TYPE Original Research

PUBLISHED 30 May 2023

DOI 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

Study on the improvement of the

OPEN ACCESS open TBM system and supporting
EDITED BY
Jinyang Fan,
Chongqing University, China
equipment based on the Gaojiapu
REVIEWED BY
Weiqin Wang,
Coal Mine
Xi’an University of Architecture and
Technology, China
Xiaoshaung Li,
Yexian Liu 1, Dengjun Ren 2, Changkuan Zhou 2, Huafu Qiu 3,
Shaoxing University, China Ziwei Ding 3* and Chao Liang 3
*CORRESPONDENCE 1
Shandong Energy Group Xibei Mining Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China, 2Shaanxi Zhengtong Coal Industry Co., Ltd.,
Ziwei Ding,
Xianyang, China, 3College of Energy Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
zwding@[Link]

RECEIVED 30 March 2023

ACCEPTED 15 May 2023
PUBLISHED 30 May 2023
In order to cope with multi-dimensional mine disasters in deep mines, enhance
CITATION
Liu Y, Ren D, Zhou C, Qiu H, Ding Z and the adaptability of the open tunnel-boring machine (TBM) to the actual mine
Liang C (2023), Study on the working face environment, and improve the excavation speed of the open TBM,
improvement of the open TBM system
based on the excavation project of Gaojiapu Coal Mine in Zhengtong Coal
and supporting equipment based on the
Gaojiapu Coal Mine. Industry, Shaanxi Province, this paper comprehensively considers the
Front. Earth Sci. 11:1196898. difficulties encountered by the TBM in the excavation process and improves
doi: 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898
the open TBM system and its supporting equipment. The research shows that
COPYRIGHT removing the redundant system and supporting equipment of the open TBM can
© 2023 Liu, Ren, Zhou, Qiu, Ding and
effectively solve the difficulties of the TBM entering the mine, such as loading and
Liang. This is an open-access article
distributed under the terms of the unloading, and turning; optimizing the open TBM shield, shortening the main
Creative Commons Attribution License beam, and setting the support platform and jumbolter system on the main beam
(CC BY). The use, distribution or
can deal with the problem that the TBM support is not timely and easy to jam.
reproduction in other forums is
permitted, provided the original author(s) Opening circular holes and installing slag cleaning guide plates on the main beam
and the copyright owner(s) are credited of the open TBM can timely clean up the waste slag on the main beam and protect
and that the original publication in this
the main beam from deformation. Installing a slag cleaning bucket wheel machine
journal is cited, in accordance with
accepted academic practice. No use, between the main beam of the open TBM and the trailer can reduce the
distribution or reproduction is permitted accumulation of waste slag on the road ahead. Compared with ordinary
which does not comply with these terms.
excavation construction technology, the monthly average footage level of the
open TBM after technical improvement is 300.88 m, which is 3.8 times that of the
rock roadway general excavation and 1.6 times that of the rock roadway
comprehensive excavation.

KEYWORDS

open TBM, supporting equipment, complex geology, roadway excavation, goaf

1 Introduction
With the decrease in the shallow coal seam, coal mining has begun to move to deep
mining (Chun et al., 2023) and the mine environment will certainly become more
complex. The environment of the deep roadway excavation face is very complex, has
high ground pressure (Fan et al., 2019) (Liang et al., 2022) (Fan et al., 2020a), high
ground temperature (Zhang et al., 2017), high gas (Fan et al., 2020b), high confined
water (Guo et al., 2019), and soft rock, and other disasters are full of roadway. The
traditional roadway excavation construction technology has not been well qualified for
the excavation work under complex geological conditions in deep mines (Yuan and
Zhang, 2023). The excavation construction technology of the mining industry needs to

Frontiers in Earth Science 01 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

