture, business, culture, and much
more
- 2010 – CBD adopted the Strategic Plan
for Biodiversity 2011 - 2020
NANOTECHNOLOGY Some Examples of Nanotechnology

- refers to the science, engineering, and 1. Carbon Nanotube Body Armor - (bullet
technology conducted at the nanoscale, proof) protecting the body
which is about 1 to 100 nanometers
- atomic or subatomic scale 2. Solar Panels – The Gratzel Cell
- Nano (Greek) – dwarf (small/ tiny)
- application - uses a layer of material coated with
o material science highly porous titanium dioxide
o engineering nanoparticles as its surface material
o physics instead of silicon
o biology - less expensive to produce and allows
o chemistry cells to collect the sun’s rays across a
- smallest components of our world – wider surface area
atoms, and molecules
- nanometer – unit measurement for length 3. Food Products and Packaging-
(meters and centimeters) improve perishable product
- a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter packaging using nanotechnology
(0.000000001 or 10-9 meters)
- dimensions on the order of 1-100 4. Transdermal Patches – transdermal
nanometers (nm) administration delivers a solution into the
bloodstream through an individual’s skin
NANOMANUFACTURING
5. Bandages – add antimicrobial to combat
- refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost- infections
effective manufacturing of nanoscale
materials, structures, devices, and Other Applications – Success Stories
systems
1. Miniscule Messenger Bubbles floating
o Methods in all your bodily fluids could hold
▪ Top-Down important insights into many complex
▪ Bottom-Up diseases (Alzheimer/ Heart Disease and
etc.)
Nanotechnology improves, even revolutionize, o EU – funded researcher
many technologies and industry sectors such
as: 2. Tiny Battery (EU – funded research)
- tiny yet powerful batteries for safer and
1. information technology and better space applications
semiconductors
2. homeland security 3. Microscope on Chip Focus (EU –
3. medicine/ health funded project)
4. transportation - developed a super-resolution
5. energy microscope small enough to fit on to a
6. food safety/ agriculture computer chip that can be used to see
7. environmental science changes in living cells in real time

4. Nano Drugs (EU – funded

researchers)
- have devised ways to bypass these
barriers to get drugs to where they are
needed
Nanotechnology in Philippines Ethical Issues

- the National Tuberculosis Reference 1. Regulation – do we have a right to

Laboratory of the Research Institute for research, publish or conduct?
Tropical Medicine (RITM-NTRL)
- UPBL BIOTECH 2. Nanotechnology has the potential to be
- Alocilja Nano-Biosensors Lab of the even more destructive, artificial
Michigan State University (MSU) intelligence systems – thought that same
- Provincial Government of Bohol power can also profoundly help humanity

