Chemistry 11 Solutions

Chapter 8

Solutions and Their Properties

Section 8.2 Factors That Affect Solubility and Rate of Dissolving
Solutions for Selected Review Questions
Student Edition page 370

3. Review Question (page 370)

Vitamin A is soluble in fats but not in water. This vitamin is found in foods
such as yellow fruit and green vegetables. People who have little access to
meat frequently show signs of vitamin A deficiency even when their diet
contains a good supply of the necessary fruit and vegetables. Why do these
people show signs of vitamin A deficiency?

Vitamin A is a molecular compound that is not soluble in water but is soluble

in fat. In the diet of many North Americans, fat is obtained through eating
meats. A vegetarian diet would not include meat. If no other source of fat is
included in the diet, there would be no solvent in which the vitamin A could
dissolve and this nutrient would not be absorbed into the body cells.

4. Review Question (page 370)

Explain why calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2(s), is insoluble in water, but sodium
hydroxide, NaOH(s), is soluble.

Ca(OH)2(s) is less soluble because the attraction between the oppositely

charged Ca2+ ions and OH– ions is greater than the attractions between polar
water molecules and the ions. The 2+ charge on the calcium ion is the main
factor contributing to this strong ion–ion attraction.

On the other hand, in NaOH(s), the attraction between the oppositely charged
Na+ ions and OH– ions is less than the attraction between polar water
molecules and the ions. The charge on the sodium ion is 1+. This will be the
main contributing factor to the weaker ion–ion attractions in this compound.

The hydrogen bonding between polar water molecules is less than the
attractions between the ions and the water molecules. The water molecules
surround the ions, or hydrate the ions, as dissolving occurs.

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5. Review Question (page 370)

Is iodine, I2(s), more likely to dissolve in water or in carbon tetrachloride,
CCl4(ℓ)? Explain.

Iodine is more likely to dissolve in CCl4(ℓ). I2(s) and CCl4(ℓ) are both non-
polar molecular compounds, whereas water is a polar molecular compound.
There are no significant attractions between the non-polar I2 molecules and
polar water molecules that would cause molecules of I2(s) to separate.

6. Review Question (page 370)

Explain why the solubility of a gas in olive oil is similar to the solubility of the
same gas in animal fat. How could this information be useful to a researcher
who is evaluating the safety of a new anesthetic gas? Anesthetics are
medicines that are given to patients before surgery to keep them from feeling
pain during the procedure.

Fats and oils are chemically similar. Physically, the oils have weaker
intermolecular forces between molecules and have a lower melting point than
fats. The solubility of a gas in an oil would be similar to the solubility in fat if
it is soft (i.e., has a lower melting point). This information is valuable to a
researcher, because the solubility of a new anesthetic can be tested in the
laboratory using oil rather than on a patient.

7. Review Question (page 370)

Food colouring is often added to ice cream, candies, and icing for birthday
cakes. Are the molecules in food colouring more likely to be polar or non-
polar? Explain your answer.

Food colouring must dissolve completely because there is a homogeneous

appearance to the foods. Since the food colouring mixes completely, and since
each food contains polar water molecules, the food colouring would be
expected to be made up of polar molecules. The polar water molecules would
hydrate the molecules in the food colouring.

8. Review Question (page 370)

A scuba diver who is experiencing the “bends” as a result of nitrogen bubbles
in the blood may be treated in a recompression chamber. The air pressure in
this sealed chamber can be increased to many times the atmospheric pressure.
Explain how a recompression chamber can be used to remove the nitrogen
bubbles safely.

There is a problem with ascending from an underwater dive too quickly. A

scuba diver breathes air at a greater pressure under water than at the surface of
the water. More nitrogen is dissolved in the diver’s blood. Slow surfacing
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allows the dissolved nitrogen to come out of the blood solution gradually,
preventing the sudden formation of bubbles of gas in the blood that is
potentially fatal.

A recompression chamber can be used to simulate the underwater pressure

conditions and cause the nitrogen gas to dissolve in the blood. The pressure
can then be decreased slowly, similar to ascending from the dive gradually.
The nitrogen gas can be safely exhaled in small amounts.

9. Review Question (page 370)

Use the solubility curves in Figure 8.11 (below) to predict whether each
solution of potassium chlorate, KClO3(aq), is saturated, unsaturated, or
supersaturated.
a. 15 g of KClO3(aq) in 100 g of water at 40°C
b. 10 g of KClO3(aq) in 50 g of water at 65°C
c. 8 g of KClO3(aq) in 50 g of water at 50°C

a. At 40°C, the solubility of KClO3(aq) in 100 g of water is 12 g. A solution

containing 15 g of KClO3(aq) in 100 g of water is supersaturated.
b. At 65°C, the solubility of KClO3(aq) in 100 g of water is 24 g. At 65°C, the
solubility of KClO3(aq) in 50 g of water is 12 g. A solution containing 10 g of
KClO3(aq) in 50 g of water is unsaturated.
c. At 50°C, the solubility of KClO3(aq) in 100 g of water is 16 g. At 50°C the
solubility of KClO3(aq) in 50 g of water is 8 g. A solution containing 8 g of
KClO3(aq) in 50 g of water is saturated.

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11. Review Question (page 370)

Explain why sodium chloride, NaCl(s), is insoluble in benzene, C6H6(ℓ). In
your explanation, refer to the forces of attraction between the various particles.

NaCl(s) is an ionic solid held together by strong electrical attraction between

oppositely charged Na+ ions and Cl– ions. C6H6(ℓ) is a non-polar molecular
compound in which molecules are weakly attracted to one another. There are
no centres of charge in the C6H6(ℓ) that can attract ions and cause separation of
the ions in NaCl(s). Therefore, NaCl(s) does not dissolve in C6H6(ℓ).

15. Review Question (page 370)

The molecular structure of methanol is shown below. Use this structure to
explain why methanol is soluble in both water and gasoline.
H
‫׀‬
H–C–O–H
‫׀‬
H

CH3OH has a polar –OH group on one side of the molecule that can lead to
hydrogen bonding. The CH3– is non-polar. Methanol is soluble in water
because the hydrogen bonding in both water and methanol results in attractions
between the polar water molecules and the polar methanol molecules. The non-
polar part of methanol will be attracted to, and mix with, non-polar octane,
C8H18(ℓ), the main component of gasoline.

16. Review Question (page 370)

Boiling is an effective method for sterilizing water. The water will remain
sterile if it is covered while it cools to room temperature. Water that is
sterilized in this way is not suitable for filling a fish tank, however. Explain
why.

Fish survive by extracting dissolved oxygen from water. The solubility of a gas
in a liquid decreases with increasing temperature. Boiling the water will
decrease the dissolved oxygen content to zero, and because the water is left
covered while it cools, oxygen in the air cannot dissolve in the water. Fish
would have no oxygen to breathe in the cooled water and would die.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Section 8.3 Concentrations of Solutions

Solutions for Practice Problems
Student Edition page 373

1. Practice Problem (page 373)

A pharmacist adds 20.0 mL of distilled water to 30.0 g of a powdered
medicine. The volume of the solution formed is 25.0 mL. What is the percent
(m/v) concentration of the solution?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the percent (m/v) concentration of a solution.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the powdered medicine solute: 30.0 g
You know the volume of the solution: 25.0 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]
30.0 g
= × 100%
25.0 mL
= 1.20 × 102 %

The concentration of the solution is 1.20 × 102% (m/v).

Check Your Solution

Since the mass of solute is greater than the volume of solution, it is reasonable
to have a percent (m/v) concentration greater than 100%. The answer correctly
shows three significant digits.

2. Practice Problem (page 373)

A solution contains 21.4 g of sodium nitrate, NaNO3(s), dissolved in 250 mL
of solution. Find the percent (m/v) concentration of the solution.

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the percent (m/v) concentration of a solution.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the sodium nitrate solute: 21.4 g
You know the volume of the solution: 250 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]
21.4 g
= × 100%
250 mL
= 8.56%

The concentration of the solution is 8.56% (m/v).

Check Your Solution

Since the volume of solution is about 11 times greater than the mass of solute,
1
the percent (m/v) concentration is about × 100% or about 9% (m/v). This
11
agrees with the calculated value and the answer correctly shows three
significant digits.

3. Practice Problem (page 373)

A chemist slowly evaporated 1.80 L of a 1.75% (m/v) solution of calcium
nitrate, Ca(NO3)2(aq). What mass of solute should the chemist obtain?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the mass of calcium nitrate.

What Is Given?
You know the concentration of the solution: 1.75% (m/v)
You know the volume of the solution: 1.80 L

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volume of the solution from litres to millilitres: 1 L = 1 × 103 mL
Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the mass of calcium
nitrate, m.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
volume of solution = 1.80 L × 1 × 103 mL/ L
= 1800 mL

Formula for percent (m/v) concentration:

mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

percent (m/v) mass of solute [in grams]
=
100% volume of solution [in millilitres]
percent (m/v)
mass of solute [in grams] = × volume of solution [in millilitres]
100%

Substitution to calculate m:
g
1.75 % × 1800 mL
mL
m=
100 %
= 31.5 g

The mass of calcium nitrate that the chemist should obtain is 31.5 g.

Check Your Solution

Use the calculated answer to express the mass as a percentage of the volume:
31.5 g
× 100% = 1.75% (m/v)
1800 mL
The answer is accurate and correctly shows three significant digits.

4. Practice Problem (page 373)

What mass of potassium permanganate must be dissolved to make 2.0 L of a
4.0% (m/v) solution?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the mass of potassium permanganate.

What Is Given?
You know the concentration of the solution: 4.0% (m/v)
You know the volume of the solution: 2.0 L

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volume of the solution from litres to millilitres: 1 L = 1 × 103 mL
Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the mass of potassium
permanganate, m.

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
volume of solution = 2.0 L × 1 × 103 mL/ L
= 2000 mL

Formula for percent (m/v) concentration:

mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

percent (m/v) mass of solute [in grams]
=
100% volume of solution [in millilitres]
percent (m/v)
mass of solute [in grams] = × volume of solution [in millilitres]
100%

Substitution to calculate m:
g
4.0 % × 2000 mL
mL
m=
100 %
= 80 g

The mass of potassium permanganate that must be dissolved is 80 g.

Check Your Solution

Express the mass as a percentage of the volume:
80 g
× 100% = 4.0% (m/v)
2000 mL
The answer is accurate and correctly shows two significant digits.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

5. Practice Problem (page 373)

A chemist measured 25.00 g of water and bubbled hydrogen chloride gas into
the water. The resulting solution had a mass of 26.68 g and a volume of
25.2 mL. Determine the percent (m/v) concentration of the solution.

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the percent (m/v) concentration of a solution.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the hydrogen chloride solution, HCl(aq): 26.68 g
You know the mass of the solvent: 25.00 g
You know the volume of the solution: 25.2 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Calculate the mass of solute by subtracting the mass of solvent from the mass
of solution.
Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solute = mass of solution − mass of solvent
= 26.68 g − 25.00 g
= 1.68 g

mass of solute [in grams]

percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]
1.68 g
= × 100%
25.2 mL
= 6.67%

The concentration of the solution is 6.67% (m/v).

Check Your Solution

1
Estimating, the mass of solute is about the volume of the solution. The
15
7 1
concentration in percent (m/v) expressed as a fraction is , or about .
100 15
This agrees with the calculated value and the answer correctly shows three
significant digits.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

6. Practice Problem (page 373)

A student carefully evaporated all the water from an 80.0 mL salt solution. She
found that the mass of the residue from the sample was 1.40 g. Calculate the
percent (m/v) concentration of the salt solution.

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the percent (m/v) concentration of a salt solution.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the salt that was dissolved: 1.40 g
You know the volume of the solution: 80.0 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]
1.40 g
= × 100%
80.0 mL
= 1.75%

The concentration of the salt solution is 1.75% (m/v).

Check Your Solution

Estimating:
1.5 × 100
= 1.90
80
This agrees with the calculated value and the answer correctly shows three
significant digits.

7. Practice Problem (page 373)

A household bleach has a concentration of 4.60% (m/v) of sodium
hypochlorite, NaOCl(aq). What mass of sodium hypochlorite does a 2.84 L
container of this bleach contain?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the mass of sodium hypochlorite.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the concentration of the solution: 4.60% (m/v)
You know the volume of the solution: 2.84 L

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volume of the solution from litres to millilitres: 1 L = 1 × 103 mL
Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the mass of sodium
hypochlorite, m.

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
volume of solution = 2.84 L × 1 × 103 mL/ L
= 2840 mL

Formula for percent (m/v) concentration:

mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

percent (m/v) mass of solute [in grams]
=
100% volume of solution [in millilitres]
percent (m/v)
mass of solute [in grams] = × volume of solution [in millilitres]
100%

Substitution to calculate m:
g
4.60 % × 2840 mL
mL
m=
100 %
= 130.64 g
= 131 g

The mass of sodium hypochlorite that the container contains is 131 g.

Check Your Solution

Using the calculated answer, express the mass as a percentage of the volume:
131 g
× 100% = 4.61% (m/v)
2840 mL
The answer is accurate and correctly shows three significant digits.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

8. Practice Problem (page 373)

Ringer’s solution contains 0.86% (m/v) NaCl(aq), 0.03% (m/v) KCl(aq), and 0.033%
(m/v) CaCl2(aq). Calculate the mass of each of these compounds in a 300 mL bag of
Ringer’s solution.

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the masses of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium
chloride in a solution.

What Is Given?
You know the concentration of each solute in the solution:
0.86% (m/v) NaCl(aq)
0.03% (m/v) KCl(aq)
0.033% (m/v) CaCl2(aq)
You know the volume of the solution: 300 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of each solute.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the mass of each solute, m.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (m/v) concentration:
mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

percent (m/v) mass of solute [in grams]
=
100% volume of solution [in millilitres]
percent (m/v)
mass of solute [in grams] = × volume of solution [in millilitres]
100%

• Substitution to calculate the mass of NaCl(s) solute, mNaCl:

g
0.86 % × 300 mL
mL
mNaCl =
100 %
= 2.58 g
= 2.6 g

The mass of sodium chloride is 2.6 g.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

• Substitution to calculate the mass of KCl(s) solute, mKCl:

g
0.03 % × 300 mL
mL
mKCl =
100 %
= 0.09 g

The mass of potassium chloride is 0.09 g.

• Substitution to calculate the mass of CaCl2(s) solute, mCaCl2 :

g
0.033 % × 300 mL
mL
mCaCl2 =
100 %
= 0.099 g

The mass of calcium chloride is 0.099 g.

Check Your Solution

Estimating by expressing each mass as a percentage of the volume:
2.6 g
NaCl(aq): × 100% = 0.9% (m/v)
300 mL
0.09 g
KCl(aq): × 100% = 0.03% (m/v)
300 mL
0.099 g
CaCl2(aq): × 100% = 0.033% (m/v)
300 mL
The answers show the correct number of significant digits.

9. Practice Problem (page 373)

What volume of 5.0% (m/v) solution of sodium chloride, NaCl(aq), can be
made using 40 g of NaCl(s)?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the volume of a NaCl(aq) solution.

What Is Given?
You know the concentration of the solution: 5.0% (m/v)
You know the mass of the solute: 40 g

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the volume of solution.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the volume of the sodium
chloride solution, V.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (m/v) concentration:
mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of solution:

mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]
percent (m/v) × volume of solution [in millilitres] = mass of solute [in grams] × 100%
mass of solute [in grams]
volume of solution [in millilitres] = × 100%
percent (m/v)

Substitution to calculate the volume of the sodium chloride solution, v:

40 g
v= × 100 %
g
5.0 %
mL
= 800 mL

The volume of the solution is 800 ml.