be reformed, and advanced intelligent equipment should be

introduced to replace the old piece of equipment to improve
the excavation speed and ensure production progress.
Because the tunnel boring machine (TBM) has the advantages of
high work efficiency (Wu et al., 2021a), strong applicability (Wei
et al., 2019), strong safety and reliability (Wen et al., 2022), and good
roadway forming, it is widely used in railways, subways, and other
industries. The traditional excavation construction technology is
very slow in the complex geological roadway, which causes tension
in the follow-up work of the mine and seriously affects the economic
benefits of the enterprise. In recent years, there have been more and
more research studies on the TBM. He et al. (2013) proposed that
the adaptability of the TBM to roadway should be improved
according to the surrounding rock conditions and TBM models
after comparing different roadway excavation construction
technologies. Tan et al. (2022) proposed 11 evaluation indexes
for TBM tunneling adaptability combined with the actual
conditions of the tunnel and optimized the evaluation indexes.
FIGURE 1
Zhang et al. (2022) used the Bi-GRU-ATT model to study the Geographical distribution of the Gaojiapu minefield.
prediction of TBM tunnel parameters, and the research shows that
the model can help the TBM to make intelligent decision analysis.
Wu et al. (2021b) proposed a method of mutual feedback perception
between TBM equipment and the surrounding rock by using the 2 Project overview and TBM technical
deep neural network (DNN) combined with tunnel surrounding problems
rock parameters. Mao et al. (2015) developed a new type of TBM
automatic positioning control system, which can solve the problems 2.1 Project overview
of low accuracy, complex operation, and time consumption of the
previous TBM control system. Du et al. (2022) not only simplified The Gaojiapu Coal Mine of the Zhengtong Coal Industry in
the installation of TBM disc props but also developed a manipulator Shaanxi Province is located in the northwest of the Binchang mining
to assist in replacing props, which reduced the labor intensity of area, and the detailed location distribution is shown in Figure 1. The
TBM maintenance personnel and improved the safety factors of area of the Gaojiapu Coal Mine is 219 km2, the buried depth of the
underground work. He et al. (2022) developed a new TBM slag mine is 1,000–1,100 m, the coal reserves are 974 million tons, and
removal robot for cleaning the waste slag at the bottom of the tunnel, the service life is expected to be 62.5 years. The roadway developed
which can effectively remove the waste slag at the bottom of the in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine comprises mainly four rock roadways in
open TBM. the east and west areas, respectively. The total amount of roadway
So far, research studies on the TBM mainly focus on the development is 31,800 m, and 4,870 m have been completed. The
adaptability evaluation of the excavation face, tunnel model remaining work tasks are very heavy. Due to the influence of mine
prediction, and other operations. There are few studies on the geological conditions, roadway excavation construction technology,
improvement of the TBM system and its supporting equipment and mine disasters, the excavation progress of the Gaojiapu Mine is
(Sun et al., 2018). Therefore, based on the working environment of very slow, and subsequent production work of the mine is seriously
the Gaojiapu Coal Mine in the Zhengtong Coal Industry of Shaanxi affected. According to the current mine production situation, if the
Province, this paper will study the technical improvement of the construction technology of ordinary comprehensive excavation and
open TBM system and supporting equipment so that the open TBM blasting excavation is adopted, the Gaojiapu Mine will have a one-
can better adapt to the environment of the Gaojiapu Coal Mine sided production situation of up to 1 year, when the working faces of
excavation face and improve the efficiency of excavation work. In the fourth and fifth plates are connected. Coal production will be
addition, the open TBM construction causes less disturbance to the reduced by about 1.5 million tons. Therefore, improving the speed of
surrounding rock and can form a neat roadway section, which is roadway excavation has become a key factor to solve the problem of
conducive to the future use of underground mine empty areas to tight production connection in the Gaojiapu Mine. The TBM has the
build oil and gas storage (Qiu et al., 2023) (Zhang et al., 2023) (Qiu advantages of fast excavation speed, high safety factor, and good
et al., 2022) (Fan et al., 2016) (Wang et al., 2023) (Chen et al., 2020) roadway forming capability (Xie et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2023; Yang
(Zhao et al., 2023) (Fan et al., 2020c). Finally, by comparing the et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022), which can solve the
excavation workload generated by different excavation construction current technical problems in the Gaojiapu Mine. After full
techniques in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine, the advantages of using the investigation and technical demonstration, combined with the
improved open TBM are objectively evaluated. It provides a new actual working conditions of the roadway excavation face, the
solution for mines with poor geological conditions and low open TBM was finally selected as the new piece of roadway
excavation–construction efficiency such as Gaojiapu, and also excavation equipment to solve the problems of slow roadway
accumulates valuable experience for the application of the TBM excavation speed and tight mine production connection in the
in deep mine multi-coupling disaster mines. Gaojiapu Coal Mine.