Applications of Nanotechnology in 3. Environmental and Health – how much

Tuberculosis Detection Workshop safety must we prove in nanomaterials
(Tagbilaran City) before introducing them into the
marketplace or environment
DOST Initiatives o mobile phones are brought to
market amid continuing questions
Applications about their safety
1. Medicine
2. Energy 4. Society – how will nanosensors evolve
3. Agriculture our concept of privacy, particularly if they
4. Food Production are ubiquitous (such as “smart dust”) and
5. Space Science virtually invisible?
6. Electronics o does national security justify a
tradeoff of our rights?
1. Nanofiber from Zeolite o nanotechnology also promises to
- purifying methane gas in methane- enhance our capabilities, but does
running pipelines which is ideal for this threaten the idea of being
industries powered which is ideal human?
industries powered by biogas digesters
5. Politics and Markets – how will
2. Fiber Membrane/ Filter nanotechnology affect global security
- treating heavy metal contaminated water and the distribution of power, if it can
using chitosan suitable for waste radically change the face of war and
management terrorism?
o suppose a nanodemocratic
Dangers of Nanotechnology country develops it first?
o will nanotech create a new arms
- elements at the nano scale behave race?
differently than they do on their bulk form
- could be toxic 6. Personal – a critical application for
- doctors nanotechnology will be in medicine, such
o nanoparticles are so small as repairing cellular damage to reverse
o could be easily cross the blood- or retard aging
brain barrier, a membrane that o will we lose our personal identity
protects the brain from harmful as we become more integrated
chemicals in the blood stream with our technologies, when
human and machine become one,
as the “theory of singularity”
redicts?
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM - human design into the formation of new
(GMO) AND GENE THERAPHY genetic combination in order to produce
desired results includes:
GENETICALLY MODIFIES ORGANISM o genetic testing
(GMO) o prenatal diagnosis
- living organisms whose genetic material o genetic screening
has been artificially manipulated in a o genetic control
laboratory through genetic engineering o in vitro fertilization
- creates combinations of plant, animal, o embryo transfer
bacteria, and virus genes that do not o cloning
occur in nature or through traditional o sperm and zygote banking
crossbreeding methods o sex selection
- transgenic crops and recombinant DNA o surrogacy
technology o organic transplant
- crop plants, farm animals and soil
bacteria are some of the more prominent GENE THERAPHY
examples of organisms that have been - aims to treat a disease by supplying a
subject to genetic engineering functional allele
- products of artificial manipulation and - one possible produce is the following
alteration of a species material and o clone the functional allele and
alteration using genetic engineering insert it in a retroviral vector
- plant, animal bacteria and virus genes o use the virus to deliver the gene to
maybe combined or may be crossbred to an affected cell type from the
produce another kind of species that do patient, such as a bone marrow
not naturally occur in the environment cell
o viral DNA and the functional allele
How do GMOs affect cells? will insert into the patients’
- allows genetic material to be transferred chromosomes
from any species into plants or other o return cells to the patient for
organisms growth and division
- introduction of a gene into different cells
can result in different outcomes, and the CLIMATE CHANGE
overall pattern of gene expression can be
altered by the introduction of a single CLIMATE CHANGE
gene
- a threat to both developing and
GENETIC ENGINEERING developed nations around the world
- means making changes to DNA in order - scientists like those from NASA attribute
to change the way living things work the global warming trend observed since
- used to mass-produce insulin, human the mid-20th century to the human
growth hormones, follistim (for creating expansion of the "greenhouse effect"
infertility), human albumin, monoclonal warming those results when the
antibodies, antihemophilic factors, atmosphere traps heat radiating from
vaccines and many other drugs Earth toward space. But overall, there
- creates new crops and farm animals are three major causes of climate
- make bacteria that can make medicines change, though it could be natural or
- grow human body parts human activities such as:
- prevent genetic diseases, change
humans
Volcanic Eruptions o it will increase worldwide deaths
- when volcanoes erupt, it emits different from malnutrition and heat stress.
natural aerosols like carbon dioxide, o ecosystems will be particularly
sulfur dioxides, salt crystals, volcanic vulnerable to climate change.
ashes or dust, and even microorganisms o ocean edification will have major
like bacteria and viruses all of which are effects on marine ecosystems,
greenhouse gases; can cause a cooling with possible adverse
effect on the lithosphere because its consequences on fish stocks.
emitted aerosol can block a certain o melting or collapse of ice sheets
percentage of solar radiation. would raise sea levels
o it will increase flood risks during
Orbital Changes the wet season and it will strongly
- also known as the Earth’s movement reduce dry-season water supplies.
around the sun
- Earth’s orbit can also cause climate STRATOSPHERE AND OZONE DEPLETION
change, this was proposed by the - ozone is both beneficial and harmful to
Milankovitch theory. As the Earth travels us. Near the ground, ozone-forming as a
through space around the Sun, cyclical result of chemical reactions involving
variations in three elements of Earth-Sun traffic pollution and sunlight may cause a
geometry combine to produce variations number of respiratory problems,
in the amount of solar energy that particularly for young children. However,
reaches Earth. high up in the atmosphere in a region
known as the stratosphere, ozone filters
Human Activities out incoming radiation from the Sun in the
- largest known contribution comes from cell-damaging ultraviolet (UV) part of the
the burning of fossil fuels, which releases spectrum. Without this ozone layer, life
carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere. on earth would not have evolved in the
Human activities result in emissions of way it has.
four principal greenhouse gases: - stratosphere is the second major layer of
o carbon dioxide the atmosphere and lies above the
o methane troposphere, the lowest layer. It occupies
o nitrous oxide the region of the atmosphere from about
o halocarbons 12 to 50 km above the Earth's surface,
although its lower boundary tends to be
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE higher nearer the equator and lower
- climate change has devastating effects nearer the poles.
on all living things, especially humans. - concentrations of ozone in the
The effects are so enormous that stratosphere fluctuate naturally in
discussing it for a day may not be response to variations in weather
enough. However, we may deduce it by conditions and amounts of energy being
looking into its effects on society as a released from the Sun, and to major
whole. Such effects include but are not volcanic eruptions.
limited to the following: - ozone depletion results in harmful effects
o it directly affects the basic on human health, plants, marine
elements of people’s lives like ecosystems, and biochemical cycles
water, food, health, use of land, among others.
and the environment.
o declining crop yields due to
drought, especially in Africa, are
likely to leave hundreds of millions
without the ability to produce or
purchase sufficient food.
ACID DEPOSITION THERMAL INVERSION