Check Your Solution

Using the calculated value for the volume of solution, express the mass as a
percentage of the volume:
40 g
× 100% = 5.0% (m/v)
800 mL
The answer agrees with the given data and correctly shows two significant
digits.

10. Practice Problem (page 373)

How would you prepare 400 mL of a 3.5% (m/v) solution of sodium acetate?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the mass of sodium acetate and describe how to prepare
a solution.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the concentration of the solution: 3.5% (m/v)
You know the volume of the solution: 400 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the mass of sodium acetate,
m.
Prepare the solution of sodium acetate.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (m/v) concentration:
mass of solute [in grams]
percent (m/v) = × 100%
volume of solution [in millilitres]

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

percent (m/v) mass of solute [in grams]
=
100% volume of solution [in millilitres]
percent (m/v)
mass of solute [in grams] = × volume of solution [in millilitres]
100%

Substitution to calculate the mass of sodium acetate, m:

g
3.5 % × 400 mL
mL
m=
100 %
= 14 g

The mass of sodium acetate is 14 g.

To prepare the solution, measure 14 g of the solute and dissolve in water. Add
water to bring the total volume of the solution to 400 mL.

Check Your Solution

Using the calculated value for mass of solute, express the mass as a percentage
14 g
of the volume: × 100% = 3.5% (m/v)
400 mL
The answer agrees with the given data and correctly shows two significant
digits.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Section 8.3 Concentrations of Solutions

Solutions for Practice Problems
Student Edition page 375

11. Practice Problem (page 375)

Calculate the percent (m/m) concentration of a solution that contains 11 g of
pure sodium hydroxide in 75 g of solution.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the percent (m/m) concentration of a solution.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the sodium hydroxide solute: 11 g
You know the mass of the solution: 75 g

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
11 g
= × 100%
75 g
=14.66%
= 15%

The concentration of the solution is 15% (m/m).

Check Your Solution

Estimating the answer, the mass of solution is about 7 times the mass of solute.
1
The fraction as a percent is about 15%. The answer seems reasonable and
7
correctly shows two significant digits.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

12. Practice Problem (page 375)

A physiotherapist makes a footbath solution by dissolving 120 g of magnesium
sulfate (Epsom salts), MgSO4(s), in 3.00 kg of water. Calculate the percent
(m/m) of magnesium sulfate in the solution. (Hint: Remember to use the mass
of solution.)

What Is Required?
You need to determine the percent (m/m) concentration of a magnesium sulfate
solution.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the magnesium sulfate solute: 120 g
You know the mass of the solvent: 3.00 kg

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the mass from kilograms to grams: 1 kg = 1 × 103 g
Determine the mass of solution by adding the mass of solute to the mass of
solvent.
Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

Mass conversion:
mass of solvent = 3.00 kg × 1 × 103 g/ kg
= 3000 g

mass of solution = mass of solvent + mass of solute

= 3000 g + 120 g
= 3120 g

Percent (m/m) concentration:

mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
120 g
= × 100%
3120 g
= 3.846%
= 3.85%

The concentration of the solution is 3.85% (m/m).

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

Rounding off and estimating, the concentration in percent (m/m) is about 4%
and the mass of solution is about 3000 g.
Four percent of 3000 is about 120 g. The estimate is close to the calculated
value and seems reasonable. The calculated answer correctly shows three
significant digits.

13. Practice Problem (page 375)

How much chromium, nickel, and iron would you need to make a 500 kg batch of
18/8 stainless steel, which is steel made with 18% (m/m) chromium and 8% (m/m)
nickel in iron?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the mass of chromium, iron, and nickel needed to make
stainless steel.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the solution: 500 kg
You know the percent (m/m) of the component elements:
18% chromium
8% nickel
74% iron (the difference between the concentration of the solution (100%) and the
sum of the concentrations of chromium and nickel)

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the data into the expression and solve for the mass of each solute, m.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (m/m) concentration:
mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

percent (m/m) × mass of solution = mass of solute × 100%
mass of solute × 100% = percent (m/m) × mass of solution
percent (m/m) × mass of solution
mass of solute =
100%

• Substitution to calculate the mass of the chromium solute, mCr:

18 % × 500 kg
mCr =
100 %
= 90 kg
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Chemistry 11 Solutions

• Substitution to calculate the mass of the nickel solute, mNi:

8 % × 500 kg
mNi =
100 %
= 40 kg
• Substitution to calculate the mass of the iron solute, mFe:
74 % × 500 kg
mFe =
100 %
= 370 kg

To make 500 kg of stainless steel, you would need 90 kg of chromium, 40 kg of nickel,

and 370 kg of iron.

Check Your Solution

The answers are reasonable. The mass of nickel is a little less than half the mass of
chromium and the percent (m/m) nickel (8%) is a little less than half the percent (m/m) of
chromium (18%).

14. Practice Problem (page 375)

When evaporated, a sample of a solution of silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), leaves a
residue with a mass of 3.47 g. The original sample had a mass of 43.88 g.
Calculate the percent (m/m) concentration of the silver nitrate solution.

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the percent (m/m) concentration of a solution of silver
nitrate.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the AgNO3(s) solute: 3.47 g
You know the mass of the AgNO3(aq) solution: 43.88 g

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
3.47 g
= × 100%
43.88 g
= 7.907%
= 7.91%
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Chemistry 11 Solutions

The concentration of the silver nitrate solution is 7.91% (m/m).

Check Your Solution

Using rounded-off values, and working backward to estimate the mass of
solute:
8% (m/m) × 45 g AgNO3(aq) = 3.6 g
This estimated answer agrees with the given mass of solute. The calculated
answer is reasonable and correctly shows three significant digits.

15. Practice Problem (page 375)

A solution is made by dissolving 12.9 g of carbon tetrachloride, CCl4(ℓ), in
72.5 g of benzene, C6H6(ℓ). Calculate the percent (m/m) concentration of
carbon tetrachloride in the solution.

What Is Required?
You have to calculate the percent (m/m) concentration of a solution of carbon
tetrachloride in benzene.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the CCl4(ℓ) solute: 12.9 g
You know the mass of the solvent, C6H6(ℓ): 72.5g

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the mass of solution by adding the mass of the solute, CCl4(ℓ), and
the mass of the solvent, C6H6(ℓ).
Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
= 12.9 g + 72.5 g
= 85.4 g

mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
12.9 g
= × 100%
85.4 g
= 15.1%

The concentration of the solution is 15.1% (m/m).

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

Using rounded-off values, and working backward to estimate the mass of
solute CCl4(ℓ):
15% (m/m) × 85 g solution = 12.75 g
This estimated answer agrees with the given mass of solute, CCl4(ℓ). The
calculated answer is reasonable and correctly shows three significant digits.

16. Practice Problem (page 375)

Since pure gold is quite soft, gold jewellery is usually made with an alloy. An
18 karat gold alloy contains 75% (m/m) gold. How much of this alloy can a
jeweller make with 8.00 g of pure gold?

What Is Required?
You must determine the mass of a solution of gold alloy.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of gold solute: 8.00 g:
You know the percent (m/m) concentration of the solution: 75%

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of solution.
Substitute the data into the expression and calculate the mass of the alloy, m.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (m/m) concentration:
mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solution:

percent (m/m) × mass of solution = mass of solute × 100%
mass of solute × 100%
mass of solution =
percent (m/m)

Substitution to calculate the mass of the gold alloy, m:

8.00 g × 100 %
m=
75 %
= 10.66 g
= 11 g

The mass of the gold alloy is 11 g.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

Using rounded values, and working backward to estimate the mass of solution:
8 g [solute ]
× 100% = 73%
11g [solution]
This estimated answer agrees closely with the given percent (m/m)
concentration. The calculated answer is reasonable and correctly shows two
significant digits.

17. Practice Problem (page 375)

Surgical steel is an iron alloy that is easy to clean and sterilize. It contains 12 to
14% (m/m) chromium. Calculate the minimum mass of chromium in a 40 g
instrument made from surgical steel.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the minimum mass of chromium in stainless steel.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the stainless steel solution: 40 g
You know the minimum percent (m/m) of the chromium solute: 12%

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Rearrange the equation to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the minimum mass of
the chromium solute, m.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (m/m) concentration:
mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

percent (m/m) × mass of solution = mass of solute × 100%
percent (m/m) × mass of solution
mass of solute =
100%

Substitution to calculate the mass of the chromium solute:

12 % × 40 g
m=
100 %
= 4.8 g

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

The minimum mass of the chromium solute is 4.8 g.

Check Your Solution

Using rounded values, and working backward to estimate the mass of solute:
5 g [solute]
× 100% = 12.5%
40 g [solution]
This estimated answer agrees closely with the given percent (m/m)
concentration. The calculated answer is reasonable and correctly shows two
significant digits.

18. Practice Problem (page 375)

Pure iron is a relatively soft metal. Adding carbon to iron makes a type of steel
that is much stronger than pure iron. Calculate the percent (m/m) concentration
of carbon in a 5.0 kg steel bar that contains 85 g of carbon.

What Is Required?
You have to calculate the percent (m/m) concentration of a solution of iron
alloy.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the carbon solute: 85 g.
You know the mass of the solution of iron alloy 5.0 kg.

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the mass of the solution from kilograms to grams: 1 kg = 1 × 103 g
Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the concentration of carbon.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solution = 5.0 kg × 1 × 103 g/ kg
= 5000 g

mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
85 g
= × 100%
5000 g
= 1.7%

The concentration of the solution of iron alloy is 1.7% (m/m).

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

Using rounded values, and working backward to estimate the mass of solute:
2% ( m/m ) × 5000 g = 100 g
This estimated answer approximates the given mass of solute. The calculated
answer is reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

19. Practice Problem (page 375)

A technician who was monitoring the health of a lake analyzed a sample of
water from the lake. The sample had a mass of 155 g and contained 1.12 mg of
dissolved oxygen. Calculate the percent (m/m) concentration of oxygen in the
sample.

What Is Required?
You have to calculate the percent (m/m) concentration of dissolved oxygen in
lake water.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of oxygen solute: 1.12 mg
You know the mass of solution: 155 g

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the mass of oxygen solute from milligrams to grams:
1 mg = 1 × 10–3 g
Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the concentration of
dissolved oxygen.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of solute = 1.12 mg × 1 × 10 –3 g/ mg
= 1.12 × 10 –3 g

mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
1.12 × 10 –3 g
= × 100%
155 g
= 7.2258 × 10 –4 %
= 7.23 × 10 –4 %

The concentration of oxygen in the lake water is 7.23 × 10–4% (m/m).

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

Using rounded values, and working backward to estimate the mass of solute:
7 × 10 –4 % ( m/m ) × 1.5 × 102 g = 1 × 10−3 g or about 1 mg
This estimated answer approximates the given mass of solute. The calculated
answer is reasonable and correctly shows three significant digits.

20. Practice Problem (page 375)

A mining company in Sudbury reported mining 6.91 × 105 t of ore, from which
it extracted 1.68 × 103 t of nickel, 1.6 × 104 t of copper, and 1.6 t of platinum.
What is the percent (m/m) concentration of each metal in the ore?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the percent (m/m) concentrations of nickel, copper, and
platinum in an ore.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of each metal in the ore:
1.68 × 103 t of nickel
1.6 × 104 t of copper
1.6 t of platinum
You know the mass of the ore (solution): 6.91 × 105 t

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the concentration of each
metal.

Act on Your Strategy

• concentration of nickel
mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
1.68 × 103 t
= × 100%
6.91 × 105 t
= 0.24312%
= 0.243%

The concentration of nickel in the ore is 0.243% (m/m).

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

• concentration of copper
mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
1.6 × 104 t
= × 100%
6.91 × 105 t
= 2.315%
= 2.3%

The concentration of copper in the ore is 2.3% (m/m).

• concentration of platinum
mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
1.6 t
= × 100%
6.91 × 105 t
= 2.315 × 10 –4 %
= 2.3 × 10 –4 %

The concentration of nickel in the ore is 2.3 × 10–4% (m/m).

Check Your Solution

The amounts of each metal differ approximately by a number of powers of ten.
The percent (m/m) concentrations differ by the same powers of ten. The
calculated answers seem reasonable and are expressed to the correct number of
significant digits.

Section 8.3 Concentrations of Solutions

Solutions for Practice Problems
Student Edition page 376

21. Practice Problem (page 376)

The rubbing alcohol that is sold in pharmacies is usually a 70% (v/v) aqueous
solution of isopropyl alcohol. What volume of isopropyl alcohol is present in a
500 mL bottle of this solution?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of isopropyl alcohol (solute) in a bottle of
rubbing alcohol.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the volume of the solution: 500 mL
You know the percent (v/v) concentration: 70%

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Rearrange the equation to solve for the volume of solute.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the volume of isopropyl
alcohol, V.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (v/v) concentration:
volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution

Rearranged equation to solve for the volume of solute:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
percent (v/v) × volume of solution
volume of solute =
100%

Substitution to calculate the volume of isopropyl alcohol:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution
v=
100%
70 % × 500 mL
=
100 %
= 3.5 × 102 mL

The volume of isopropyl alcohol in the bottle of rubbing alcohol is 3.5 × 102
mL (v/v).

Check Your Solution

3
The volume of isopropyl alcohol is approximately of the volume of the 500
4
mL bottle, which is about 70% of the given concentration. The calculated
answer correctly shows two significant digits.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

22. Practice Problem (page 376)

If 80 mL of ethanol is diluted with water to a final volume of 500 mL, what is
the percent (v/v) concentration of ethanol in the solution?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the percent (v/v) concentration of an ethanol solution.

What Is Given?
You know the volume of the solution: 500 mL
You know the volume of ethanol solute: 80 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the concentration of ethanol.

Act on Your Strategy

volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution
80 mL
= × 100%
500 mL
= 16%

The concentration of the ethanol is 16% (v/v).

Check Your Solution

Using the answer and the given volume of solution, 16% of 500 is 80 mL. The
calculated answer is accurate and correctly shows two significant digits.

23. Practice Problem (page 376)

A particular brand of windshield washer fluid contains 40% (v/v) methanol.
How much pure methanol does a 4.0 L container of this fluid contain?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of methanol (solute) in a bottle of
windshield washer fluid.

What Is Given?
You know the volume of the solution: 4.0 L
You know the percent (v/v) concentration of the solution: 40%

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the volume of solute.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the volume of methanol
solute, V.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (v/v) concentration:
volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution

Rearranged equation to solve for the volume of solute:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
percent (v/v) × volume of solution
volume of solute =
100%

Substitution to calculate the volume of methanol:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution
v=
100%
40 % × 4.0 L
=
100 %
= 1.6 L

The volume of methanol in the windshield washer fluid is 1.6 L.

Check Your Solution

The volume of methanol is less than half the volume of solution, which is
approximately 40% of the total volume. The calculated answer seems
reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

24. Practice Problem (page 376)

A concentrated solution of engine coolant contains 75% (v/v) ethylene glycol
in water. The label tells consumers to use a 1:1 mixture of the concentrate with
water in their cars. Determine the approximate volume of pure ethylene glycol
in an automotive cooling system that contains 6.0 L of the diluted solution.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of ethylene glycol (solute) in the cooling
system of an engine.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the volume of the solution: 6.0 L
You know the percent (v/v) concentration of stock solution: 75%
You know the stock solution will be diluted 1:1 with water.