Frontiers in Earth Science 02 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

2.2 TBM technical problems The roadway of the Gaojiapu Coal Mine was designed to have four
main roadways in the east and west areas, respectively. The length of
The Gaojiapu Coal Mine has the characteristics of complex roadway development in the east area was 30,000 m, the length of
geological conditions and multiple coupling of disasters. The roadway development in the west area was 31,800 m, and the length of
following problems need to be considered when using the open the unexplored roadway in the east and west areas was 56,930 m. In
TBM in this mine. summary, the Gaojiapu Coal Mine has the characteristics of long
roadway distance, large excavation workload, and large amount of
(1) The roadway space is limited, and the open TBM has problems waste slag. However, the open TBM is comprehensive equipment that
such as difficult entry, difficult loading and unloading, and integrates multiple technologies and can quickly complete rock
difficult turning. breaking, support, slag removal, and other operations. The amount
of roadway development in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine is large, and the
The Gaojiapu Coal Mine has the characteristics of large coal seam open TBM will produce a large amount of waste slag and congest the
depth, small roadway section, and limited roadway space. In addition, road during the construction process, resulting in the difficulty of the
the size of the auxiliary shaft cage in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine is 5.8 m open TBM advancement. In addition, the Gaojiapu Mine has soft strata
long, 2.5 m wide, and 3.8 m high. The maximum lifting load of the cage and the open TBM in the construction process will inevitably encounter
is only 37 t. The size of the flat car in the roadway of the mine is 4.5 m roof fall, spalling, and other emergencies, making the waste slag directly
long and 1.8 m wide, and the maximum bearing capacity is only 40 t. fall on the main beam of the open TBM or through the finger shield gap
Because the existing open TBM systems and their supporting to the main beam. As a result, the accumulation of waste slag in the
equipment have the disadvantages of large size, weight, and turning inner cavity of the main beam affects the normal operation of the belt
radius, and high difficulty in loading and unloading in the mine, it is not conveyor. In severe cases, it will squeeze the main beam to produce
suitable for direct use in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine. If it is put into the deformation and damage the main beam structure. Therefore, the open
Gaojiapu Coal Mine without technical improvement, there will be TBM used in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine must have the function of rapid
problems such as difficult entry, difficult loading and unloading, and slag removal; otherwise, a large amount of waste accumulation will
difficult turning. Therefore, in order to solve the aforementioned inevitably affect the normal operation of the TBM.
problems, it is necessary to simplify the existing open TBM system
and supporting equipment in the market so that the open TBM can
better adapt to the working environment of the Gaojiapu Coal Mine. 3 Improvement of the open TBM
system and supporting equipment
(2) The lithology changes greatly, the roadway formation is poor,
and the open TBM has problems such as untimely support and Usually the TBM consists of systems for excavation, support, slag
easy jamming. discharge, ventilation, dust removal, anti-impact, explosion-proof, and
other systems (Zhang et al., 2021) and is equipped with a cutterhead,
The stratum structure of the Gaojiapu Coal Mine is complex and main drive, shield, gripper, trailer, and other supporting equipment
changeable. The open TBM excavation inevitably passes through soft (Wang et al., 2014). Due to the complexity of the open TBM system and
strata such as sandstone, sandy mudstone, and coal seam. When the supporting equipment, it is easy to cause the disadvantages of large size,
open TBM passes through the soft strata, due to the soft rock strata of weight, and turning radius, which is not suitable for the Gaojiapu Coal
the roof and floor of the roadway and the excessive deformation of the Mine with a small roadway section and limited roadway space.
surrounding rock, it is prone to collapse accidents such as roof fall and Therefore, the Shaanxi Zhengtong Coal Industry is based on the
spalling, which leads to open TBM jamming (Ding et al., 2022a; Fan existing open TBM; combined with the actual working environment
et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2014; Ding et al., 2022b; Liu et al., 2019; Ma of the Gaojiapu Mine, the existing open TBM is improved to better
et al., 2022). In order to solve the problem of TBM jamming, the adapt to the actual working environment of the Gaojiapu Mine.
existing open TBM generally installs a shield device to reduce the
TBM jamming problem through the protective effect of the shield.
However, some of the existing shields cannot freely expand and 3.1 Streamlined open TBM system and
contract, and other expansion ranges are limited, which cannot supporting equipment
play a supporting role in time and effectively when the weak
surrounding rock is broken. In addition, the existing support In order to solve the problems of difficult entry, difficult loading
technology of the open TBM needs to be supported manually, and unloading, and difficult turning of the open TBM, first, the open
which has the disadvantages of slow support speed and high risk TBM system and supporting equipment were simplified, and then, the
(Song et al., 2023) (Chen et al., 2022). If the open TBM is not redundant rear-supporting trailer was removed. Only four trailers
supported in time, it will seriously threaten the safety of staff and were retained, and each trailer was connected by the universal joint.
equipment. Therefore, the open TBM used in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine The first trailer was equipped with automatic jumbolters to anchor the
needs to have the functions of timely support and preventing monorail suspension equipment, and the idle position could be used
equipment jamming. to stack materials; the second trailer was equipped with a cooler and
dust collector; the third trailer was equipped with a dust collector, a
(3) The excavation distance of the roadway is long, the amount of fan, and a wind storage tube, and a position reserved for the auxiliary
waste slag is large, and the open TBM has the problem of gripper. On both sides of the fourth trailer, jumbolters were installed
untimely slag removal. as the bottom angle support rigs, which are responsible for 1–2 bolts