- another devastating effect of Climate - another devastating effect of Climate

Change on living things is acid rains. Acid Change is the fact that the temperature in
rain describes any form of precipitation certain areas tends to become inverted.
that contains high levels of nitric and But what exactly is temperature inversion
sulfuric acids. It can also occur in the or thermal inversion? According to
form of snow, fog, and tiny bits of dry Britannica Encyclopedia, Temperature
material that settle to Earth. Normal rain inversion, also called thermal inversion,
is slightly acidic, with a pH of 5.6, while is a reversal of the normal behavior of
acid rain generally has a pH between 4.2 temperature in the troposphere (the
and 4.4. region of the atmosphere nearest to
- rotting vegetation and erupting volcanoes Earth’s surface), in which a layer of cool
release some chemicals that can cause air at the surface is overlain by a layer of
acid rain, but most acid rain is a product warmer air. (Under normal conditions air
of human activities. The biggest sources temperature usually decreases with
are coal-burning power plants, factories, height.)
and automobiles. - although temperature inversion may be
- when humans burn fossil fuels, sulfur somewhat a normal phenomenon, it may
dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) have an adverse effect if coupled with
are released into the atmosphere. Those climate change and global warming.
air pollutants react with water, oxygen, Temperature inversions have a great
and other substances to form airborne effect on air pollution. Whether it's a
sulfuric and nitric acid. Winds may blanket of smog over a city or the melting
spread these acidic compounds through of ice packs due to ozone depletion,
the atmosphere and over hundreds of atmospheric temperature inversions are
miles. When acid rain reaches Earth, it intricately involved. They influence the
flows across the surface in runoff water, scope and intensity of the effects of air
enters water systems, and sinks into the pollution on a temporary, localized basis
soil. as well as long-term and globally.
- sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are not - climate change is not controlled,
primary greenhouse gases that temporary inversion may lead to its
contribute to global warming, one of the permanence. Permanent temperature
main effects of climate change; in fact, inversions occur high above the surface
sulfur dioxide has a cooling effect on the of the planet. In regard to air pollution, the
atmosphere. But nitrogen oxides most important of these is the
contribute to the formation of ground- stratosphere. This atmospheric layer
level ozone, a major pollutant that can be stretches from an average of seven miles
harmful to people. Both gases cause to 31 miles above the earth's surface.
environmental and health concerns The stratosphere sits atop the
because they can spread easily via air troposphere, which is the lowest layer of
pollution and acid rain. the atmosphere and home to the majority
- acid deposits damage physical structures of all-weather. The stratosphere’s
such as limestone buildings and cars. temperature inversion impacts global,
And when it takes the form of inhalable long-term air pollution.
fog, acid precipitation can cause health
problems including eye irritation and
asthma.
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

- obviously, we humans are one of the - research conducted by the United

agents of Climate Change. Our actions Nations indicates that the Earth’s climate
and inactions can lead to harmful effects is changing at a rate that has exceeded
on our planet. It is essential, therefore, to most scientific forecasts. Some families
raise our environmental awareness. and communities have already started to
Mother Earth as we speak, has its own suffer from disasters and the
way to heal herself. consequences of climate change, which
- maybe some of you have seen posters, has forced them to leave their homes in
ads, and the like carrying the exhortation search of a new beginning. UNHCR
''Go Green!'' But, what does it mean to recognizes that the consequences of
''go green''? It takes a variety of forms, climate change are extremely serious,
but essentially, going green means being including for refugees and other people
mindful of the natural environment and of concern. The Global Compact on
making economic choices that aren't Refugees, adopted by an overwhelming
harmful to the earth. For example, this majority in the UN General Assembly in
might mean purchasing a glass or December 2018, directly addresses this
ceramic water bottle instead of using growing concern. It recognizes that
disposable plastic water bottles. Plastic ‘climate, environmental degradation, and
takes an incredibly long time to break natural disasters increasingly interact
down, and a significant percentage of with the drivers of refugee movements.’
plastic makes it to the oceans, where it - it is therefore imperative that high-risk
kills plant and animal life. Going green countries must have a well-developed
might also involve using an all-natural Disaster Risk Management policy. Watch
hair-care product, instead of a can of the video to know more.
aerosol spray containing toxic chemicals.
- when people ''go green,'' they are
practicing environmental awareness. The
term means exactly what you expect it to
be aware of the natural environment and
making choices that benefit--rather than
hurt--the earth. In recent years,
environmental awareness has gained
increased attention. It is fair to say it has
become a bit of a trend: from
environmentally friendly tiny homes to
organic food, environmental awareness
is a hot topic. However, it is nothing new
and it ought to be more than just a
passing fad because of its importance.
Let's dig deeper and learn more about
environmental awareness.
- environmental awareness is to
understand the fragility of our
environment and the importance of its
protection. Promoting environmental
awareness is an easy way to become an
environmental steward and participate in
creating a brighter future for our children.