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the percent (v/v) concentration of ethylene glycol in the engine’s
cooling system.
Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula for percent (v/v) to solve for the volume of solute.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the volume of ethylene
glycol, V.

Act on Your Strategy

Since the stock solution of ethylene glycol is diluted 1:1, each volume of
ethylene glycol in the cooling system is diluted in an equal volume of water.
The percent (v/v) concentration of the coolant solution in the engine therefore
1
is the concentration of the stock solution:
2
1 volume ethylene glycol 1 volume
× 75% = × 75%
1 volume ethylene glycol + 1 volume of H 2 O 2 volumes
= 37.5%

Formula for percent (v/v) concentration:

volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution

Rearranged equation to solve for the volume of solute:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
percent (v/v) × volume of solution
volume of solute =
100%

Substitution to calculate the volume of ethylene glycol:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution
v=
100%
37.5 % × 6.0 L
=
100 %
= 2.25 L
= 2.2 L
The volume of ethylene glycol in the engine is 2.2 L.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

Rounding the data and estimating the percent (v/v) concentration:
2L
× 100% = 33%
6L
This estimate approximates the given concentration. The calculated answer
correctly shows two significant digits.

25. Practice Problem (page 376)

Describe how to prepare a 5.00% (v/v) solution with 50.0 mL of pure ethylene
glycol.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of an ethylene glycol solution and outline
how to prepare this solution.

What Is Given?
You know the percent (v/v) concentration of the solution: 5.00% (v/v)
You know the volume of ethylene glycol solute: 50.0 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Rearrange the expression for the percent (v/v) concentration to solve for the
volume of solution.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the volume.
Subtract the volume of solute from the volume of the solution to determine the
volume of solvent (water) required.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (v/v) concentration:
volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of solution:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
volume of solute × 100%
volume of solution =
percent (v/v)

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Substitution to calculate the volume:

volume of solute × 100%
volume of solution =
percent (v/v)
50.0 mL × 100 %
=
5.00 %
= 1000 mL

Calculation of volume of solvent:

volume of solvent = volume of solution − volume of solute
= 1000.0 mL − 50.0 mL
= 950.0 mL
= 9.50 × 102 mL

To prepare this solution, add 50.0 mL of ethylene glycol to 9.50 × 102 mL of

water.

Check Your Solution

Using the calculated volume of solution, 5% of 1000 mL is 50 mL. The
calculated answer is reasonable and correctly shows three significant digits.

26. Practice Problem (page 376)

Gasoline sold in Ontario must contain at least 5.0% (v/v) ethanol. How much
ethanol is a driver likely to get when buying 30 L of gasoline?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of ethanol (solute) in gasoline.

What Is Given?
You know the volume of the solution: 30 L
You know the percent (v/v) concentration of ethanol: 5.0%

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the volume of solute.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the volume of ethanol, V.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (v/v) concentration:
volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of solute:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
percent (v/v) × volume of solution
volume of solute =
100%

Substitution to calculate the volume of ethanol, v:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution
v=
100%
5.0 % × 30 L
=
100 %
= 1.5 L

The volume of ethanol in the gasoline is 1.5 L.

Check Your Solution

Using the calculated volume of ethanol and the volume of solution, estimate
the percent (v/v):
1.5 L
× 100% = 5% (v/v)
30 L
The calculated answer is reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

27. Practice Problem (page 376)

A vending machine mixes a liquid flavour concentrate with water in a ratio of
1:10 to make coffee. Determine the percent (v/v) concentration of the flavour
concentrate in the drink.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the percent (v/v) concentration of a liquid flavour
concentrate.

What Is Given?
You know the volume ratio of concentrate to water (solvent): 1:10

Plan Your Strategy

Assume that 1.0 L of concentrate (solute) and 10.0 L of water (solvent) are
used to make the solution.
Add the volume of the solute and the volume of the solvent to determine the
volume of the solution.
Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Act on Your Strategy

volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent
= 1.0 L + 10.0 L
= 11.0 L

volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution
1.0 L
= × 100%
11.0 L
= 9.09 %
= 9.1 %

The concentration of the flavour concentrate is 9.1% (v/v).

Check Your Solution

Using the answer and the given volume of solution, 9% of 11 L is about 1 L of
solute. The calculated answer is reasonable and correctly shows two significant
digits.

28. Practice Problem (page 376)

Your teacher has 4.0 L of a 15% (v/v) solution of sulfuric acid in water. What
will be the volume of the solution if it is diluted to 10% (v/v)?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of a diluted solution.

What Is Given?
You know the volume and percent (v/v) concentration of a concentrated
sulfuric acid solution:
V = 4.0 L
concentration = 15% (v/v)
You know the percent (v/v) concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid solution:
10% (v/v)

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Rearrange the expression to solve for the volume of solute.
Substitute the data for the concentrated solution to calculate the volume of
sulfuric acid solute.
The volume of sulfuric acid (solute) is the same in each solution.
Rearrange the expression to solve for the volume of the dilute solution.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Use the calculated volume of solute to determine the volume of dilute solution
when the percent (v/v) concentration is 10%.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (v/v) concentration:
volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of solute:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
percent (v/v) × volume of solution
volume of solute =
100%

Substitution to calculate the volume of the sulfuric acid solute:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution
volume of solute =
100%
15 % × 4.0 L
=
100 %
= 0.6 L

The volume of the sulfuric acid is 0.60 L.

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of the diluted solution:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
volume of solute × 100%
volume of solution =
percent (v/v)

Substitution to calculate the volume of the diluted solution:

0.60 L × 100 %
volume of solution =
10 %
= 6.0 L

The volume of the diluted solution is 6.0 L.

Check Your Solution

Using the calculated answer to check the percent (v/v) concentration:
0.6 L
× 100% = 10%
6.0 L
The calculated answer is reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

29. Practice Problem (page 376)

Two concentrations of the same cleaning chemical are mixed: 6.0 L of a 75%
(v/v) solution and 14.0 L of a 25% (v/v) solution. What is the concentration of
the resulting solution?

What Is Required?
You must determine the percent (v/v) concentration of a solution of cleaning
chemical.

What Is Given?
You know the volume and concentration (v/v) of two solutions that will be
mixed.
Solution A: V = 6.0 L; concentration = 75% (v/v)
Solution B: V = 14.0 L; concentration = 25% (v/v)

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Rearrange the expression for to solve for the volume of solute.
Substitute the data to calculate the volume of solute in solution A. Then
calculate the volume of solute in solution B.
Add the volumes of solute for solution A and solution B.
Add the volumes of the two solutions.
Substitute the volumes into the expression for percent (v/v) concentration to
calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (v/v) concentration:
volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of solute:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
percent (v/v) × volume of solution
volume of solute =
100%

Substitution to calculate the volume of solute in Solution A:

75 % × 6.0 L
volume of solute =
100 %
= 4.5 L

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Substitution to calculate the volume of solute in Solution B:

25 % × 14.0 L
volume of solute =
100 %
= 3.5 L

Calculation of total volume of solute and total volume of solution:

total volume of solute = 4.5 L + 3.5 L
= 8.0 L
total volume of solution = 6.0 L + 14.0 L
= 20.0 L

Substitution to calculate the final concentration:

volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution
8.0 L
= × 100%
20.0 L
= 40%

The final concentration (v/v) after mixing the two solutions is 40%.

Check Your Solution

Solution A contributes a little more than half of the total volume of solute, but
solution B contributes more than twice as much to the total volume of the
solution. The answer seems reasonable, with the final concentration being
between the two given concentrations and closer to the concentration of
solution B.

30. Practice Problem (page 376)

You need 125 mL of white vinegar, which has a concentration of 5.0% (v/v) of
acetic acid. You are out of white vinegar. However, you do have pickling
vinegar with a concentration of 8.5% (v/v) of acetic acid. How much pickling
vinegar should you dilute to substitute for the white vinegar?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of pickling vinegar that has the same
amount of acetic acid as a given amount of white vinegar.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the volume and concentration of the white vinegar solution:
V = 125 mL
concentration = 5.0% (v/v)
You know the concentration of pickling vinegar: 8.5% (v/v)

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (v/v) concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the volume of solute.
Substitute the data to calculate the volume of solute in white vinegar.
The volume of acetic acid in white vinegar is equal to the volume of acetic acid
in pickling vinegar.
Rearrange the expression for percent (v/v) concentration to calculate the
volume of solution of pickling vinegar.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (v/v) concentration:
volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of solute:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
percent (v/v) × volume of solution
volume of solute =
100%

Substitution to calculate the volume of solute in white vinegar:

5 % × 125 mL
volume of solute =
100 %
= 6.25 mL

The volume of the solute is 6.25 mL. Therefore, the volume of acetic acid in
pickling vinegar is 6.25 mL.

Rearranged formula to solve for volume of solution:

percent (v/v) × volume of solution = volume of solute × 100%
volume of solute × 100%
volume of solution =
percent (v/v)

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Substitution to calculate the volume of solute in white vinegar:

6.25 mL × 100 %
volume of solution =
8.5 %
= 73.529 mL
= 74 mL

The volume of pickling vinegar needed is 74 mL.

Check Your Solution

A smaller volume of pickling vinegar should be required since the pickling
vinegar has a higher percent (v/v) concentration of acetic acid. The volume of
pickling vinegar may be estimated:
5.0
125 mL × = 71 mL
8.5
The calculated answer seems reasonable and correctly shows two significant
digits.

Section 8.3 Concentrations of Solutions

Solutions for Practice Problems
Student Edition page 378

31. Practice Problem (page 378)

A sample of lake water has a mass of 310 g and contains 2.24 mg of dissolved
oxygen. Calculate the oxygen concentration in parts per million.

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the concentration of dissolved oxygen in parts per
million.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of dissolved oxygen (solute): 2.24 mg
You know the mass of water (solution): 310 g

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the mass of dissolved oxygen from milligrams to grams so that you
can cancel the units:1 mg = 1 × 10–3 g
Write the formula for ppm.
Substitute the data into the expression to calculate the concentration of
dissolved oxygen.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Act on Your Strategy

Mass conversion:
mass of solute = 2.24 mg × 1 × 10 –3 g/ mg
= 2.24 × 10 –3 g

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution
2.24 × 10 –3 g
= × 106
310 g
= 7.2258
= 7.22

The concentration of dissolved oxygen is 7.22 ppm.

Check Your Solution

Using rounded numbers, to estimate the answer:
2 × 10 –3 × 10 6
=7
3 × 10 2
The estimated answer is close to the calculated answer. The calculated answer
correctly shows three significant digits and seems reasonable.

32. Practice Problem (page 378)

The agricultural use of the pesticide DDT has been banned in Canada since
1969 because of its effect on wildlife. In 1967, the average concentration of
DDT in trout taken from Lake Simcoe, in Ontario, was 16 ppm. Today, the
average concentration is less than 1 ppm. What mass of DDT is present in a 2.2
kg smallmouth bass contaminated with 16 ppm of DDT?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the mass of DDT in a smallmouth bass.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the smallmouth bass (solution): 2.2 kg
You know the concentration of DDT: 16 ppm

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the mass of the solution from kilograms to grams: 1 kg = 1 × 103 g
Write the formula for ppm concentration.
Rearrange the equation to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the mass of the DDT.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Act on Your Strategy

Mass conversion:
mass of solution = 2.2 kg × 1 × 103 g/ kg
= 2.2 × 103 g

Formula for ppm:

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

ppm × mass of solution = mass of solute × 106
ppm × mass of solution
mass of solute =
106

Substitution to solve for the mass of DDT:

16 × 2.2 × 103 g
mass of DDT =
106
= 0.03520 g
= 0.035 g

The mass of DDT present is 0.035 g.

Check Your Solution

Using rounded numbers and the calculated value of the mass of solute,
estimate the concentration in parts per million:
0.035
ppm = × 106
2 × 103
= 18
The estimated answer is close to the given concentration. The calculated
answer seems reasonable and is correctly expressed to two significant digits.

33. Practice Problem (page 378)

Dry air contains about 0.000 07% (m/m) helium. Express this concentration in
parts per million.

What Is Required?
You need to express a concentration in ppm.

What Is Given?
You know the percent (m/m) concentration: 0.000 07% (m/m)

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for percent (m/m) concentration.
Rearrange the expression for percent (m/m) concentration to solve
mass of solute
for .
mass of solution
Write the formula for ppm.
Substitute the given data into the formula to calculate the concentration in
ppm.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for percent (m/m) concentration:
mass of solute
percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution

mass of solute
Rearranged formula to solve for :
mass of solution

1 mass of solute 1
percent (m/m) × = × 100% ×
100% mass of solution 100%
mass of solute percent (m/m)
=
mass of solution 100%

Formula for ppm:

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution

Substitution to calculate the concentration in ppm:

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution
percent (m/m)
= × 106
100%
0.000 07 %
= × 106
100 %
0.000 07
= × 106
102
= 0.000 07 × 104
= 7 × 10−1

The concentration of helium expressed in ppm is 7 × 10–1.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

The expressions for ppm and concentration (m/m) differ by a factor of 104.
The calculated value for ppm and the given percent (m/m) differ by a factor of
104. The answer seems to be accurate and correctly shows one significant digit.

34. Practice Problem (page 378)

A fungus that grows on peanuts produces aflatoxin, a potentially deadly toxin.
A quality control inspector tests a 100 g sample from a shipment of peanuts to
check that it contains no more than 25 ppb of aflatoxin. What mass of aflatoxin
would the sample contain if the concentration is 25 ppb?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the mass of aflatoxin in a sample of peanuts.

What Is Given?
You know the concentration: 25 ppb
You know the mass of the sample: 100 g

Plan Your Strategy

Write the formula for ppb.
Rearrange the expression to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the given data into the formula to calculate the mass of aflatoxin.

Act on Your Strategy

Formula for ppb:
mass of solute
ppb = × 109
mass of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

ppb × mass of solution = mass of solute × 109
ppb × mass of solution
mass of solute =
109

Substitution to calculate the mass of the aflatoxin:

ppb × mass of solution
mass of solute =
109
25 × 100 g
=
109
= 2.5 × 10 −6 g

The mass of aflatoxin in the peanut sample is 2.5 × 10–6 g.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

Use the calculated answer for mass of solute to calculate the concentration in
ppb:
2.5 × 10 –6 g
ppb = × 109
100 g
= 25
The calculated concentration in ppb agrees with the given value. The answer is
accurate and correctly shows two significant digits.

35. Practice Problem (page 378)

A sample of water contains one atom of lead for every million water
molecules. Calculate the concentration of lead, in parts per million, in this
sample.

What Is Required?
You need to express the concentration of lead in ppm.

What Is Given?
You know that there is one atom of lead in one million molecules of water.