Frontiers in Earth Science 03 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

FIGURE 2
Automatic correction device.

FIGURE 3
Unsimplified open TBM.

below the waist line. Second, according to the actual situation of the determined according to the size of the cage. The assembly method of
mine, the connection bridge and sprayed concrete system in the the pulley was relatively simple. It only needed to be hoisted to the
supporting equipment were canceled (practice found that it was not monorail crane beam and then connected with the ball hinge, without
necessary). Third, an automatic correction device was added to the the need for a cumbersome assembly and splicing. Each pulley was
first wheel of each trailer (Figure 2). The automatic correction device equipped with independent pipelines and cables, which could be
can adjust the wheel direction of the trailer through the oil cylinder, quickly installed and evacuated by connecting pipelines and cables.
thereby assisting the TBM to successfully complete the turning work. This not only removes unnecessary devices in the open TBM system
Finally, 15 suspension vehicles were equipped on the open TBM, and and the supporting equipment but also reduces the assembly difficulty
some supporting systems and equipment were suspended on the right of the TBM system and supporting equipment. It also greatly reduces
monorail through the suspension vehicle. The size of each pulley was the workload of the assembly chamber layout and saved the

Frontiers in Earth Science 04 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

FIGURE 4
Simplified open TBM.

cutterhead was shortened (Figure 5), and then, the top part of
the shield was replaced with a finger shield capable of secondary
expansion (Figure 6). The finger shield can use the oil cylinder to
expand up and down, to achieve the purpose of timely support,
reducing TBM jamming and ensuring roof safety. Second, the
main beam of the open TBM was shortened to 14 m, and a
movable support platform was arranged on the upper part of the
main beam (Figure 7), which is not only conducive to the support
work of the open TBM but also reduces the turning radius of the
TBM. The specific methods are as follows: a large support
platform was set on the upper part of the main beam in front
of the gripper. The large support platform was welded by multiple
steel plates and steel frame structures, and the steel frame
structure was bolted to both sides of the main beam 1 and
fixed with the large support platform. A multi-level partition
support platform was arranged on the upper part of the main
beam behind the gripper. By setting up a large support platform
and a multi-level partition support platform, it is convenient for
workers to complete the support work on the support platform. A
propulsion cylinder was arranged under the large support
FIGURE 5
platform to push the support platform for displacement, and
Shortened shield. the maximum distance of the platform forward was 1.2 m. When
the TBM is excavating, by promoting the support platform, the
jumbolters on the platform were supported, and the two could
work together to improve the support efficiency. Third, eight
jumbolter systems were set up on the support platform of the
preparation time before the TBM work. Figures 3, 4 show the open TBM main beam (Figure 8), and the encoder was arranged
schematic diagrams of the open TBM system and supporting at the bottom of the jumbolter. In this way, it can not only
equipment before and after simplification. The total length of the support the top, shoulder, and two sides of the roadway
unsimplified open TBM is 167 m, and the total length of the simplified synchronously and quickly to significantly improve the
open TBM is only 75 m. support efficiency of open TBM but also accurately control the
jumbolter to support the bolt and anchor cable at the designated
position of the roadway surrounding rock to effectively improve
3.2 Improved open TBM support system and the safety factors of underground work. Finally, in order to save
supporting equipment manpower and improve the safety factors of underground work,
the jumbolter was installed at the bottom of the fourth trailer to
In order to solve the problems of untimely support and support the bolt and anchor cable at the bottom of the roadway to
jamming of the open TBM shield when the surrounding rock increase the support strength of the roadway and improve its
is broken, first, the length of the shield connected to the safety.

Frontiers in Earth Science 05 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

FIGURE 6
Scalable finger shield.

FIGURE 7
Supporting platform.

3.3 Improved open TBM slag discharge TBM to further clean up the falling rocks on the road. Third,
system and supporting equipment multiple circular holes were added to the main beam of the open
TBM (Figure 10). The belt conveyor was directly below the
In order to solve the problem of untimely cleaning of waste circular holes to facilitate the timely cleaning of the waste
slag by the open TBM, first, a slag cleaning bucket wheel machine slag. Each circular hole was equipped with a corresponding
with a speed of 1r/min was set between the open TBM main beam cover, which can be sealed when not in use to maintain the
and the first trailer (Figure 9), which is used to clean up the waste internal ventilation of the main beam. This not only facilitates the
slag on the track in front of the trailer and transport it to the belt cleaning and maintenance of the internal equipment of the main
conveyor. The slag cleaning bucket wheel machine could be lifted beam but also reduces the weight of the main beam and saves the
by a lifting cylinder up to 300 mm. Second, the slag-skimming manpower and material resources consumed in the assembly. It
device was installed on the second wheel of the four trailers of the can also stack materials on the circular holes after the upper cover

Frontiers in Earth Science 06 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

FIGURE 8
Jumbolter layout.

FIGURE 9
Slag cleaning bucket wheel machine.

of the main beam to improve the space utilization rate. The problem of waste slag accumulation on the main beam, four
specific practices are as follows: Figure 10 shows that the main circular holes 1–4 were arranged on the main beam 1, in which
beam was designed as a split structure, and the main beam 1 was the circular holes 3 and 4 were located directly below the circular
connected to the main beam 2 by bolts. In order to solve the holes 1 and 2, respectively, and the main beam 1 was penetrated.

Frontiers in Earth Science 07 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

FIGURE 10
Main beam with circular holes.

FIGURE 11
Main beam reserved for the slag collecting port.

There were six circular holes 5–10 on the main beam 2, in which had corresponding covers, which were connected with circular
the circular holes 8–10 were located directly behind the circular holes by hinges. Figure 11 shows that circular holes 1 and 2 are
holes 5–7, and the main beam 2 was penetrated. All circular holes used to collect automatically dropped waste slag or manually

Frontiers in Earth Science 08 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

TABLE 1 Footage level statistics of different excavation–construction technologies.

Construction technology Excavation footage level/m Total

January February March April May June July August

A 71 73 62 116 107 46 0 0 475

B 72 0 146 258 232 282 245 106 1,341

C 265 140 305 263 222 170 415 627 2,407

A: rock roadway general excavation; B: rock roadway comprehensive excavation; C: open TBM.

clean the waste slag to the hole, and then let the waste slag pass TBM according to the working conditions of the mining site is
through the main beam and fall on the belt from circular holes conducive to improving the adaptability of the open TBM to the
3 and 4. In addition, the lower circular holes 3 and 4 can also be environment of the roadway excavation face.
used to repair the equipment in the main beam and clean up the
waste slag falling into the main beam. Side circular holes 5–10 are
also used to repair the piece of equipment in the main beam and 5 Conclusion
clean up the waste. Finally, a slag-cleaning guide plate device was
set up on the upper part of the main beam of the open TBM, (1) By removing the redundant rear-supporting trailer and
which can automatically collect the falling waste slag from the installing the automatic correction device on the wheels of
finger shield gap. the remaining trailer, the problems of difficult entry, difficult
loading and unloading, and difficult turning of the open TBM
can be solved.
4 Engineering practice application (2) By improving the open TBM shield, shortening the main beam
effects and arranging the mobile support platform on the main beam,
and then setting the anchor jumbolter system on the support
Table 1 is the statistical table of the footage level after different platform, the problems of untimely support and easy jamming
excavation–construction techniques are adopted in the Gaojiapu of the open TBM can be solved.
Coal Mine from January to August 2021. Table 1 shows that the (3) By opening circular holes on the main beam of the open TBM,
total amount of the footage level of different tunneling installing a slag-cleaning guide plate, and adding a slag-cleaning
construction technologies is in the order of the open TBM > bucket wheel machine between the main beam and the trailer,
rock roadway comprehensive excavation > rock roadway general the problem of untimely slag cleaning of the open TBM can be
excavation. According to the calculation of actual working solved.
months, it is found that the monthly average footage level of (4) Compared with the ordinary excavation construction
rock roadway general excavation and rock roadway technology, the improved open TBM can well adapt to the
comprehensive excavation is 79.17 m and 187.71 m, environment of the excavation face and significantly improve
respectively. However, after the construction of the improved the tunneling speed, which can alleviate the tension of the mine
open TBM, the monthly average footage level is as high as production connection.
300.88 m. In addition, after further detailed calculation, it is
found that the average daily footage levels of rock roadway
general excavation and rock roadway comprehensive Data availability statement
excavation are 2.62 m and 6.24 m, respectively, while the
average daily footage level is 9.91 m after the improved open The original contributions presented in the study are included in
TBM construction. Compared with rock roadway general the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed
excavation and rock roadway comprehensive excavation, the to the corresponding author.
monthly average footage level of the open TBM is nearly four
times (3.8 times) and nearly two times (1.6 times) the
construction speed of rock roadway general excavation and Author contributions
rock roadway comprehensive excavation, respectively. This
shows that the improved open TBM in the Gaojiapu Coal YL: conceptualization, supervision, and writing—original draft. DR:
Mine can adapt well to the environment of the roadway methodology, writing—review and editing, and data curation. CZ:
excavation face, significantly improve the excavation speed, validation, resources, investigation, and formal analysis. ZD and HQ:
and effectively alleviate the tension of production connection validation and formal analysis. CL: review and editing. All authors
in the Gaojiapu Coal Mine. It also shows that improving the open contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Frontiers in Earth Science 09 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