Plan Your Strategy

Use the periodic table to find the atomic molar mass of Pb(s).
Determine the molar mass of H2O(ℓ).
Use the Avogadro constant: N A = 6.02 × 10 23
Calculate the amount in moles of Pb(s) and of H2O(ℓ) using the
N
relationship n = .
NA
Calculate the masses of the Pb(s) and the H2O(ℓ) using the relationship
m=n × M .
Write the formula for ppm concentration.
Substitute the calculated data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

Molar mass, M, of Pb(s):
207.2 g/mol (from the periodic table)

Molar mass, M, of H2O(ℓ):

M H2O = 2M H + 1M O
= 2(1.01 g/mol) + 1(16.00 g/mol)
= 18.02 g/mol

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Amount in moles, n, of the Pb atoms:

N
nPb =
NA
1 atom
=
6.02 × 1023 atoms /mol
= 1.6611 × 10 –24 mol

Amount in moles, n, of H2O(ℓ):

N
nH2O =
NA
1 × 106 molecules
=
6.02 × 1023 molecules /mol
= 1.6611 × 10 –18 mol

Mass, m, of the Pb(s):

mPb = n × M
= 1.6611 × 10 –24 mol × 207.2 g/ mol
= 3.4417 × 10 –22 g

Mass, m, of the H2O(ℓ) :

mH2O = n × M
= 1.6611 × 10 –24 mol × 18.02 g/ mol
= 2.993 × 10–17 g

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution
3.4417 × 10 –22 g
= × 106
2.993 × 10 –17 g
= 11.499
= 11
= 1 × 101

The concentration of lead in the water is 1 × 101 ppm.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Check Your Solution

The answer appears to be reasonable. The units divided correctly. The answer
has one significant digit, the same number of significant digits given in the
number of atoms of lead.

36. Practice Problem (page 378)

The concentration of chlorine in swimming pools is generally kept in the range
from 1.4 to 4.0 mg/L. A pool contains 3.0 ppm of chlorine. Is this
concentration within the acceptable range? Show your work, and explain your
reasoning. (Hint: 1 L of water has a mass of 1 kg.)

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the concentration of chlorine in water and determine if it
is in the acceptable range.

What Is Given?
You know the chlorine concentration in the water: 3.0 ppm
You know the acceptable range of chlorine concentration: 1.4 to 4.0 mg/L
You know the mass of 1 L of water: 1 kg

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the mass of 1 L of water from kilograms to milligrams: 1 kg = 106 mg
Convert mg/L to ppm.

Act on Your Strategy

Mass conversion:
= 1 kg × 1 × 106 mg/ kg

mass of 1 L of water = 10 mg
6

1 L of water has a mass of 1 kg or 106 mg.

Conversion from mg/L to ppm:

1 mg
1 ppm= 6
10 mg
1 mg
=
1 kg
1 mg
=
1L
3.0 mg
3.0 ppm =
1L

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

The 3.0 ppm concentration of chlorine is equivalent to 3.0 mg/L. This is within
the acceptable limits.

Check Your Solution

The units are divided correctly. The answer appears reasonable and shows the
correct number of significant digits.

37. Practice Problem (page 378)

Water supplies that contain more than 500 ppm of dissolved calcium
carbonate, CaCO3(aq), are considered unacceptable for most domestic
purposes. What is the maximum mass of calcium carbonate that would be
acceptable in a 250 mL sample of tap water?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the maximum mass of calcium carbonate acceptable in
a sample.

What Is Given?
You know the concentration of CaCO3(aq) in the tap water: 500 ppm
You know the volume of the water sample: 250 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the mass of the water using a density of 1 g/mL.
Write the formula for ppm.
Rearrange the expression to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the given data to calculate the mass of calcium carbonate.

Act on Your Strategy

Mass of water:
mass = volume × density
= 250 mL × 1 g/ ml
= 250 g

Formula for ppm:

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

ppm × mass of solution = mass of solute × 106
ppm × mass of solution
mass of solute =
106

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Substitution to calculate the mass of the CaCO3(aq):

ppm × mass of solution
mass of CaCO3 ( aq ) =
106
500 × 250 g
=
106
= 0.125 g

The maximum mass of calcium carbonate that would be acceptable in the

water is 0.125 g.

Check Your Solution

Use the calculated value for the mass of solute to estimate the concentration in
ppm:
0.125 g
ppm = × 106
250 g
= 500
The estimated answer agrees with the given data. The calculated answer is
accurate and correctly shows three significant digits.

38. Practice Problem (page 378)

Since 1991, house paint produced in Canada must contain less than 600 ppm of
lead. What is the maximum mass of lead permitted in a can that contains 7.0 kg
of paint?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the maximum mass of lead that is acceptable in a paint
sample.

What Is Given?
You know the maximum acceptable concentration of lead in paint: 600 ppm
You know the mass of the paint (solution): 7.0 kg

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the mass of the paint from kilograms to grams: 1 kg = 1 × 103 g
Write the formula for ppm.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the maximum
acceptable mass of lead.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Act on Your Strategy

Mass conversion:
mass of solution = 7.0 kg × 1 × 103 g/ kg
= 7000 g

Formula for ppm:

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

ppm × mass of solution = mass of solute × 106
ppm × mass of solution
mass of solute =
106

Substitution to calculate the mass of lead:

ppm × mass of solution
mass of lead =
106
600 × 7000 g
=
106
= 4.2 g

The maximum mass of lead that would be permitted in the paint is 4.2 g.

Check Your Solution

Check the answer using a rounded calculated value for the mass of solute to
estimate the concentration in ppm:
4g
ppm = × 106
7000 g
= 5.7 × 102
The estimated answer agrees closely with the given data. The calculated
answer is reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

39. Practice Problem (page 378)

Cadmium is a highly toxic metal. The average level of cadmium in the blood
of Canadians is about 0.35 ppb. At this level, what mass of cadmium would be
present in 1.5 kg of blood?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the average mass of cadmium that is in the blood.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the average concentration of cadmium in the blood: 0.35 ppb
You know the mass of the blood (solution): 1.5 kg

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the mass of the solution from kilograms to grams: 1 kg = 1 × 103 g
Write the formula for ppb.
Rearrange the expression to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the mass of cadmium.

Act on Your Strategy

Mass conversion:
mass of solution = 1.5 kg × 1 × 103 g/ kg
= 1500 g
Formula for ppb:
mass of solute
ppb = × 109
mass of solution

Rearranged formula to solve for the mass of solute:

ppb × mass of solution = mass of solute × 109
ppb × mass of solution
mass of solute =
109

Substitution to calculate the mass of cadmium:

ppb × mass of solution
mass of cadmium =
109
0.35 × 1500 g
=
109
= 5.25 × 10−7 g
= 5.2 × 10−7 g

The average mass of cadmium in the blood is 5.2 × 10–7 g.

Check Your Solution

The answer is a very small value but seems reasonable. Check the answer
using a rounded calculated value for the mass of solute to estimate the
concentration in ppm:
5 × 10 –7 g
ppb = × 109
1500 g
= 0.33
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Chemistry 11 Solutions

The estimated answer agrees closely with the given data. The calculated
answer is reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

40. Practice Problem (page 378)

Determine the concentration, in parts per million, of a solution that contains
0.1 g of solute per litre.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the concentration of a solution in ppm.

What Is Given?
You know the mass of the solute: 0.1 g
You know the volume of solution: 1 L
You know the density of water: 1 kg/L

Plan Your Strategy

Convert volume of water to mass of water (in grams): 1 kg = 1 × 103 g
Write the formula for ppm.
Substitute the given data into the expression to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

Mass of water (in grams):
mass = volume × density
= 1 L × 1 kg / L × 1 × 103 g/ kg
= 1000 g

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution
0.1 g
= × 106
1 000 g
= 1 × 102

The concentration of the solution is 1 × 102 ppm.

Check Your Solution

The answer seems reasonable and the units are divided correctly. The
calculated answer correctly shows one significant digit.

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Section 8.3 Concentrations of Solutions

Solutions for Practice Problems
Student Edition page 381

41. Practice Problem (page 381)

Determine the molar concentration of each saline solution.
a. 0.60 mol NaCl(s) dissolved in 0.40 L of solution
b. 0.90 g NaCl(s) dissolved in 100 mL of solution

What Is Required?
You need to determine the molar concentration of two NaCl(aq) solutions.

What Is Given?
You know the following information:
a. NaCl(aq): n = 0.60 mol; V = 0.40 L of solution
b. NaCl(aq): m = 0.90 g; V = 100 mL of solution

Plan Your Strategy

a. 0.60 mol NaCl(aq)
Write the formula for molar concentration.
Substitute the given data into the formula to calculate the concentration.

b. 0.90 g NaCl(aq)
Determine the molar mass of NaCl(aq).
m
Determine the amount in moles of NaCl(aq) using the relationship n = .
M
Convert the volume of the solution from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Write the formula for molar concentration.
Substitute the given data into the formula to calculate the concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

a. 0.60 mol NaCl(aq)
Molar concentration, c:
n
c=
V
0.60 mol
=
0.40 L
= 1.5 mol/L

The molar concentration is 1.5 mol/L.

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b. 0.90 g NaCl(aq)
Molar mass, M, of NaCl(aq):
M NaCl = 1M Na + 1M Cl
= 1(22.99 g/mol) + 1(35.45 g/mol)
= 58.44 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of the NaCl(aq):

m
nNaCl =
M
0.90 g
=
58.44 g /mol
= 0.01540 mol

Volume (in litres) of the solution, V:

V = 100 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.100 L

Molar concentration, c:
n
c=
V
0.01540 mol
=
0.100 L
= 0.154 mol/L

The molar concentration is 0.154 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The concentrations seem reasonable, and have the correct units and number of
significant digits.

42. Practice Problem (page 381)

What volume of 0.25 mol/L solution can be made using 14 g of sodium
hydroxide?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).

What Is Given?
You know the molar concentration of the NaOH(aq): 0.25 mol/L
You know the mass of the NaOH(s): 14 g

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Plan Your Strategy

Determine the molar mass of NaOH(s).
m
Calculate the amount in moles of solute using the relationship n = .
M
Write the formula for molar concentration
Rearrange the formula to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the data into the formula to calculate the volume of the NaOH(aq)
solution.

Act on Your Strategy

Molar mass, M, of NaOH(s):
M NaOH = 1M Na + 1M O + 1M H
= 1(22.99 g/mol) + 1(16.00 g/mol) + 1(1.01 g/mol)
= 40.00 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of the NaOH(aq):

m
nNaOH =
M
14 g
=
40.00 g /mol
= 0.350 mol

Formula for molar concentration:

n
c=
V

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of solute:

n
c=
V
n
c × V= × V
V
1 1
cV × =n ×
c c
n
V=
c

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Substitution to calculate the volume, V:

n
V=
c
0.350 mol
=
0.25 mol /L
= 1.4 L

The volume of sodium hydroxide solution is 1.4 L.

Check Your Solution

The correct units have been used and the number of significant digits agrees
with the given data.
The calculated answer seems reasonable.

43. Practice Problem (page 381)

Calculate the molar concentration of each solution.
a. 14 g of copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4(s), dissolved in 70 mL of solution
b. 5.07 g of sucrose, C12H22O11(s), dissolved in 23.6 mL of solution
c. 1.1 g of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2(s), dissolved in 70 mL of solution

What Is Required?
You need to determine the molar concentrations of three solutions.

What Is Given?
You know the masses and volumes of the three solutions:
a. CuSO4(s): m = 14 g; V = 70 mL
b. C12H22O11(s): m = 5.07 g; V = 23.6 mL
c. Ca(NO3)2(s): m = 1.1 g; V = 70 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the molar mass of each solute.
m
Calculate the amount in moles of each solute using the relationship n = .
M
Convert the volume of each solution from millilitres to litres:
1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Calculate the molar concentration of each solution using the relationship
n
c=
V.

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Act on Your Strategy

a. copper(II) sulfate
Molar mass, M, of CuSO4(s):
M CuSO4 = 1M Cu + 1M S + 4M O
= 1(63.55 g/mol) + 1(32.07 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol)
= 159.62 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of the CuSO4(s):

m
nCuSO4 =
M
14 g
=
159.62 g /mol
= 0.087708 mol

Volume, V, of the CuSO4(aq):

V = 70 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.070 L

Molar concentration, c:
n
c=
V
0.087708 mol
=
0.070 L
= 1.253 mol/L
= 1.2 mol/L

The molar concentration of copper(II) sulfate is 1.2 mol/L.

b. sucrose
Molar mass, M, of C12H22O11(s):
M C12 H22O11 = 12M C + 22M H + 11M O
= 12(12.01 g/mol) + 22(1.01 g/mol) + 11(16.00 g/mol)
= 342.34 g/mol

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Amount in moles, n, of the C12H22O11(s):

m
nC12H 22O11 =
M
5.07 g
=
342.34 g /mol
= 0.014809 mol

Volume, V, of C12H22O11(aq):
V = 23.6 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.0236 L

Molar concentration, c:
n
c=
V
0.014809 mol
=
0.0236 L
= 0.6275 mol/L
= 0.628 mol/L

The molar concentration of sucrose is 0.628 mol/L.

c. calcium nitrate
Molar mass, M, of Ca(NO3) 2(s):
M Ca(NO3 ) 2 = 1M Ca + 2M N + 6M O
= 1(40.08 g/mol) + 2(14.01 g/mol) + 6(16.00 g/mol)
= 164.1 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of the Ca(NO3) 2(s):

m
nCa ( NO3 ) =
2
M
1.1 g
=
164.1 g /mol
= 0.006703 mol

Volume, V, of Ca(NO3) 2(aq):

V = 70 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.0700 L

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Molar concentration, c:
n
c=
V
0.006703 mol
=
0.0700 L
= 0.095757 mol/L
= 0.096 mol/L

The molar concentration of calcium nitrate is 0.096 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The correct units have been used and the number of significant digits in each
case agrees with the given data. The calculated answers seem reasonable.

44. Practice Problem (page 381)

At 20°C, a saturated solution of calcium sulfate, CaSO4(aq), has a
concentration of 0.0153 mol/L. A student takes 65 mL of this solution and
evaporates it. What mass of solute should be left in the evaporating dish?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the mass of solute.

What Is Given?
You know the molar concentration of a solution of CaSO4(aq): 0.0153 mol/L
You know the volume of the solution: 65 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volume of the solution, V, from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10–
3
L
Write the formula for molar concentration.
Rearrange the expression to solve for the amount in moles.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate the amount in moles of
CaSO4(aq).
Determine the molar mass of CaSO4(s).
Determine the mass of the CaSO4(s) using the relationship m = n × M .

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
V = 65 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.065 L

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Formula for molar concentration:

n
c=
V

Rearranged formula to solve for the amount in moles:

n
c × V= × V
V
n=c × V

Substitution to calculate the amount in moles, n, of CaSO4(aq):

nCaSO4 = c × V
= 0.0153 mol/ L × 0.065 L
= 9.945 × 10–4 mol

Molar mass, M, of CaSO4(s):

M CaSO4 = 1M Ca + 1M S + 4M O
= 1(40.08 g/mol) + 1(32.07 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol)
= 136.15 g/mol

Mass, m, of CaSO4(s):
mCaSO4 = n × M
= 9.945 × 10 –4 mol × 136.15 g/ mol
= 0.13540 g
= 0.14 g

The mass of calcium sulfate that remains after evaporation is 0.14 g.

Check Your Solution

The mass would be expected to be small since the volume of solution and the
concentration are both low numbers. The units have cancelled correctly and the
answer correctly shows two significant digits.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

45. Practice Problem (page 381)

Find the mass of solute in each aqueous solution.
a. 28 mL of 0.045 mol/L calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2(aq)
b. 50 mL of 4.0 mol/L acetic acid, CH3COOH(aq)
c. 5.31 L of 0.675 mol/L ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4(aq)

What Is Required?
You need to determine the mass of solute in each solution.