Funding The remaining authors declare that the research was

conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial
This work was supported and financed by the Natural Science relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of
Fund (Nos. 52074209 and 51904225) and the Natural Science interest.
Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2021JLM-06), all of which
are greatly appreciated. Construction of Shaanxi Qinchuangyuan’s
“Scientist + Engineer” Team (2023KXJ-057). Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors
Conflict of interest and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated
organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the
Author YL was employed by the company Shandong Energy reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or
Group Xibei Mining Co., Ltd. Authors DR and CZ were employed claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or
by the company Shaanxi Zhengtong Coal Industry Co., Ltd. endorsed by the publisher.

References
Chen, L., Sheng, G., and Chen, G. (2014). Investigation of impact dynamics of roof Liang, Z., Qian, X., Zhang, Y., and Liao, Z. (2022). Numerical simulation of dynamic
bolting with passive friction control. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 70, 559–568. doi:10. fracture properties of rocks under different static stress conditions. J. Cent. South Univ.
1016/[Link].2014.06.003 29, 624–644. doi:10.1007/s11771-022-4903-2
Chen, J., Lu, D., Liu, W., Fan, J., Jiang, D., Yi, L., et al. (2020). Stability study and Liu, Q., Wang, W., and Ma, H. (2019). Parallelized combined finite discrete element
optimization design of small-spacing two-well (SSTW) salt caverns for natural gas (FDEM) procedure using multi-GPU with CUDA. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech.
storages. J. Energy Storage. 27, 101131. doi:10.1016/[Link].2019.101131 44, 208–238. doi:10.1002/nag.3011
Chen, Q., Li, Z., Niu, T., Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., and Yu, J. (2022). Optimization of Liu, B., Wang, J., Wang, R., Wang, Y., and Zhao, G. (2023). Intelligent decision-
tunnel lining cross-section by tunnel boring mahine method in plateau railway with making method of TBM operating parameters based on multiple constraints and
complex geology. Tunn. Constr. 42, 334–344. objective optimization. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. doi:10.1016/[Link].2023.02.014
Chun, C., Lei, G., He, T., Zuo, J., Yu, X., Zheng, J., et al. (2023). Crack development Ma, H., Wang, W., Liu, Q., Tian, Y., Jiang, Y., Liu, H., et al. (2022). Extremely large
characteristics and fracture modes of primary coal-rock mass induced by the unloading deformation of tunnel induced by rock mass fracture using GPGPU parallel FDEM. Int.
of confining pressure in deep coal mining. J. China Coal Soc. 1–16. doi:10.13225/[Link]. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 46, 1782–1807. doi:10.1002/nag.3368
jccs.2022.1545
Mao, S., Shen, X., and Lu, M. (2015). Virtual laser target board for alignment control
Ding, Z., Li, X., Huang, X., Wang, M., Tang, Q., and Jia, J. (2022). Feature extraction, and machine guidance in tunnel-boring operations. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 79, 385–400.
recognition, and classification of acoustic emission waveform signal of coal rock sample doi:10.1007/s10846-014-0113-y
under uniaxial compression. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 160, 105262. doi:10.1016/j.
Qiu, H., Zhang, F., Liu, L., Huan, C., Hou, D., and Kang, W. (2022). Experimental
ijrmms.2022.105262
study on acoustic emission characteristics of cemented rock-tailings backfill. Constr.
Ding, Z., Jia, J., Tang, Q., and Li, X. (2022). Mechanical properties and energy damage Build. Mat. 315, 125278. doi:10.1016/[Link].2021.125278
evolution characteristics of coal under cyclic loading and unloading. Rock Mech. Rock
Qiu, H., Liang, C., Tu, B., Liu, L., Zhang, F., and Lv, W. (2023). Study on mechanical
Eng. 55, 4765–4781. doi:10.1007/s00603-022-02884-x
properties of cemented backfill with different mineral admixtures. Constr. Build. Mat.
Du, L., Yuan, J., Bao, S., Guan, R., and Wan, W. (2022). Robotic replacement for disc 367, 130251. doi:10.1016/[Link].2022.130251