What Is Given?
You know the volume and molar concentration of each solution:
a. Ca(OH)2(aq): V = 28 mL; c = 0.045 mol/L
b. CH3COOH(aq): V = 50 mL; c = 4.0 mol/L
c. (NH4)3PO4(aq): V = 5.31 L; c = 0.675 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

Where necessary, convert each volume of solution from millilitres to litres: 1
mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Write the formula for molar concentration.
Rearrange the expression to solve for the amount in moles.
Substitute data into the formula to calculate the amount in moles, n, of each
solute.
Determine the molar mass of each solute.
Determine the mass of each solute using the relationship m = n × M .

Act on Your Strategy

a. calcium hydroxide
Volume conversion:
volume of Ca(OH)2 (aq) solution = 28 mL × 1 × 10–3 L/ mL
= 0.028 L

Formula for molar concentration:

n
c=
V

Rearranged formula to solve for the amount in moles:

n
c × V= × V
V
n=c × V

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Substitution to calculate the amount in moles, n, of Ca(OH)2(aq):

nCa ( OH ) = c × V
2

= 0.045 mol/ L × 0.028 L

= 1.260 × 10 –3 mol

Molar mass, M, of Ca(OH)2(s):

M Ca(OH)2 = 1M Ca + 2M O + 2M H
= 1(40.08 g/mol) + 2(16.00 g/mol) + 2(1.01 g/mol)
= 74.1 g/mol

Mass, m, of Ca(OH)2(s):
mCa ( OH ) = n × M
2

= 1.260 × 10 –3 mol × 74.1 g/ mol

= 0.09336 g
= 0.093 g

The mass of the calcium hydroxide is 0.093 g.

b. acetic acid
Volume conversion:
volume of CH3COOH ( aq ) solution = 50 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.050 L

Formula for molar concentration:

n
c=
V

Rearranged formula to solve for the amount in moles:

n
c × V= × V
V
n=c × V

Substitution to calculate the amount in moles, n, of CH3COOH(aq):

nCH3COOH = c × V
= 4.0 mol/ L × 0.050 L
= 0.20 mol

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Molar mass, M, of CH3COOH (s):

M CH3COOH = 2M C + 2M O + 4M H
= 2(12.01 g/mol) + 2(16.00 g/mol) + 2(1.01 g/mol)
= 60.06 g/mol

Mass, m, of CH3COOH(s):
mCH3COOH = n × M
= 0.20 mol × 60.06 g/ mol
= 12.012 g
= 12 g

The mass of acetic acid is 12 g.

c. ammonium phosphate
volume of (NH4)3PO4(aq) = 5.31 L

Formula for molar concentration:

n
c=
V

Rearranged formula to solve for the amount in moles:

n
c × V= × V
V
n=c × V

Substitution to calculate the amount in moles, n, of (NH4)3PO4(aq):

n( NH4 ) PO4 = c × V
3

= 0.675 mol/ L × 5.31 L

= 3.584 mol

Molar mass, M, of (NH4)3PO4(s):

M ( NH4 )3 PO4 = 3M N + 12M H + 1M P + 4M O
= 3(14.01 g/mol) + 12(1.01 g/mol) + 1(30.97 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol)
= 149.12 g/mol

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Mass, m, of (NH4)3PO4(s):
m( NH4 ) PO4 = n × M
3

= 0.675 mol × 149.12 g/ mol

= 100.656 g
= 101 g

The mass of ammonium phosphate is 101 g.

Check Your Solution

The masses seem reasonable and the units have cancelled correctly. The
answers show the correct number of significant digits.

46. Practice Problem (page 381)

Calculate the molar concentrations of the ions in each solution.
a. 18 g of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4(s), dissolved in 210 mL of solution
b. 15 g of ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4(s), dissolved in 98 mL of solution
c. 20 mg of calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2(s), dissolved in 1.7 L of solution

What Is Required?
You need to determine the molar concentrations of the ions in three solutions.

What Is Given?
You know the masses and volumes of the three solutions:
a. Na2SO4(s): m = 18 g; V = 210 mL
b. (NH4)3PO4(s): m = 15 g; V = 98 mL
c. Ca3(PO4)2(s): m = 20 mg; V = 1.7 L

Plan Your Strategy

Where necessary, convert the mass of solute from milligrams to grams: 1 mg =
1 × 10–3 g
Where necessary, convert the volume of solution from millilitres to litres: 1
mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Determine the molar mass of each solute.
m
Determine the mass of each solute using the relationship n = .
M
n
Calculate the molar concentration using the relationship c = .
V
Write the dissociation equation for each compound and use the mole ratio in
this balanced equation to calculate the concentration of each ion.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Act on Your Strategy

a. sodium sulfate
Volume conversion:
volume of Na 2SO 4 ( aq ) solution = 210 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.210 L

Molar mass, M, of Na2SO4(s):

M Na 2SO4 = 2M Na + 1M S + 4M O
= 2(22.99 g/mol) + 1(32.07 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol)
= 142.05 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of Na2SO4(s);

m
nNa 2SO4 =
M
18 g
=
142.05 g /mol
= 0.1267 mol

Molar concentration, c, of Na2SO4(aq):

n
c=
V
0.1267 mol
=
0.210 L
= 0.6034 mol/L

The molar concentration of Na2SO4(aq) is 0.6034 mol/L.

Dissociation equation: Na2SO4(s) → 2Na+(aq) + SO42–

Mole ratio: 1 mole 2 moles 1 mole

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Molar concentration of Na+(aq):

2 mol Na + (aq) c
=
1 mol Na 2SO 4 (aq) 0.6034 mol/L Na 2SO 4 (aq)
2 mol Na + ( aq ) × 0.6034 mol/L Na 2SO 4 ( aq ) = 1 mol Na 2SO 4 ( aq ) × c
2 mol Na + ( aq ) × 0.6034 mol/L Na 2SO 4 (aq)
c=
1 mol Na 2SO 4 (aq)
= 1.206 mol/L Na + ( aq )
= 1.2 mol/L Na + ( aq )

The molar concentration of Na+(aq) is 1.2 mol/L.

Molar concentration of SO42–(aq):

1 mol SO 4 2– (aq) c
=
1 mol Na 2SO 4 (aq) 0.6034 mol/L Na 2SO 4 (aq)
1 mol SO 4 2– ( aq ) × 0.6034 mol/L Na 2SO 4 ( aq ) = 1 mol Na 2SO 4 ( aq ) × c

4 ( aq ) × 0.6034 mol/L Na 2SO 4 (aq)

1 mol SO 2–
c=
1 mol Na 2SO 4 (aq)
= 0.6034 mol/L SO 4 2– ( aq )
= 0.60 mol/L SO 4 2– ( aq )

The molar concentration of SO42–(aq) is 0.60 mol/L.

b. ammonium phosphate
Volume conversion:
volume of (NH 4 )3 PO 4 ( aq ) solution = 98 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.098 L

Molar mass, M, of (NH4)3PO4(s):

M (NH4 )3PO4 = 3M N + 12M H + 1M P + 4M O
= 3(14.01 g/mol) + 12(1.01 g/mol) + 1(30.97 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol)
= 149.12 g/mol

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Amount in moles, n, of (NH4)3PO4(s);

m
n( NH4 ) PO4 =
3
M
15 g
=
149.12 g /mol
= 0.10059 mol

Molar concentration, c, of (NH4)3PO4(aq):

n
c=
V
0.10059 mol
=
0.098 L
= 1.026 mol/L

The molar concentration of (NH4)3PO4(aq) is 1.026 mol/L.

Dissociation equation: (NH4)3PO4(s) → 3NH4+(aq) + PO43–

Mole ratio: 1 mole 3 moles 1 mole

Molar concentration of NH4+(aq):

3 mol NH 4 + (aq) c
=
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4 (aq) 1.026 mol/L (NH 4 )3 PO 4 (aq)
3 mol NH 4 + ( aq ) × 1.026 mol/L ( NH 4 + ) PO 4 ( aq ) = 1 mol ( NH 4 + ) PO 4 ( aq ) × c
3 3

3 mol NH 4 +
( aq ) × 1.026 mol/L (NH 4 )3 PO4 (aq)
c=
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4 (aq)
= 3.079 mol/L NH 4 + ( aq )
= 3.1 mol/L NH 4 + ( aq )

The molar concentration of NH4+(aq) is 3.1 mol/L.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Molar concentration of PO43–(aq):

1 mol PO 43– (aq) c

=
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4 (aq) 1.026 mol/L (NH 4 )3 PO 4 (aq)
1 mol PO 43– ( aq ) × 1.026 mol/L ( NH 4 + ) PO 4 ( aq ) = 1 mol ( NH 4 + ) PO 4 ( aq ) × c
3 3

1 mol PO 3–
4 ( aq ) ×1.026 mol/L (NH 4 )3 PO4 (aq)
c=
1 mol (NH 4 )3 PO 4 (aq)
= 1.026 mol/L PO 43– ( aq )
= 1.0 mol/L PO 43– ( aq )

The molar concentration of PO43–(aq) is 1.0 mol/L.

c. calcium phosphate
volume of Ca3(PO4)2(aq) solution = 1.7 L

Mass conversion:
mass of Ca 3 (PO 4 )2 ( s ) = 20 mg × 1 × 10 –3 g/ mg
= 0.020 g

Molar mass, M, of Ca3(PO4)2(s):

M Ca 3 ( PO4 ) = 3M Ca + 2M P + 8M O
2

= 3(40.08 g/mol) + 2(30.97 g/mol) + 8(16.00 g/mol)

= 310.18 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of Ca3(PO4)2(s):

m
nCa3 ( PO4 ) =
2
M
0.020 g
=
310.18 g /mol
= 6.4478 × 10 –5 mol

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Molar concentration, c, of Ca3(PO4)2(aq):

n
c=
V
6.4478 × 10 –5 mol
=
1.7 L
= 3.7928 × 10 –5 mol / L

The molar concentration of Ca3(PO4)2(aq) is 3.7928 × 10–5 mol/L.

Dissociation equation: Ca3(PO4)2(s) → 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43–(aq)

Mole ratio: 1 mole 3 moles 2 moles

Molar concentration of Ca2+(aq):

3 mol Ca 2+ (aq) c
= –5
1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (aq) 3.7928 × 10 mol/L Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (aq)
3 mol Ca 2+ ( aq ) × 3.7928 × 10 –5 mol/L Ca 3 ( PO 4 )2 ( aq ) = 1 mol Ca 3 ( PO 4 )2 ( aq ) × c
3 mol Ca 2+ ( aq ) × 3.7928 ×10 –5 mol/L Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ( aq )
c=
1 mol Ca 3 (PO4 ) 2 ( aq )
= 1.137 × 10 –4 mol/L Ca 2+ ( aq )
= 1.1 × 10 –4 mol/L Ca 2+ ( aq )

The molar concentration of Ca2+(aq) is 1.1 × 10–4 mol/L.

Molar concentration of PO43–(aq):

2 mol PO 43– (aq) c
=
1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (aq) 3.7928 × 10 –5 mol/L Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (aq)
2 mol PO 43– ( aq ) × 3.7928 × 10 –5 mol/L Ca 3 ( PO 4 )3 ( aq ) = 1 mol Ca 3 ( PO 4 )3 ( aq ) × c
2 mol PO 43– ( aq ) × 3.7928 × 10 –5 mol/L Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (aq)
c=
1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (aq)
= 7.5856 × 10 mol/L PO 43– ( aq )
–5

= 7.6 × 10 –5 mol/L PO 43– ( aq )

The molar concentration of PO43–(aq) is 7.6 × 10–5 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The concentrations seem reasonable and they are in the correct mole ratio. The
units have cancelled correctly. The answers show the correct number of
significant digits.
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Chemistry 11 Solutions

47. Practice Problem (page 381)

A student dissolves 28.46 g of silver nitrate, AgNO3(s), in water to make 580
mL of solution.
Find the molar concentration of the solution.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the molar concentration of a silver nitrate solution.

What Is Given?
You know the mass and volume of the solution:
m = 28.46 g
V = 580 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the molar mass of AgNO3(s).
m
Calculate the amount in moles of the AgNO3(s) using the relationship n = .
M
Convert the volume of the solution from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
n
c=
Calculate the molar concentration of solution using the relationship V.

Act on Your Strategy

Molar mass, M, of AgNO3(s):
M AgNO3 = 1M Ag + 1M N + 3M O
= 1(107.87 g/mol) + 1(14.01 g/mol) + 3(16.00 g/mol)
= 169.88 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of AgNO3(s):

m
nAgNO3 =
M
28.46 g
=
169.88 g /mol
= 0.16753 mol

Volume conversion:
volume of AgNO3 ( aq ) = 580 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.580 L

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Molar concentration, c, of the solution:

n
c=
V
0.16753 mol
=
0.580 L
= 0.28884 mol/L
= 0.289 mol/L

The molar concentration of the silver nitrate solution is 0.289 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The concentration seems reasonable and the units have cancelled correctly.
The answer correctly shows three significant digits.

48. Practice Problem (page 381)

Formalin is an aqueous solution that is made by dissolving formaldehyde gas,
HCHO(g), in water. A saturated formalin solution has a concentration of about
37% (m/v). This concentration is used to preserve biological specimens.
Calculate the molar concentration of 37% (m/v) formalin.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the molar concentration of a solution of formalin.

What Is Given?
You know the percent (m/v) concentration of the formalin: 37%.
You know that 37% (m/v) means 37 g of solute in 100 mL of solution.

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the molar mass of HCHO(g).
m
Calculate the amount in moles of the HCHO(g) using the relationship n = .
M
Convert the volume of the solution from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
n
Calculate the molar concentration of solution using the relationship c = .
V

Act on Your Strategy

Molar mass, M, of HCHO(g):
M HCHO = 1M C + 2M H + 1M O
= 1(12.01 g/mol) + 2(1.01 g/mol) + 1(16.00 g/mol)
= 30.03 g/mol

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Amount in moles, n, of HCHO(g):

m
nHCHO =
M
37 g
=
30.03 g /mol
= 1.2321 mol

Volume conversion:
volume of the solution = 100 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.100 L

Molar concentration, c, of the HCHO(aq) solution:

n
c=
V
1.2321 mol
=
0.100 L
= 12.321 mol/L
= 12 mol/L

The molar concentration of the formalin solution is 12 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The 37 g of solute in 100 mL of solution is a little more than 1 mol of HCHO
in 0.10 L. The answer of 12 mol/L is reasonable and correctly shows two
significant digits.

49. Practice Problem (page 381)

What volume of a 0.555 mol/L aqueous solution contains 12.8 g of sodium
carbonate, Na2CO3(aq)?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the volume of Na2CO3(aq).

What Is Given?
You know the molar concentration of Na2CO3(aq): 0.555 mol/L
You know the mass of Na2CO3(s): 12.8 g

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the molar mass of Na2CO3(s).
m
Calculate the amount in moles of the Na2CO3(s) using the relationship n = .
M
Write the formula for molar concentration.
Rearrange the formula to solve for the volume of solution.
Substitute the calculated data into the equation to determine the volume of the
solution.

Act on Your Strategy

Molar mass, M, of Na2CO3(s):
M Na 2CO3 = 2M Na + 1M C + 3M O
= 2(22.9 g/mol) + 1(12.01 g/mol) + 3(16.00 g/mol)
= 105.99 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of Na2CO3(s):

m
nNa 2CO3 =
M
12.8 g
=
105.99 g /mol
= 0.12076 mol

Formula for molar concentration:

n
c=
V

Rearranged formula to solve for the volume of solute:

n
V × c=V ×
V
1 1
Vc × =n ×
c c
n
V=
c

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Substitution of calculated data to determine the volume, V, of the solution:

n
V=
c
0.12076 mol
=
0.555 mol /L
= 0.21758 L
= 0.218 L

The volume of the sodium carbonate solution is 0.218 L.

Check Your Solution

The correct units have been used and the answer correctly shows three
significant digits. The calculated answer seems reasonable.

50. Practice Problem (page 381)

Zinc oxide, ZnO(s), has a solubility of 0.16 mg/100 mL in water at 30°C. Find the
molar concentration of a saturated solution of zinc oxide at 30°C.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the molar concentration of a zinc oxide solution.

What Is Given?
You know the solubility of the zinc oxide: 0.16 mg/100 mL of solution

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the solubility from mg/100 mL to g/L:
1 mg = 1 × 10–3 g
1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Determine the molar mass of ZnO(s).
m
Calculate the amount in moles of the ZnO(s) using the relationship n = .
M
n
Calculate the molar concentration of the solution using the relationship c = .
V

Act on Your Strategy

Solubility conversion:
0.16 mg × 1 × 10 –3 (g/ mg )
= 0.0016 g/L
100 mL ×1 × 10 –3 (L/ mL )

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Molar mass, M, of ZnO(s):

M ZnO = 1M Zn + 1M O
= 1(65.38 g/mol) + 1(16.00 g/mol)
= 81.38 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of ZnO(s):

m
nZnO =
M
0.0016 g
=
81.38 g /mol
= 1.966 × 10 –5 mol
= 2.0 × 10 –5 mol

Molar concentration, c, of the solution:

n
c=
V
2.0 × 10 –5 mol
=
1L
= 2.0 × 10 –5 mol/L

The molar concentration of the zinc oxide solution is 2.0 × 10–5 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The concentration would be expected to be low given the low solubility. The
answer seems reasonable and the units have cancelled correctly. The answer
correctly shows two significant digits.

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Section 8.3 Concentrations of Solutions

Solutions for Selected Review Questions
Student Edition page 382

3. Review Question (page 382)

A 50 g sample of seawater is found to contain 0.02 g of sodium chloride.
a. State the concentration of sodium as a mass percent.
b. Express the concentration of sodium in parts per million.

mass of solute
a. percent (m/m) = × 100%
mass of solution
0.02 g [NaCl]
= × 100%
50 g [seawater]
= 0.04%

mass of solute
b. ppm = × 106
mass of solution
0.02 g [NaCl]
= × 106
50 g [seawater]
= 400

4. Review Question (page 382)

Calcium carbonate, CaCO3(aq), may be naturally present in household water
supplies. Suppose that a toilet tank holds 6.0 L of water, and the water contains
90 ppm of calcium carbonate. What mass of calcium carbonate is in the water
in the tank?

What Is Required?
You need to determine the mass of calcium carbonate in the water.

What Is Given?
You know the volume of water: 6.0 L
You know the mass of 1 L of water: 1 kg
You know the concentration of calcium carbonate in the water: 90 ppm

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the mass (in grams) of 6.0 L of water.
Write the formula for ppm.
Rearrange the equation to solve for the mass of solute.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate the mass of solute.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Act on Your Strategy

1 kg
mass of water (in grams) = 6.0 L × × 1 × 103 g/ kg
1L
= 6000 g

Formula for ppm:

mass of solute
ppm = × 106
mass of solution

Rearranged formula for the mass of solute:

mass of solute
ppm × mass of solution = mass of solution × × 106
mass of solution
ppm × mass of solution = mass of solute × 106
ppm × mass of solution
mass of solute =
106

Substitution to solve for mass of solute:

ppm × mass of solution
mass of solute =
106
90 × 6.0 × 103 g
=
106
= 0.54 g

The mass of calcium carbonate in the water is 0.54 g.

Check Your Solution

The amount of dissolved calcium carbonate is expected to be small if the
concentration is measured in ppm. The answer is a small value and seems
reasonable. The answer correctly shows two significant digits.

5. Review Question (page 382)

Aldrin and dieldrin are pesticides that used to be allowed for the control of soil
insects. In Ontario, the maximum allowable total concentration of aldrin plus
dieldrin in drinking water is 0.7 ppb. If a 250 mL sample of drinking water is
found to contain 0.0001 mg of aldrin and dieldrin, does the concentration
exceed the standard? Explain.

What Is Required?
You need to determine if the concentration of pesticide exceeds the allowable
standard.
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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the volume of the sample of water: 250 mL
You know the mass of dissolved pesticide: 1 × 10–4 mg
You know the maximum allowable concentration of pesticide in the water: 0.7
ppb
You know the mass of 1 mL of water: 1 g

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the mass of the sample of water.
Convert the mass of pesticide (solute) to grams: 1 mg = 1 × 10–3 g
Substitute the data into the expression for ppb.

Act on Your Strategy

mass of water ( solution ) = 250 mL × 1 g/ mL
= 250 g

mass of solute = 1 × 10 –4 mg × 1 × 10 –3 g/ mg
= 1 × 10 –7 g

mass of solute
ppb = × 109
mass of solution
1 × 10 –7 g
= × 109
250 g
= 0.4 ppb

The concentration of pesticide in the water is 0.4 ppb. This is below the
acceptable level of 0.7 ppb.

Check Your Solution

The units are correct and the calculated value is in the range expected for the
small mass given in the data. The answer seems reasonable and correctly
shows one significant digit.

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6. Review Question (page 382)

A researcher distilled an 85.1 mL sample of a solution of liquid hydrocarbons.
The distillation process separated out 20.3 mL of hexane. Find the percent
(v/v) concentration of hexane in the solution.

volume of solute
percent (v/v) = × 100%
volume of solution
20.3 mL
= × 100%
85.1 mL
= 23.85%
= 23.9%

The concentration of hexane in the solution is 23.9% (v/v).

7. Review Question (page 282)

Phosphoric acid, H3PO4(aq), can be used to remove rust. Find the molar
concentration of an 85% (m/v) solution of phosphoric acid in water.

What Is Required?
You need to change the concentration from percent (m/v) to mol/L.

What Is Given?
You know the concentration in percent (m/v): 85%
You know the mass of 1 mL of water: 1 g

Plan Your Strategy

Express the concentration in grams of solute in 100 mL of solution.
Convert the volume of 100 mL of solution to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Determine the molar mass of H3PO4(s).
m
Calculate the amount in moles, n, of H3PO4(s) using the relationship n = .
M
Calculate the molar concentration, c, of H3PO4(aq) using the expression
n
c= .
V

Act on Your Strategy

concentration of solution = 85 g H3PO4(s)/100 mL H3PO4(aq)

Volume conversion:
volume of solution = 100 mL × 1 × 10−3 L/ mL
= 0.100 L
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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Molar mass, M, of H3PO4(s):

M H3PO4 = 3M H + 1M P + 4M O
= 3(1.01 g/mol) + 1(30.97 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol)
= 98.00 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of H3PO4(s):

m
nH3PO4 =
M
85 g
=
98.00 g /mol
= 0.86734 mol

Molar concentration, c, of the H3PO4(aq):

n
c=
V
0.86734 mol
=
0.100 L
= 8.6734 mol/L
= 8.7 mol/L

The molar concentration of the phosphoric acid solution is 8.7 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

Estimating, the percent (m/v) is 85 g/0.100 L, which is close to 1 mol per
0.100 L or 10 mol/L. This estimate is close to the calculated molar
concentration. The answer seems reasonable and correctly shows two
significant digits.

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9. Review Question (page 382)

Since the Industrial Revolution, the atmospheric concentration of carbon
dioxide has increased from 280 parts per million to 380 parts per million. The
mass of Earth’s atmosphere is estimated to be 5.3 × 1018 kg. What mass of
carbon dioxide has been added to Earth’s atmosphere?

mass of solute [CO2 ]

ppm = × 106
mass of solution [Earth's atmosphere]
mass of solute
ppm × mass of solution = mass of solution × × 106
mass of solution
ppm × mass of solution
mass of solute =
106

change in concentration of CO2(g) = 380 ppm – 280 ppm

= 100 ppm

ppm × mass of solution

increase in mass of CO2(g) =
106
100 × 5.3 × 1018 kg
=
106
= 5.3 × 1014 kg

The increase in mass of CO2(g) is 5.3 × 1014 kg.

11. Review Question (page 382)

The Canadian Ambient Air Quality Objective for ground-level ozone is 82
ppb. What is the maximum mass of ozone, O3(g), allowed per cubic metre of
air? The density of air is 1.2 kg/m3.

Volume of 1 kg of air:
Let x be the volume of 1 kg of air.
1 m3 x
=
1.2 kg 1 kg
1 m3 × 1 kg
x=
1.2 kg
= 0.833 m3
The volume of 1 kg of air is 0.833 m3.

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Maximum mass of ozone:

82 μg [ozone]
82 ppb =
1 kg [air]
82 μg
=
0.833 m3
= 98 μg/m3

The maximum acceptable mass of ozone in the air is 98 μg/m3.

12. Review Question (page 382)

One teaspoon of table salt is added to the water in a swimming pool. The
swimming pool is 10 m long, 5.0 m wide, and 2.0 m deep. One teaspoon of
table salt has a mass of 4.5 g. Calculate the concentration (in parts per billion)
of table salt in the water. Assume 10 m has two significant digits.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the salt concentration is a swimming pool.

What Is Given?
You know the dimensions of the pool and the mass of salt in the pool.

Plan Your Strategy

Use the dimensions of the pool to calculate the volume of water.
Use the density of water of 1 kg/m3 to determine the mass of water in the pool.
Express the mass of water in the pool in grams: 1 kg = 1 × 103 g
Write the formula for ppb.
Substitute the data in the expression to calculate the salt concentration.

Act on Your Strategy

volume of swimming pool = length × width × depth
= 10 m × 5.0 m × 2.0 m
= 1.0 × 102 m3

1 m3 of water has a mass of 103 kg.

Therefore, 1.0 × 102 m3 of water has a mass of 1.0 × 102 × 103 kg.
mass of water in swimming pool = 1.0 × 105 kg × 1 × 103 g/ kg
= 1.0 × 108 g

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mass of solute
ppb = × 109
mass of solution
4.5 g [salt]
= 8
× 109
1.0 × 10 g [water]
= 4.5 × 101 ppb
= 45 ppb

The salt concentration in the swimming pool is 45 ppb.

Check Your Solution

The units are correct. Concentration in ppb is a small unit of concentration and
the answer is expected to be large. The answer correctly shows two significant
digits.

13. Review Question (page 382)

The concentration of dissolved iron(II) ions, Fe2+(aq), in a sample of ground
water is 7.2 × 10–5 mol/L. Is this concentration an acceptable level if the
recommended maximum level is 300 ppb? Show your work, and explain your
reasoning.

What Is Required?
You need to determine if the Fe2+(aq) concentration is within an acceptable
level.

What Is Given?
You know the Fe2+(aq) concentration: 7.2 × 10–5 mol/L
You know the maximum acceptable level of Fe2+(aq): 300 ppb

Plan Your Strategy

Use the molar mass for iron (from the periodic table) and the
relationship m = n × M to calculate the concentration of Fe2+(aq) in g/L.
For dilute solutions, the density is 1 g/mL. The mass of 1 L of solution is 1000
g.
Write the equation for ppb.
Substitute the mass of solute, Fe2+(aq), in grams and the mass of solution in
grams into the expression for ppb and solve.
Compare the calculated concentration in ppb with the maximum accepted level
for Fe2+(aq).

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Act on Your Strategy

M Fe2+ = 55.85 g/mol

Mass, m, of Fe2+(aq) in 1 L of solution:

mFe2+ = n × M
= 7.2 × 10 –5 mol × 55.85 g/ mol
= 4.0212 × 10 –3 g

mass of solution = 1000 g

Formula for ppb:

mass of solute
ppb = × 109
mass of solution

Substitution to solve for ppb:

mass of solute
ppb = × 109
mass of solution
4.0212 × 10 –3 g [Fe 2 + ]
= × 109
1.0 × 10 g [solution]
3

= 4.0212 × 103
= 4.0212 × 103
= 4.0 × 103

This concentration of 4.0 × 103 ppb for Fe2+(aq) exceeds the acceptable level
of 300 ppb.

Check Your Solution

The units are correct and the answer correctly shows two significant digits. The
answer seems reasonable.

14. Review Question (page 382)

A pharmacist dilutes a 10% (m/v) saline solution until the final volume is four
times the initial volume. Find the molar concentration of sodium chloride in
the diluted solution.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the molar concentration of the diluted solution.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the initial concentration of the salt solution: 10% (m/v)
You know that the salt solution is diluted to 4 times the original volume.

Plan Your Strategy

Use the dilution equation to calculate the final concentration of the diluted
solution in percent (m/v).
Determine the molar mass of NaCl(aq).
m
Calculate the amount in moles of NaCl(aq) using the relationship n = .
M
n
Calculate the molar concentration of NaCl(aq) using the expression c = .
V

Act on Your Strategy

Calculation of c2:
c1V1 = c2V2
10% (m/v) × V1 = c2 × 4V1
10% (m/v) × V1
c2 =
4 V1
= 2.5% (m/v)

The dilute salt solution has 2.5 g of NaCl(s) in 100 mL of solution.

The density of dilute solutions is 1 g/mL.
The volume of the dilute solution is 100 mL.

volume of dilute solution =100 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL

= 0.100 L

Molar mass, M, of NaCl(s):

M NaCl = 1M Na + 1M Cl
= 1(22.99 g/mol) + 1(35.45 g/mol)
= 58.44 g/mol

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Amount in moles, n, of the NaCl(s):

m
nNaCl =
M
2.5 g
=
58.44 g /mol
= 4.2778 × 10−2 mol

Molar concentration, c, of the NaCl(aq):

n
c=
V
4.2778 × 10 –2 mol
=
0.100 L
= 0.42778 mol/L
= 0.43 mol/L

The molar concentration of the saline solution is 0.43 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The units are correct and the answer correctly shows two significant digits. The
dilution of the original concentrated solution is correct and the change to mol/L
seems reasonable.

Section 8.4 Preparing Solutions in the Laboratory

Solutions for Practice Problems
Student Edition page 386

51. Practice Problem (page 386)

Suppose that you are given a stock solution of 1.50 mol/L ammonium sulfate,
(NH4)2SO4(aq).
What volume of the stock solution do you need to use to prepare each of the
following solutions?
a. 50.0 mL of 1.00 mol/L (NH4)2SO4(aq)
b. 2 × 102 mL of 0.800 mol/L (NH4)2SO4(aq)
c. 250 mL of 0.300 mol/L NH4+(aq)

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the initial volume, V1, of (NH4)2SO4(aq) stock solution
needed to prepare each given dilute solution.

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

What Is Given?
You know the concentration of the stock solution: c1 = 1.50 mol/L
You know the final volume and concentration of each dilute solution.
a. (NH4)2SO4(aq): V2 = 50.0 mL; c2 = 1.00 mol/L
b. (NH4)2SO4(aq): V2 = 200 mL; c2 = 0.800 mol/L
c. NH4+(aq): V2 = 250 mL; c2 = 0.300 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volume of each solution from millilitres to litres:
1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for V1.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate V1.
For part c, write the balanced equation for the dissociation of (NH4)2SO4(s) and
use the mole ratio from this equation to determine the concentration of
(NH4)2SO4 needed to obtain the required amount of NH4+(aq).