cutters in tunnel boring machines. Autom. Constr. 140, 104369. doi:10.1016/[Link].
Song, X., Hou, T., Xie, Z., Cui, G., Ding, Z., Huang, X., et al. (2023). Preventing
2022.104369
method of jamming of TBM tunneling machine in deep composite stratum roadway.
Fan, J., Chen, J., Jiang, D., Ren, S., and Wu, J. (2016). Fatigue properties of rock salt Coal Technol. 42, 44–48. doi:10.13301/[Link].2023.03.008
subjected to interval cyclic pressure. Int. J. Fatigue. 90, 109–115. doi:10.1016/[Link].
Sun, H., Guo, W., Liu, J., Song, L., and Liu, X. (2018). Layout design for disc cutters
2016.04.021
based on analysis of TBM cutter-head structure. J. Cent. South Univ. 25, 812–830.
Fan, J., Jiang, D., Liu, W., Wu, F., Chen, J., and Daemen, J. (2019). Discontinuous doi:10.1007/s11771-018-3786-8
fatigue of salt rock with low-stress intervals. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 115, 77–86.
Tan, Z., Li, Z., Zhou, Z., Lai, H., Jiao, Y., Li, F., et al. (2022). Research on an evaluation
doi:10.1016/[Link].2019.01.013
method for the adaptability of TBM tunnelling. App. Sci. 12, 4590. doi:10.3390/
Fan, J., Liu, W., Jiang, D., Chen, J., Tiedeu, W., and Daemen, J. (2020). Time interval app12094590
effect in triaxial discontinuous cyclic compression tests and simulations for the residual
Wang, D., Song, Z., and Xiao, B. (2014). Static analysis of double spherical parts for
stress in rock salt. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53, 4061–4076. doi:10.1007/s00603-020-
TBM boots system. Manuf. Autom. 36, 68–70.
02150-y
Wang, W., Liu, Q., Ma, H., Lu, H., and Wang, Z. (2020). Numerical analysis of
Fan, J., Liu, P., Li, J., and Jiang, D. (2020). A coupled methane/air flow model for coal
material modeling rock reinforcement in 2D FDEM and parameter study. Comput.
gas drainage: Model development and finite-difference solution. Process Saf. Environ.
Geotech. 126, 103767. doi:10.1016/[Link].2020.103767
Prot. 141, 288–304. doi:10.1016/[Link].2020.05.015
Wang, W., Ding, Z., Ma, H., Sun, W., and Ren, J. (2022). Simulation analysis on
Fan, J., Xie, H., Chen, J., Jiang, D., Li, C., Tiedeu, W., et al. (2020). Preliminary
bolting and grouting reinforcement of fractured rock using GPU parallel FDEM.
feasibility analysis of a hybrid pumped-hydro energy storage system using abandoned
Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. 175, 175. doi:10.1007/s40948-022-00488-x
coal mine goafs. Appl. Energy. 258, 114007. doi:10.1016/[Link].2019.114007
Wang, M., Guo, P., Dong, W., and Yang, F. (2023). Research on borehole repair model
Fan, C., Xu, H., Wang, G., Wang, J., Liu, Z., and Cheng, Q. (2021). Determination of
and working parameters optimization of self-propelled rotary excavator. Front. Earth
roof horizontal long drilling hole layout layer by dynamic porosity evolution law of coal
Sci. 11. doi:10.3389/feart.2023.1137946
and rock. Powder Technol. 394, 970–985. doi:10.1016/[Link].2021.09.002
Wei, L., Khan, M., Mehmood, O., Dou, Q., Bateman, C., Magee, D., et al. (2019). Web-
Guo, J., Ma, L., and Zhang, D. (2019). Management and utilization of high-pressure
based visualisation for look-ahead ground imaging in tunnel boring machines. Autom.
floor-confined water in deep coal mines. Mine Water Environ. 38, 780–797. doi:10.1007/
Constr. 105, 102830. doi:10.1016/[Link].2019.04.025
s10230-019-00639-9
Wen, H., Wang, J., Guo, X., Li, H., Li, S., and Li, X. (2022). A new transient
He, F., Lu, Y., Dai, E., Tian, Y., Wu, F., Pan, S., et al. (2013). Application of TBM in
electromagnetic prospecting method in TBM tunnel environment. J. Appl. Geophy. 196,
coal mine adaptability type selection analysis and new technology development. Coal
104492. doi:10.1016/[Link].2021.104492
Sci. Techno., 1–13. doi:10.13199/[Link].2022-1404
Wu, F., Gao, Q., Li, Z., Qiu, H., Jin, C., Huang, L., et al. (2021). Development and
He, F., Zhuo, X., Sun, Y., Yuan, X., and Jiang, L. (2022). Design and experiment of
application of cutterhead vibration monitoring system for TBM tunnelling. Int. J. Rock
muck removal robot for tunneling boring machine. Adv. Eng. Sci. 54, 12–19. doi:10.
Mech. Min. Sci. 146, 104887. doi:10.1016/[Link].2021.104887
15961/[Link].202101044