Act on Your Strategy

a. 50.0 mL of 1.00 mol/L ammonium sulfate
Volume conversion:
V2 = 50.0 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.050 L

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged formula to solve for V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to solve for V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
1.00 mol/L × 0.050 L
=
1.50 mol/L
= 0.0333 L

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

The initial volume of (NH4)2SO4(aq) stock solution required is 0.0333 L.

b. 2 × 102 mL of 0.800 mol/L ammonium sulfate

Volume conversion:
V2 = 2 ×102 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.200 L

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged formula to solve for V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to solve for V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
0.800 mol/L × 0.200 L
=
1.50 mol/L
= 0.10666 L
= 0.107 L

Volume conversion:
V1 = 0.107 L × 1 × 103 mL/ L
= 107 mL

The initial volume of (NH4)2SO4(aq) stock solution required is 107 mL.

c. 250 mL of 0.300 mol/L ammonium ions

Dissociation equation: (NH4)2SO4(s) → 2NH4+(aq) + SO42–(aq)
Mole ratio: 1 mole 2 moles 1 mole

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Molar concentration of (NH4)2SO4(aq):

2 mol NH +4 0.300 mol/L NH +4
=
1 mol (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 c
c × 2 mol NH 4 + ( aq ) = 1 mol ( NH 4 )2 SO 4 ( aq ) × 0.300 mol/L NH 4 + ( aq )
1 mol (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ( aq ) × 0.300 mol/L NH 4+ ( aq )
c=
2 mol NH +4 ( aq )
= 0.150 mol/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ( aq )

The molar concentration of (NH4)2SO4(aq) is 0.150 mol/L.

Volume conversion:
V2 = 250 mL × 1 × 10–3 L/ mL
= 0.250 L

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to solve for V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
0.150 mol/L × 0.250 L
=
1.50 mol/L
= 0.0250 L

The initial volume of (NH4)2SO4(aq) stock solution required is 0.0250 L.

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Check Your Solution

The units and number of significant digits are correct. The initial volume of
concentrated solution is always less than the final volume of dilute solution.
The answers seem reasonable.

52. Practice Problem (page 386)

What is the concentration of the solution that is obtained by diluting 60.0 mL
of 0.580 mol/L potassium hydroxide to each of the following volumes?
a. 350 mL
b. 180 mL
c. 3.00 L

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the final concentration, c2, of the resulting solutions
obtained when a solution of potassium hydroxide is diluted.

What Is Given?
You know the initial concentration and initial volume of the potassium
hydroxide solution:
c1 = 60.0 mL
V1 = 0.580 mol/L
You know the final volume of each dilute solution:
a. V2 = 350 mL
b. V2 = 180 mL
c. V2 = 3.00 L

Plan Your Strategy

Where necessary, convert the volume of the solution from millilitres to litres: 1
mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for c2.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate c2.

Act on Your Strategy

a. 350 mL of potassium hydroxide
Volume conversion:
V1 = 350 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.350 L

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

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Rearranged equation to solve for c2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
V2 V2
c1V1
c2 =
V2

Substitution to solve for c2:

cV
c2 = 1 1
V2
0.580 mol/L × 0.0600 L
=
0.350 L
= 0.099428 mol/L
= 0.0994 mol/L

The final concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is 0.0994 mol/L.

b. 180 mL of potassium hydroxide

Volume conversion:
V1 = 180 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.180 L

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for c2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
V2 V2
c1V1
c2 =
V2

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Substitution to solve for c2:

cV
c2 = 1 1
V2
0.580 mol/L × 0.0600 L
=
0.180 L
= 0.19333 mol/L
= 0.193 mol/L

The final concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is 0.193 mol/L.

c. 3.00 L of potassium hydroxide

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for c2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
V2 V2
c1V1
c2 =
V2

Substitution to solve for c2:

cV
c2 = 1 1
V2
0.580 mol/L × 0.0600 L
=
3.00 L
= 0.0116 mol/L

The final concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is 0.0116 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The units and number of significant digits are correct. Comparing answers:
1
V2 for part b is about V2 for part a, and c2 for part b is about 2 times that for
2
part a. Similarly, V2 for part c is about 9 times V2 for part a, and c2 for part c is
1
about times that for part a. The answers seem reasonable.
9

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53. Practice Problem (page 386)

What volume of a 1.60 mol/L stock solution of calcium chloride, CaCl2(aq),
would you use to make 0.500 L of a 0.300 mol/L solution?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the initial volume, V1, of CaCl2(aq) stock solution
needed to prepare a dilute solution.

What Is Given?
You know the initial concentration of the stock solution: c1 = 1.60 mol/L
You know the final volume and concentration of the dilute solution:
V2 = 0.500 L
c2 = 0.300 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for V1.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate V1.

Act on Your Strategy

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to solve for V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
0.300 mol/L × 0.500 L
=
1.60 mol/L
= 0.09375 L
= 0.0938 L

The initial volume of calcium chloride stock solution required is 0.0938 L.

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Check Your Solution

The final volume, V2, is about 5 times the initial volume, V1. The final
1
concentration, c2, is about the initial concentration, c1. The answer seems
5
reasonable and correctly shows three significant digits.

54. Practice Problem (page 386)

Water is added to 100 mL of 0.15 mol/L sodium nitrate, NaNO3(aq), to make
700 mL of diluted solution. Calculate the molar concentration of the diluted
solution.

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the final concentration, c2, of a solution of sodium
nitrate.

What Is Given?
You know the initial concentration and the initial volume of the sodium nitrate
solution:
V1 = 100 mL
c1 = 0.15 mol/L
You know the final volume:
V2 = 700 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volumes from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for c2.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate c2.

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
V1 = 100 mL × 1 × 10–3 L/ mL
= 0.100 L
V2 = 700 mL × 1 × 10–3 L/ mL
= 0.700 L

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

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Rearranged equation to solve for c2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
V2 V2
c1V1
c2 =
V2

Substitution to solve for c2:

cV
c2 = 1 1
V2
0.15 mol/L × 0.100 L
=
0.700 L
= 0.021428 mol/L
= 0.021 mol/L

The final concentration of the sodium nitrate solution is 0.021 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The final volume, V2, is 7 times the initial volume, V1. The final concentration,
1
c2, is about the initial concentration, c1.
7
The answer seems reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

55. Practice Problem (page 386)

A solution is made by diluting 25 mL of 0.34 mol/L calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)
2(aq), solution to 100 mL. Calculate the following concentrations for the
solution:
a. the concentration of calcium nitrate
b. the concentration of nitrate ions

a. concentration of calcium nitrate

What Is Required?
You need to determine the final concentration, c2, of a solution of calcium
nitrate.

What Is Given?
You know the initial concentration and the initial volume of the Ca(NO3) 2(aq):
V1 = 25 mL
c1 = 0.34 mol/L

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You know the final volume:

V2 = 100 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volumes from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for c2.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate c2.

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
V1 = 25 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.025 L
V2 = 100 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.100 L

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for c2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
V2 V2
c1V1
c2 =
V2

Substitution to solve for c2:

cV
c2 = 1 1
V2
0.34 mol/L × 0.025 L
=
0.100 L
= 0.085 mol/L

The final concentration of the calcium nitrate solution is 0.085 mol/L.

b. concentration of nitrate ions

What Is Required?
You need to determine the molar concentration of NO3–(aq).

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What Is Given?
You know the concentration of the Ca(NO3)2(aq): c = 0.085 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

Write the balanced equation for the dissociation of the Ca(NO3)2(aq).
Use the mole ratio from this equation to determine the concentration of NO3–
(aq).

Act on Your Strategy

Dissociation equation: Ca(NO3)2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Mole ratio: 1 mole 1 mole 2 moles

Molar concentration, c, of the nitrate ion:

2 mol NO3 – ( aq ) c
=
1 mol Ca(NO3 ) 2 ( aq ) 0.085 mol/L Ca(NO3 ) 2 ( aq )
2 mol NO3 – ( aq ) × 0.085 mol/L Ca ( NO3 )2 ( aq ) = 1 mol Ca ( NO3 )2 ( aq ) × c
2 mol NO3 – ( aq ) × 0.085 mol/L Ca( NO3 ) 2 ( aq )
c=
1 mol Ca(NO3 ) 2 ( aq )
= 0.17 mol/L NO3 – ( aq )

The molar concentration of the nitrate ion, NO3–(aq), is 0.17 mol/L.

Check Your Solution

The final volume, V2, is 4 times the initial volume, V1. The final concentration,
1
c2, is about the initial concentration, c1. The NO3–(aq) concentration is
4
double the concentration of Ca(NO3)2(aq), which is consistent with the mole
ratio shown in the chemical formula. The answers are reasonable and correctly
show two significant digits.

56. Practice Problem (page 386)

A laboratory stockroom has a stock solution of 90% (m/v) sulfuric acid,
H2SO4(aq). If a technician dilutes 50 mL of the stock solution to a final volume
of 300 mL, what will be the new mass/volume percent concentration? Hint:
The dilution formula can be used for concentration expressed in any units,
provided that the units remain the same.

What Is Required?
You need to determine the percent (m/v) concentration, c2, of a solution
prepared by dilution.

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What Is Given?
You know the percent (m/v) concentration of a concentrated stock solution of
sulfuric acid: c1 = 90%
You know the initial volume of the concentrated stock solution: V1 = 50 mL
You know the final volume of the diluted sulfuric acid solution: V2 = 300 mL

Plan Your Strategy

Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for the final concentration, c2.
Substitute the data into this expression to calculate c2.

Act on Your Strategy

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for c2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
V2 V2
c1V1
c2 =
V2

Substitution to solve for c2:

cV
c2 = 1 1
V2
90% ( m/v ) × 50 mL
=
300 mL
= 15% (m/v)

The concentration of the diluted solution of sulfuric acid is 15% (m/v).

Check Your Solution

The concentration should change in the same proportion as the change in
volume. The answer is reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

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57. Practice Problem (page 386)

What volume of 1.25 mol/L potassium iodide solution can you make with 125
mL of 3.00 mol/L potassium iodide solution?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the final volume, V2, of a diluted potassium iodide
solution, KI(aq).

What Is Given?
You know the final concentration of the potassium iodide solution:
c2 = 1.25 mol/L
You know the initial volume and concentration of the concentrated potassium
iodide solution:
V1 = 125 mL
c1 = 3.00 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volume of solution from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10−3 L
Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for the final volume, V2, of KI(aq).
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate V2.

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
V1 = 125 mL × 1 × 10–3 L/ mL
= 0.125 L

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for V2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
c2 c2
c1V1
V2 =
c2

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Substitution to solve for V2:

cV
V2 = 1 1
c2
3.00 mol/L × 0.125 L
=
1.25 mol/L
= 0.300 L

The final volume of potassium iodide solution that you can make is 0.300 L.

Check Your Solution

The final volume, V2, is about 2.5 times the initial volume, V1. The final
concentration, c2, is about 0.4 times the initial concentration, c1. The answer
seems reasonable and correctly shows three significant digits.

58. Practice Problem (page 386)

Hydrochloric acid is available as a stock solution with a concentration of
10 mol/L. If you need 1.0 L of 5.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid, what volume of
stock solution should you measure out? Approximately how much distilled
water will you need to make the dilution?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the initial volume, V1, of hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq),
stock solution required to prepare a dilute solution.

What Is Given?
You know the initial concentration of the hydrochloric acid stock solution:
c1 = 10 mol/L
You know the final volume and concentration of the dilute solution:
V2 = 1.0 L
c2 = 5.0 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for V1.
Substitute the numbers and units for the known variables in the formula and
solve for V1.
Calculate the volume of distilled water required by subtracting the initial
volume from the final volume.

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Act on Your Strategy

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to solve for V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
5.0 mol/L × 1.0 L
=
10 mol/L
= 0.50 L

The initial volume of hydrochloric acid stock solution required is 0.50 L.

Amount of distilled water required = V2 − V1

= 1.0 L − 0.50 L
= 0.50 L

To prepare the dilute HCl solution, add 0.50 L of acid slowly to 0.50 L of
water.

Check Your Solution

1
The final concentration, c2, is the initial concentration, c1. The final volume,
2
V2, is 2 times the initial volume, V1. The answer seems reasonable and
correctly shows two significant digits.

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59. Practice Problem (page 386)

Write a procedure you could use to make each aqueous solution using a solid
solute.
a. 0.05 L of 0.25 mol/L silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq)
b. 125 mL of 0.350 mol/L potassium carbonate, K2CO3(aq)
c. 4.00 × 102 mL of 0.200 mol/L potassium permanganate, KMnO4(aq)

What Is Required?
You need to outline how to prepare aqueous solutions starting with solute in
the solid state.

What Is Given?
You know the volume and molar concentration of the three solutions:
a. AgNO3(aq): V = 50 mL; c = 0.25 mol/L
b. K2CO3(aq): V = 125 mL; c = 0.350 mol/L
c. KMnO4(aq): V = 400 mL; c = 0.200 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

Step 1
Determine the mass of solute required to prepare each solution.
Convert the volume of each solution from millilitres to litres:
1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Calculate the amount in moles of each solute using the relationship n = c × V .
Use the periodic table to find the atomic molar masses of the elements in each
solute.
Multiply the atomic molar masses by the number of atoms of each element in
the compound.
Add these values to calculate the molar mass of each solute.
Calculate the mass of each solute using the relationship m = n × M .

Step 2
Prepare each solution.

Act on Your Strategy

Step 1:
a. silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq)
Amount in moles, n, of solute:
n=c × V
= 0.25 mol/ L × 0.050 L
= 1.25 × 10 –2 mol

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Molar mass, M, of AgNO3(s):

M AgNO3 = 1M Ag + 1M N + 3M O
= 1(107.87 g/mol) + 1(14.01 g/mol) + 3(16.00 g/mol)
= 169.88 g/mol

Mass, m, of AgNO3(s):
mAgNO3 = n × M
= 1.25 × 10 –2 mol × 169.88 g/ mol
= 2.1235 g
= 2.1 g

The mass of silver nitrate needed to prepare the solution is 2.1 g.

b. potassium carbonate, K2CO3(s)

Volume conversion :
volume of solution = 125 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.125 L

Amount in moles, n, of solute:

n=c × V
= 0.350 mol/ L × 0.125 L
= 4.375 × 10 –2 mol

Molar mass, M, of K2CO3(s):

M K 2CO3 = 2M K + 1M C + 3M O
= 2(39.10 g/mol) + 1(12.01 g/mol) + 3(16.00 g/mol)
= 138.21 g/mol

Mass, m, of K2CO3(s):
mK 2CO3 = n × M
= 4.375 × 10 –2 mol × 138.21 g/ mol
= 6.0466 g
= 6.05 g

The mass of potassium carbonate needed to prepare the solution is 6.05 g.

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c. potassium permanganate, KMnO4

Volume conversion:
volume of solution = 4.00 × 102 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 4.00 × 10−1 L

Amount in moles, n, of solute:

n=c × V
= 0.200 mol/ L × 4.00 × 10−1 L
= 8.00 × 10 –2 mol

Molar mass, M, of KMnO4(s):

M KMnO4 = 1M K + 1M Mn + 4M O
= 1(39.10 g/mol) + 1(54.94 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol)
= 158.04 g/mol

Mass, m, of KMnO4(s):
mKMnO4 = n × M
= 8.00 × 10 –2 mol × 158.04 g/ mol
= 12.643 g
= 12.6 g

The mass of potassium permanganate needed to prepare the solution is 12.6 g.

Step 2:
The mass of each solute must be weighed using a balance. The solute can be
weighed either onto paper or into a glass container in which the solution will
be mixed. In either case, the mass of the paper or container by itself must first
be determined.
Add the mass of solute that has been calculated to sufficient water to reach the
total volume of solution that has been given. For dilute solutions such as those
that are listed, the volume of water is very nearly the volume of the solution.
However, the solute does take up a small amount of volume. For accurate
work, the solution should be prepared in a volumetric flask.

Check Your Solution

The units are correct and the calculated masses of solute seem reasonable. The
number of significant digits in the answers agrees with what is given in the
question.

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60. Practice Problem (page 386)

Outline a procedure for making each aqueous solution by diluting a stock
solution.
a. 0.50 L of 1.0 mol/L sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), using 17 mol/L sodium
hydroxide
b. 150 mL of 0.300 mol/L ammonia, NH3(aq), using 6.0 mol/L ammonia
c. 1.75 L of 0.0675 mol/L ammonium bromide, NH4Br(aq), using 0.125 mol/L
ammonium bromide

What Is Required?
You need to outline how to prepare aqueous solutions by diluting a
concentrated solution.

What Is Given?
You know the final volume and molar concentration of the three solutions that
are to be prepared. You know the initial concentration of the concentrated
solution.
a. NaOH(aq): V2 = 0.50 L; c2 = 1.0 mol/L; c1 = 17 mol/L
b. NH3(aq): V2 = 150 mL; c2 = 0.300 mol/L; c1 = 6.0 mol/L
c. NH4Br(aq): V2 = 1.75 L; c2 = 0.0675 mol/L; c1 = 0.125 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

Step 1
Calculate the amount (volume) of concentrated solution and the amount
(volume) of water to be added.
Where necessary, convert the volume of solution from millilitres to litres:
1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Write the dilution equation.
Rearrange the equation to solve for the initial volume, V1, of concentrated
solution.
Substitute the given data into the equation to calculate V1.
Convert the calculated volumes from litres to millilitres for easier
measurement: 1 L = 1 × 103 mL
Determine the volume of water to add to the calculated volume, V1, of
concentrated solution: volume of water = V2 − V1

Step 2
Dilute each concentrated solution.
Use either a graduated cylinder or graduated pipette to measure the volume of
concentrated solution and water to be use in each dilution.

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Act on Your Strategy

Step 1:
a. NaOH(aq)
Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to solve for V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
1.0 mol/L × 0.50 L
=
17 mol/L
= 2.9411 × 10 –2 L
= 2.9411 × 10 –2 L × 1 × 103 mL/ L
= 29.411 mL

For dilution:
volume of water = V2 − V1
= 500 mL − 29.411 mL
= 471 mL

Step 2:
Use either a graduated cylinder or graduated pipette to measure the volume of
concentrated solution and water to be used in the dilution.
To prepare the dilute solution, add 29 mL of concentrated NaOH(aq) solution
to 471 mL of water.

b. NH3(aq)
Step 1:
Volume conversion:
V2 = 150 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.150 L
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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

Rearranged equation to solve for V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to solve for V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
0.300 mol/L × 0.150 L
=
6 mol/L
= 7.50 × 10 –3 L
= 7.50 × 10 –3 L × 1 × 103 mL/ L
= 7.50 mL

For dilution:
volume of water = V2 − V1
= 150 mL − 7.50 mL
= 142.50 mL
= 142 mL

Step 2:
Use either a graduated cylinder or graduated pipette to measure the volume of
concentrated solution and water to be used in the dilution.
To prepare the dilute solution, add 8 mL of concentrated NH3(aq) solution to
142 mL of water.

c. NH4Br(aq)
Step 1:
Dilution equation:
c1V1 = c2V2

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Rearranged equation to solve for V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to solve for V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
0.0675 mol/L × 1.75 L
=
0.125 mol/L
= 9.45 × 10 –1 L
= 9.45 × 10 –1 L × 1 × 103 mL/ L
= 945 mL

For dilution:
volume of water = V2 − V1
= 1750 mL − 945 mL
= 805 mL

Step 2:
Use either a graduated cylinder or graduated pipette to measure the volume of
concentrated solution and water to be used in the dilution.
To prepare the dilute solution, add 945 mL of concentrated NH4Br(aq) solution
to 805 mL of water.

Check Your Solution

The units and number of significant digits are correct. In each case, the volume
of concentrated solution is less than the volume of dilute solution. The answers
are reasonable.

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Section 8.4 Preparing Solutions in the Laboratory

Solutions for Selected Review Questions
Student Edition page 390

3. Review Question (page 390)

A solution is prepared by dissolving 25.4 g of copper(II) sulfate in a 1 L
volumetric flask. Determine the molar concentration of this solution.

Molar mass, M, of CuSO4(s):

M CuSO4 = 1M Cu + 1M S + 4M O
= 1(63.55 g/mol) + 1(32.07 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol)
= 159.62 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of the CuSO4(s):

m
nCuSO4 =
M
25.4 g
=
159.62 g /mol
= 0.1591 mol

Molar concentration, c, of the CuSO4(aq):

n
c=
V
0.1591 mol
=
1L
= 0.1591 mol/L
= 0.159 mol/L

The molar concentration of the copper(II) sulfate solution is 0.159 mol/L.

5. Review Question (page 390)

What volume of 0.250 mol/L solution could you make with 55.9 g of
potassium chloride, KCl(s)?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the volume of a potassium iodide solution.

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What Is Given?
You know the concentration of the KCl(aq) solution: 0.250 mol/L
You know the mass of KCl(s): 55.9 g

Plan Your Strategy

Determine the molar mass of KCl(s).
m
Calculate the amount in moles of KCl(s) using the relationship n = .
M
Write the formula for molar concentration.
Rearrange the equation to solve for the volume of solution.
Substitute the calculated amounts to determine the volume of the solution.

Act on Your Strategy

Molar mass, M, of KCl(s):
M KCl = 1M K + 1M Cl
= 1(39.1 g/mol) + 1(34.45 g/mol)
= 74.55 g/mol

Amount in moles, n, of KCl(s):

m
nKCl =
M
55.9 g
=
74.55 g /mol
= 0.74983 mol

Formula for molar concentration:

n
c=
V

Rearranged formula to solve for volume of solution:

n
V × c=V ×
V
Vc n
=
c c
n
V=
c

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Substitution of calculated data to determine the volume, V, of KCl(aq):

n
V=
c
0.74983 mol
=
0.250 mol /L
= 2.999 L
= 3.00 L

The volume of KCl(aq) solution is 3.00 L.

Check Your Solution

The correct units have been used and the answer correctly shows three
significant digits. The calculated answer seems reasonable.

6. Review Question (page 390)

Distilled water and 6.00 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution are mixed to produce
750 mL of a solution with a concentration of 2.00 mol/L. What volume of the
hydrochloric acid solution is needed? Estimate the volume of water added.

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the initial volume, V1, of HCl(aq) stock solution needed
to prepare a dilute solution.

What Is Given?
You know the initial concentration of the HCl(aq) stock solution:
c1 = 6.00 mol/L
You know the final volume and concentration of the dilute solution:
V2 = 750 mL
c2 = 2.00 mol/L

Plan Your Strategy

cV = c V
Use the dilution equation: 1 1 2 2
Convert the volume of dilute HCl(aq), V2, from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 ×
10–3 L
Rearrange the equation to isolate the variable V1.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate V1.

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
V2 = 750 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.750 L
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Chemistry 11 Solutions

Isolation of the variable V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to calculate V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
2.00 mol/L × 0.750 L
=
6.00 mol/L
= 0.250 L

The initial volume of hydrochloric acid stock solution required is 0.250 L.

To prepare this dilute HCl solution, 0.500 L of water is needed.

Check Your Solution

1
The final concentration, c2, is the initial concentration, c1. The final volume,
3
V2, is 3 times the initial volume, V1. The answer seems reasonable and
correctly shows three significant digits.

7. Review Question (page 390)

What mass of sodium acetate, NaCH3COO(s), is needed to make 40.0 mL of a
solution with a concentration of 1.25 mol/L?

What Is Required?
You need to find the mass of solute needed to prepare a sodium acetate
solution.

What Is Given?
You know the molar concentration of the solution of NaCH3COO(aq):
1.25 mol/L
You know the volume of the solution: 40.0 mL

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Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volume of the solution from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Write the formula for molar concentration.
Rearrange the expression to solve for the amount in moles.
Substitute the given data to calculate the amount in moles of NaCH3COO(s).
Determine the molar mass of the NaCH3COO(s).
Calculate the mass of the NaCH3COO(s) using the relationship m = n × M .

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
volume of solution = 40.0 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.0400 L

Formula for molar concentration:

n
c=
V

Rearranged formula to solve for moles:

n
V × c=V ×
V
n=c × V

Amount in moles, n, of NaCH3COO(s):

nNaCH3COO = c × V
= 1.25 mol/ L × 0.0400 L
= 5.000 × 10 –2 mol

Molar mass, M, of NaCH3COO(s):

M NaCH3COO = 1M Na + 2M C + 3M H + 2M O
= 1(22.99 g/mol) + 2(12.01 g/mol)+ 3(1.01 g/mol)+ 2(16.00 g/mol)
= 82.04 g/mol

Mass, m, of the NaCH3COO(s):

mNaCH3COO = n × M
= 5.000 × 10 –2 mol × 82.04 g/ mol
= 4.102 g
= 4.10 g

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Chemistry 11 Solutions

The mass of sodium acetate required to prepare the solution is 4.10 g.

Check Your Solution

The mass seems reasonable. The units have cancelled correctly and the answer
correctly shows three significant digits.

8. Review Question (page 390)

A chemical company accidentally released 475 L of a 5.50 mol/L solution of a
toxic compound into a nearby stream. The stream flows into a small pond.
What volume of water would the pond have to contain to dilute the compound
to a safe concentration of 0.35 µmol/L? (1 µmol = 10–6 mol)

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the volume of pond water, V2, needed to dilute a toxic
compound.

What Is Given?
You know the initial volume and concentration of the toxic substance:
V1 = 475 L
c1 = 5.50 mol/L
You know the final concentration of the toxin:
c2 = 0.35 μmol/L

Plan Your Strategy

cV = c V
Use the dilution equation: 1 1 2 2
Convert the final concentration, c2, to mol/L.
Rearrange the equation to isolate the variable, V2, the volume of pond water.
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate V2.

Act on Your Strategy

Concentration conversion:
1 × 10 –6 mol/L
final concentration of toxin, c2 = 0.35 µmol/L ×
1 μmol/L
= 3.5 × 10 –7 mol/L

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Isolation of the variable V2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
c2 c2
c1V1
V2 =
c2

Substitution to calculate V2:

cV
V2 = 1 1
c2
5.50 mol/L × 475 L
=
3.5 × 10 –7 mol/L
= 7.464 × 109 L
= 7.5 × 109 L

The volume of pond water required to dilute the toxin is 7.5 × 109 L.

Check Your Solution

The final volume, V2, is very large, as would be expected to dilute to such a
low final concentration. The answer seems reasonable and correctly shows two
significant digits.

11. Review Question (page 390)

A stock solution of 16 mol/L nitric acid, HNO3(aq), is available. Describe a
safe procedure for using this stock solution to make 2.0 L of 4.0 mol/L
aqueous nitric acid solution.

c1 = 16 mol/L
V1 = ?
c2 = 4.0 mol/L
V2 = 2.0 L

Use the dilution equation: c1V1 = c2V2

Rearrange the equation to isolate the variable V1.
Substitute the given data to solve for V1.

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Isolation of the variable V1:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1 V1 c2V2
=
c1 c1
c2V2
V1 =
c1

Substitution to calculate V1:

cV
V1 = 2 2
c1
4.00 mol/L × 2.0 L
=
16 mol/L
= 0.50 L

Procedure:
Add 0.50 L of 16 mol/L HNO3(aq) slowly, with stirring, to 1.5 L of water to
prepare 2.0 L of the dilute solution.

12. Review Question (page 390)

Hydrogen peroxide solution, H2O2(aq), is available with a concentration of
1.667 mol/L. When diluted to a concentration of 0.25 mol/L, the solution is
used as a disinfectant. What volume of water should be added to 100 mL of the
concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution to prepare the disinfectant?

What Is Required?
You need to calculate the volume of water that must be added to a
concentrated solution of H2O2(aq).

What Is Given?
You know the initial volume and concentration of the H2O2(aq):
V1 = 100 mL
c1 = 1.667 mol/L
You know the final concentration of the H2O2(aq):
c2 = 0.25 mol/L

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Plan Your Strategy

Use the dilution equation: c1V1 = c2V2
Convert the initial volume of H2O2(aq) from millilitres to litres:
1 mL = 1 × 10–3 L
Rearrange the equation to isolate the variable V2, the final volume of H2O2(aq).
Substitute the data into the equation to calculate V2.
Subtract the initial volume of concentrated H2O2(aq) from the final volume of
dilute H2O2(aq) to determine the volume of water that must be used in this
dilution.

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
volume of concentrated H 2 O 2 ( aq ) = 100 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.100 L

Isolation of the variable V2:

c1V1 = c2V2
c1V1 c2 V2
=
c2 c2
c1V1
V2 =
c2

Substitution to calculate V2:

cV
V2 = 1 1
c2
1.667 mol/L × 0.100 L
=
0.25 mol/L
= 0.6668 L
= 0.67 L

The volume of concentrated H2O2(aq) solution required is 0.67 L or 670 mL.

Therefore, 570 mL of water must be added to the 100 mL of concentrated
H2O2(aq) solution.

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Check Your Solution

1
Since the concentration is diluted to about of the original concentration, the
7
volume of the dilute solution should be about 7 times greater than that of the
concentrated solution. This estimate is in agreement with the calculate value.
The answer seems reasonable and correctly shows two significant digits.

14. Review Question (page 390)

Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) is a solid that is used to make a standard
solution, which reacts with bases. Outline a procedure for making 250.0 mL of
a 0.1000 mol/L aqueous solution of KHP. The molar mass of KHP is 204.2
g/mol.

What Is Required?
You need to outline how to prepare an aqueous solution of KHP.

What Is Given?
You know the volume and the concentration of the KHP solution:
V = 250.0 mL
c = 0.1000 mol/L
You know the molar mass of KHP:
M = 204.2 g/mol

Plan Your Strategy

Convert the volume of KHP solution, V, from millilitres to litres: 1 mL = 1 ×
10–3 L
Calculate the amount in moles of KHP using n = c × V .
Calculate the mass of KHP using m = n × M .
Describe how to prepare the required amount of solution.

Act on Your Strategy

Volume conversion:
V = 250.0 mL × 1 × 10 –3 L/ mL
= 0.2500 L

Amount in moles, n, of KHP:

nKHP = c × V
= 0.1000 mol/ L × 0.2500 L
= 0.02500 mol

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Mass, m, of KHP:
mKHP = n × M
= 0.02500 mol × 204.2 g/ mol
= 5.105 g

Procedure:
Use a balance that can determine mass to one thousandth of a gram to weigh
5.105 g of KHP.
Carefully add this amount of KHP to a 250.0 mL volumetric flask. Half fill the
flask with distilled water. Gently swirl the flask to dissolve the KHP. Add
water up to the line indicating a volume of 250.0 mL.

Check Your Solution

The mass of KHP seems reasonable and is correctly recorded to four
significant digits.

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