Frontiers in Earth Science 10 [Link]

Liu et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1196898

Wu, Z., Wei, R., Chu, Z., and Liu, Q. (2021). Real-time rock mass condition prediction Zhang, H., Hu, Z., Chen, J., Zhu, C., Zhao, Y., Zheng, X., et al. (2021). TBM techniques
with TBM tunneling big data using a novel rock–machine mutual feedback perception for intelligent excavating large-section rock roadway in the deep high-temperature coal
method. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 13, 1311–1325. doi:10.1016/[Link].2021.07.012 mines: Application of TBM in Xinkuang No. 1. J. China Coal Soc. 46, 2174–2185. doi:10.
13225/[Link].jj21.0579
Xie, W., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Xu, C., Li, X., Song, D., et al. (2023). Real-time perception
of rock–machine interaction information in TBM tunnelling using muck image Zhang, Q., Yang, B., Zhu, Y., Guo, C., Jiao, C., and Cai, A. (2022). Prediction method
analysis. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 136, 105096. doi:10.1016/[Link].2023.105096 of TBM tunneling parameters based on Bi-GRU-ATT model. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2022, 1–16.
doi:10.1155/2022/3743472
Yang, T., Liu, S., Zhao, H., and Li, X. (2023). Study on the restraint control of an
isolation pile on an existing high-speed railway during the close passing of a shield Zhang, W., Li, Y., Dong, Z., and Yang, Q. (2023). Construction applicability of
machine. Front. Earth Sci. 11. doi:10.3389/feart.2023.1142864 mechanical methods for connecting aisle in the bohai mudstone stratum with high
water pressure. Front. Earth Sci. 10. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.1085327
Yuan, L., and Zhang, P. (2023). Research progress and thinking on integrated tunneling and
detection technology of rock roadway with TBM. Coal Geol. Explor. 51, 21–32. Zhao, Y., Zhao, G., Xu, L., Zhou, J., and Huang, X. (2023). Mechanical property
evolution model of cemented tailings-rock backfill considering strengthening and
Zhang, Y., Wan, Z., Gu, B., Zhou, C., and Chen, J. (2017). Unsteady temperature field
weakening effects. Constr. Build. Mat. 377, 131081. doi:10.1016/[Link].2023.
of surrounding rock mass in high geothermal roadway during mechanical ventilation.
131081
J. Cent. South Univ. 24, 374–381. doi:10.1007/s11771-017-3439-3

Frontiers in Earth Science 11 [Link]